몽골 울란바타르 인위적 배출원에 의한 수은 오염 평가

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 에너지시스템공학부, 2012. 8. 전효택.수은은 생태계나 인간 건강에 심각한 영향을 주는 물질로, 미국 수퍼펀드 site의 CERCLA(Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) Priority list"에서도 독성에 있어서는 가장 유독한 물질 중 하나로 꼽힌다. 미국 환경보호청(EPA, Environmental Protection Agency) 에서는 화력발전소를 인간 활동이 배출하는 수은의 최대 발생원으로, 아울러 수은을 화력발전소에서 배출되는 오염물질 중 가장 주목해야할 독성물질로 보고한 바 있다. 본 연구의 대상지역은 중앙아시아에 위치하고 있는 몽골의 수도인 울란바타르(Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia)로 이 지역에서는 화력발전소 3기를 비롯하여 난방, 취사를 위해 석탄을 주에너지원으로 사용하고 있어 수은 배출로 인한 환경 매질에서의 수은 오염을 야기할 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 몽골 울란바타르의 토양 및 먼지 내의 수은 함량을 조사하고 그 수준을 평가하였다. 각 시료들은 발전소 주변, 주택가, 도로변 등을 포함한 총 33개 지역에서 채취하여 152㎛ 이하로 전처리하였고, 분석은 US EPA Method 7473(2007)에 기술된 Thermal decomposition" 법을 적용하여 총수은 농도를 측정하였다. 연구대상 지역의 토양 및 먼지 중 수은 함량은 각각 19.71 - 672.56ng/g과 19.09 - 161.41ng/g을 보였다. 특히 도심지 10개 지점의 경우 토양 내 수은 함량이 평균 184.20ng/g, 먼지 내 수은 함량은 평균 96.03ng/g을 보였다. 반면 대조 지역은 토양이 16.92 - 24.26ng/g이고, 먼지가 28.23 - 28.89ng/g의 함량을 나타냈다. 아울러 Geoaccumulation index 및 Enrichment factor를 통한 오염 수준 평가에서는 통상적으로 오염된 수준(Moderately polluted)"으로 평가되었다. 따라서 연구대상 지역의 토양 및 먼지 내 수은 오염은 화력발전소 및 일반 가정에서 취사, 난방을 위해 사용하는 석탄의 연소가 주된 원인으로 밝혀졌으나, 비슷한 여건을 가진 기타 도시에 비해서는 그 오염도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 이 지역에서 주로 사용되는 석탄(2종) 내 수은 함량이 34.00ng/g 및 55.13ng/g으로 세계 평균치인 100±10ng/g보다 적기 때문이고, 더불어 수은 배출 수준은 시․공간적인 경향성이 명백하여, 본 연구를 위해 시료를 채취한 4월의 경우 석탄 사용량이 급감하는 시기로서 수은의 배출량 역시 감소된 영향으로 해석된다. 그러나 본 연구지역은 신규 화력발전소를 오는 2016년 내로 건립할 예정에 있고 매년 석탄 사용량이 증가하는 추세로 석탄 연소에 따른 수은 노출량이 증가될 가능성이 있어, 향후 화력발전소를 비롯한 각종 수은 배출원에 대한 관리 및 제어를 통해 발생할 수 있는 잠재적인 위해성을 통제하고 경감시킬 필요성이 있다.1. 서 론 - 1 2. 이론적 배경 - 5 2.1 수은의 일반적 특성 및 용도 - 5 2.2 수은의 지구화학적 특성 : 환경 매체 내 분포, 거동 - 6 2.3 수은의 인체 노출 및 독성 -10 2.4 인위적 요인에 의한 수은배출 수준 및 석탄 내 수은 함량 -13 2.5 도시 환경에서의 수은 수준 연구사례 -19 2.6 오염 수준 평가 지표 -23 3. 연구 방법 - 25 3.1 연구 대상지 기술 - 25 3.2 시료 채취 및 분석법 - 29 4. 결과 및 고찰 - 34 4.1 먼지 및 토양 내 수은 농도 - 34 4.2 석탄 내 수은 농도 및 특성 - 38 4.3 수은 배출 수준의 지역적․계절적 변이 발생 요인 - 41 4.4 수은 오염수준 평가 - 43 5. 결 론 - 47 참고문헌 - 49 Abstract - 64Maste

