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    ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ด์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์ ์‘ํ–‰ํƒœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ,1996.Maste

    The Migration and Adaptation Behaviour of Foreign Workers in Korea

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    1995๋…„ 9์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” 10๋งŒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ์ผ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘, ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์œ ์ž…์›์ธ, ์ด์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๋กœ, ์ ์‘ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘( geographical concentration), ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ (group)ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์–ด ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์ž…์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํก์ž…์š”์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ œ์กฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋‚œ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—…์ข… -์„ฌ์œ , ์˜๋ณต ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์‚ฐ์—…, ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ œํ’ˆ๊ฐ€๊ณต์—…, ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๊ธˆ์† ยท๊ธฐ๊ณ„์žฅ๋น„์—…-์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง์—…๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ง‘์ค‘์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ง€์—ญ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„, ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ฒ™์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํ˜•์„œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•ด์˜จ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฃผํƒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ๊ณต์žฅ์ง€๋Œ€์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผํƒ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ฒ™์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด์ฃผ๋™๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์ง, ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ฒด๋ฅ˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์—์„œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณต๊ฐ„(action space)๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ, ๋™์ผ๊ตญ์  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ ์‘์ „๋žต์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง‘๋‹จํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ Š๊ณ  ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์  ์ด์ฃผ(selective migration)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์•ž์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์ง‘์ค‘, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. In Sep. 1995, the number of foreign workers in Korea goes beyond 100,000 and will keep its pace of increasing. So foreign workers will hold a part of domestic employment continuously and form their geographical concentration, group dwelling places, internal groups. In this context, purpose of this study is to investigate foreign workers' inflow reason, migration route, adaptation behaviour. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, it is aoout 'foreign workers' geographical concentration' . In pull factor of inflow process, they may concentrate in place which small firms - industries which have serious manpower problems such as textileยท clothingยท leather industries - is located. The half of industrial technical trainees cxmcentrate on metropolitan Seoul, surrounding SeoulInchon axis. Alro, their migration route in Korea enable us to realize foreign workers move to a distance through inducement of friends or relatives. Second, 'the formation fo group dwelling place'. Until now, group residence does not come true. The reason is that foreign workers' lodging is company dormitary except some Korean-Chinese who rent a house. But they move through inducement of friend who have the same nationality and migrate for working together. So, they have the possibility of not only geographical cxmcentration, but alro the formation of group dwelling places at poor residences near factory district. Third, 'formation of internal group' . Adaptation behaviour into Korean society shows that foreign workers who have longer length of stay and higher educational background widen their action space and associate with Koreans. For deducing risk in Korea, they form 'Committee' based on the same nationality and geographical accessibility. Also, my considering that characteristics of foreign workers' migration into Korea, it shows selectivity (young, unmarried and high educational background). Thus, they are likely to form internal groups
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