비모음화 현상에서 나타나는 방향적 비대칭성 연구 -인지적 접근을 바탕으로-

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 언어학과, 2013. 8. 전종호.본 논문은 비자음 근처에서의 모음이 비음화 되는 것을 일컫는 환경적 비모음화 현상에 대한 유형론적 분석을 토대로, 이러한 현상에 주목할 만한 방향적인 비대칭성이 존재함을 주장한다. 환경적 비모음화 현상이 나타나는 여러 언어 자료들을 분석해 봄으로써, 비자음 앞의 모음이 비음화 되는 역행 비음화 현상은 주로 범주적인 음운론적 동화 현상으로 나타나는 것을 발견할 수 있었고, 비자음 뒤의 모음이 비음화 되는 순행 비음화 현상은 주로 비범주적인 음성학적 동시조음 현상으로 발현된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 관찰을 통해, 본고는 비모음화 현상의 기본 방향이 문법의 층위에 따라 다르게 나타난다는 주장을 하고 있다. 즉, 음운론적 층위에서는 역행비음화가, 음성학적 층위에서는 순행비음화가 더 우세하게 나타난다는 것이다. 이는 곧 환경적 비모음화 현상에서 음성학적 현상과 음운론적 현상이 지향하는 방향이 일치하지 않고 있음을 시사한다. 두 문법 층위 간에 나타나는 이러한 이례적인 불일치는, 인간이 비모음을 지각할 때 나타나는 인지적 비대칭성을 통해 설명될 수 있다. 본고는 모음의 비음성이 순행비음화 환경에서보다 역행비음화 환경에서 더 잘 인지되기 때문에, 역행비음화 환경에서의 비모음화가 더 쉽게 음운론화 될 것이라는 인지적 가설을 주장하고 있다. 이와 같은 인지적 가설을 입증하기 위해 지각 실험이 실행되었으며, 실험의 결과는 모음이 실제로 순행비음화 환경에서보다 역행비음화 환경에서 더 비음화 된 것으로 사람들에게 인지됨을 보여주고 있다.In this paper, I present a typological study on contextual vowel nasalization, in order to elucidate the directional asymmetry involved in the process. It will be shown that attested patterns of anticipatory nasalization are typically categorical, whereas those of carryover nasalization are gradient. Based on this observation, I argue that the default direction of vowel nasalization is different depending on the level of the grammar, i.e., anticipatory in the phonological level and carryover in the phonetic level. This mismatch between phonetics and phonology will be attributed to an asymmetry in human perception of vowel nasality. It is specifically hypothesized that vowel nasality is more easily perceived before a nasal consonant than after it, and thus vowel nasalization is more likely to be phonologized in the former (i.e. anticipatory) than in the latter (i.e. carryover) context. To verify my hypothesis, I conducted an AXB perception experiment. The results show that vowel nasality is in fact more easily perceived in the anticipatory context than in the carryover context, confirming the proposed perceptual hypothesis.Table of contents 1. Introduction………..………………………………………........1 2. The primacy of anticipatory nasalization…............................... 4 2.1. Synchronic evidence……………………………......…...... 6 2.2. Diachronic evidence………………….............…….…....... 7 2.3. Problematic patterns……………………........................... 10 3. The primacy of carryover nasalization………........................ 12 3.1. A case study: French…………………………................... 12 3.2. Experimental phonetic data………..…............................... 14 4. Asymmetries in different levels…………….....………….….. 18 4.1. A recapitulation of the relevant data…………………...... 22 4.2. Predicted typology………………………………….…… 25 4.3. Phonetics-phonology discrepancy…………………….… 27 5. A perceptual hypothesis……………………………………... 28 6. An AXB perception test…………………………………….... 33 6.1. Prediction……………………………………………..… 34 6.2. Subjects…………………………………………………. 34 6.3. Synthesis of the stimuli………………………………..… 35 6.4. Stimuli…………………………………………………... 36 6.5. Results…………………………………………………... 40 6.6. Results depending on stimuli types…………………….... 42 6.7. A potential cause of the perceptual asymmetry………….. 49 6.8. Conclusions……………………………………………... 51 7. Perception and neutralization…………………………….…. 53 8. Conclusion……………………………………………………. 56 References………………………………………………………. 57 국문초록……………………………………………………….. 64Maste

Association of the glutamate system genes(GRIN2A, GRIN2B, SLC1A3, GRM7) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children

학위논문(박사) --서울대학교 대학원 :의학과(정신과학전공),2010.2.Docto

Directional asymmetry in nasalization: a perceptual account

In this paper, I conduct a typological study on contextual vowel nasalization to elucidate the directional asymmetry involved in the process. I show that carryover nasalization is the default and extensive form of phonetic coarticulation in many languages and that it often exceeds the degree of anticipatory nasalization as coarticulation. On the other hand, I also show that anticipatory nasalization occurs more frequently than carryover nasalization as a phonological assimilation process. Consequently, I conclude that the relevant directional asymmetry in contextual vowel nasalization does not involve one direction of nasalization having absolute ascendency over the other, but rather involves each direction of nasalization having different kinds of ascendancies at different levels of grammar. This mismatch between phonetic and phonological tendencies in contextual vowel nasalization is claimed to arise due to an asymmetry in perception: anticipatory nasalization is more easily perceived than carryover nasalization, rendering the extensive degree of anticipatory coarticulation unstable in nature. Therefore, languages will either opt to suppress anticipatory coarticulation below a certain threshold or opt to phonologize it into a more stable assimilation pattern. This perceptual hypothesis is validated by the result of an AXB perception experiment which shows that anticipatory coarticulation is more easily perceived than carryover coarticulation.N

고관목 블루베리의 과실 성숙 중 과피 착색과 연관된 안토시아닌 생합성

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 식물생산과학부(원예과학전공),2019. 8. 이희재.비급등형 과실로 알려진 블루베리(Vaccinisum spp.)는 숙성되는 동안 착색과 연관된 색소인 안토시아닌을 다량 축적한다. 본 연구에서는 ‘블루크랍’ 하이부쉬 블루베리(V. corymbosum)를 대상으로 과실의 숙성에 영향을 미치는 신호 전달 기작과 과피 착색에 영향을 미치는 안토시아닌 생합성 과정을 구명하고자 하였다. 과실의 숙성 기간을 엷은 초록색(pale green, 만개 후 약 30일), 적자색(reddish purple, 만개 후 약 40일), 어두운 자주색(dark purple, 만개 후 약 50일)의 3단계로 나누어 과피 색의 변화, 안토시아니딘과 안토시아닌의 함량 변화를 측정하였다. 과실 숙성의 신호 기작인 앱시스산의 착색 효과를 확인하기 위해 1g L-1의 앱시스산에 과방을 침지하였다. 이후 전사체 분석을 통해 앱시스산 생합성과 신호 전달 체계 및 안토시아닌 생합성 과정을 조사하였다. 블루베리 과실이 숙성됨에 따라 과피는 L*과 b* 값이 낮아졌으며, 총 안토시아닌 함량은 증가하였다. 블루베리 과실에서 5종류의 안토시아니딘이 발견되었다. 엷은 초록색 단계에서 시아니딘만 발견되었지만, 적자색 단계 이후에서는 시아니딘, 델피니딘, 말비딘, 피오니딘, 페투니딘이 발견되었다. 이 중 델피니딘과 말비딘의 함량이 가장 많았다. 5종류의 안토시아니딘들은 전부 글루코오스, 갈락토오스, 아라비노오스와 함께 글리코실화되었다. 앱시스산 처리는 과피 착색 및 안토시아닌 축적을 촉진시켰다. 전사체 분석 결과, 앱시스산 생합성, 신호 전달 및 안토시아닌 생합성에 관여하는 143개의 전사체를 확인하였다. 이중 nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, SQUAMOSA- class MADS box transcription factor, flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase를 포함하는 11개의 전사체가 과실이 숙성하는 동안 발현량이 지속적으로 증가하였다. 과실이 숙성하는 동안 flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase의 전사체가 flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase의 전사체보다 많이 발현한 것은 델피니딘과 말비딘 계열의 안토시아닌 축적에 영향을 끼치기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 앱시스산을 처리한 블루베리 과실에서 flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase와 flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase를 포함한 9종류의 전사체를 대상으로 정량적 중합 효소 연쇄 반응을 시행한 결과, 과실 숙성 동안과 유사한 발현 양상을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 앱시스산이 과실이 숙성하는 동안 과피 착색 및 안토시아닌 축적에 영향을 미치고, 안토시아닌 생합성 전사 인자 및 효소가 안토시아닌의 종류별 함량를 결정할 수 있음을 시사한다.Blueberry fruit accumulate high levels of anthocyanins with noticeable coloration process during ripening. For understanding anthocyanin biosynthesis associated with skin coloration during ripening, anthocyanin and anthocyanidin accumulation was monitored in ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry fruit at three ripening stages, categorized based on fruit skin coloration: pale green at ca. 30 days after full bloom (DAFB), reddish purple at ca. 40 DAFB, and dark purple at ca. 50 DAFB. After the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) as a ripening signal were evaluated, transcriptional regulation of ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction, and anthocyanin biosyntehsis using transcripome analysis were also investigated at the three stages. Total anthocyanin contents increased during ripening, while fruit skin color steadily became darker and bluer, as reflected in decreasing L* (a color space coordinate describing lightness) and b* (describing blue-yellow coloration). Of the five anthocyanidins found in the fruit, cyanidin was first detected at the pale green stage. Peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin were detected after the fruit had passed through the reddish purple stage. The contents of delphinidin and malvidin increased more rapidly than those of other anthocyanidins. All anthocyanidins detected were glycosylated with glucose, galactose, or arabinose. ABA application accelerated anthocyanin accumulation and fruit skin coloration, which provide the information that ABA can regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during ripening. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 143 transcripts were annotated to encode five ABA biosynthesis enzymes, four ABA signal transduction regulators, four ABA-responsive transcription factors, and 12 anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes between the ripening stages revealed that 11 transcripts, including those encoding nine-cis- epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, SQUAMOSA-class MADS box transcription factor, and flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase, were significantly up-regulated throughout the entire ripening stages. In fruit treated with ABA, at least nine transcripts of these 11 transcripts as well as one transcript encoding flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase were up- regulated. These results showed the types and quantities of anthocyanidins, which in turn form anthocyanins, were correlated with changes in fruit skin color. They can also provide fundamental information demonstrating that ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction, and anthocyanin biosynthesis are closely associated with anthocyanin accumulation in highbush blueberry fruit during ripening.GENERAL INTRODUCTION ······················································· 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ····························································· 4 Fruit coloration and anthocyanins ·················································· 4 Anthocyanin biosynthesis···························································· 5 Hormonal regulation and anthocyanin accumulation during ripening ········· 5 ABA biosynthesis ····································································· 6 ABA signal transduction ····························································· 6 ABA-responsive transcription factors for anthocyanin biosynthesis··········· 7 LITERATURE CITED································································ 10 CHAPTER I. Changes in Anthocyanidin and Anthocyanin Pigments in ‘Bluecrop’ Highbush Blueberry Fruit during Ripening ABSTRACT ·············································································· 14 INTRODUCTION ······································································· 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS ······················································ 19 Plant materials ········································································ 19 Determination of fruit color ························································ 19 Determination of total anthocyanin content ······································ 21 Determination of total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents ··················· 21 Determination of individual anthocyanidins ····································· 21 Identification of individual anthocyanins ········································· 22 Statistical analysis···································································· 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ······················································· 24 Fruit skin coloration during ripening ·············································· 24 Pigment changes during ripening ·················································· 24 Anthocyanidin changes during ripening ·········································· 27 Anthocyanin changes during ripening············································· 30 Correlation between skin coloration and pigments ······························ 35 LITERATURE CITED·································································· 38 CHAPTER II. Transcriptional Regulation of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction, and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in ‘Bluecrop’ Highbush Blueberry Fruit during Ripening ABSTRACT ·············································································· 43 INTRODUCTION ······································································· 45 MATERIALS AND METHODS ······················································ 48 Plant materials ········································································ 48 ABA treatments······································································· 48 Determination of fruit color························································· 50 Determination of individual anthocyanin contents ······························ 50 RNA extraction ······································································· 51 RNA-Seq and sequence processing················································ 52 Gene ontology (GO) annotation and identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) ····································································· 52 Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis ······················ 53 Statistical analysis···································································· 53 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ······················································· 55 Fruit skin coloration and anthocyanin accumulation during ripening········· 55 ABA as a positive regulator of anthocyanin accumulation during ripening·· 55 Transcriptome and GO analyses ··················································· 59 Functional annotation of the transcripts involved in ABA biosynthesis and their DEG anaylsis······································································ 62 Functional annotation of the transcripts involved in ABA signal transduction and their DEG anaylsis ······························································· 67 Functional annotation of the transcripts involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and their DEG anaylsis ·························································· 72 Transcriptional expression in ABA-treated fruit ································· 86 LITERATURE CITED·································································· 90 CONCLUSIONS ······································································· 99 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN ························································· 101Docto

Prevalence, comorbidity, temperament & character among children & adolescents with anxiety disorders in Seoul community sample

학위논문(석사) --서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 정신과학 전공,2007.Maste