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    ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋…์„œ๋ฒ•

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    ๋…์„œ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์™•๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋…์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋…์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋…์„œ์— ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•Œ์•„๋‘˜ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋…์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์ โˆ™๋น„ํŒ์  ๋…์„œ์™€ ์‹ ํ† ํ”ผ์ปฌ (syntopical) ๋…์„œ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์„œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋…์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๋…์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ์™„๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค

    The Choice of Scotland in the Referendum and the Prospect of Scottish Independence Movement: The Autonomy based on a Compound Regionalism

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    ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋…์ž์  ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ ํ™•๋ณด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์น˜์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2014๋…„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋‹น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๊ตญ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ข…์กฑ-๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘์  ๋™์›์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ‘œ์ถœ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ „๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ • ์ •๋‹น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์  ์ž์น˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.Most of the Scottish pursue the autonomy rather than independence although they have a unique national identity. It is because Scotland has been less discriminated politically and economically and guaranteed more autonomy compared to the other regions. However, as shown in the referendum of 2014, the separatist tendency is not so weak. Now the Scottish represent their interests through the SNP at the regional level and through Labour at the national level. Their most important interest is the politico-economical one. Scottish regionalism since World War โ…ก has been defined as a compound regionalism mobilized by ethno-cultural factors and influenced directly by politico-economic ones. It was expressed as rendering a support for a specific party on the regional and national level respectively with the goal of autonomy, albeit not given up independence

    The German Trade Union Reform Debate in the Early 2000s

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    2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๋…์ผ ๋…ธ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋…ธ์กฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ จ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜.๊ฒฝ์ œ.์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ •์น˜.๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋…ธ์กฐ๋ก ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์ธต๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ดํ•ด๋Œ€๋ณ€์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ฒดํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์กฐ-์ง์žฅํ‰์˜ํšŒ ์ด์›๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ทน๋ณต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ๋ จ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์€ ๋…ธ๋ จ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•ด ์ดˆ์‚ฐ๋ณ„ ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์„ญ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ณ„๋…ธ์กฐ ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ๋…ธ๋ จ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์€ ๋‹จํ˜‘๊ณผ ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ผํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์  ๊ต์„ญ ๋“ฑ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฐ๋ณ„๋…ธ์กฐ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด์Šˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋๊ณ  ์—ญ์‹œ ๋…ธ์กฐ-์ง์žฅํ‰์˜ํšŒ ์ด์›๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ •์น˜ยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹จํ˜‘ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. In the early 2000s the german trade union reform was debated not on ly between the service unionism and the strengthen ing theory of confederation on the micro-level regarding the structure and function of trade union, but also between the strengthening theory of political and economic role and the strengthening theory of political and social role on the macro-level regarding the political, economic and social role of trade union. The service unionism made light of macro-role and bargaining power of trade union and could not present the measures to overcome the dualism of trade union and factory council, although it argued that trade unions should organize actively the new group of labor market and strengthen the interest representation of workplace and therefore be transformed into service providers. The strengthening theory of confederation proposed that the confederation should be empowered and thereby have a negotiation power on transindustrial issues and a stronger power on the coordination of industrial trade unions, but it could not suggest the practical methods to strengthen the confederation. The strengthening theory of political and economic role was not interested in social issues and the absence of solidarity between industrial unions and could not present the measures to overcome the dualism of trade union and factory council either, even though it tried to strengthen the role of trade union in its traditional sphere like collective bargaining and corporatistic negotiation. The strengthening theory of political and social role hoped to respond to the change of labour world and to strengthen the character of trade union as social movement, but it belittled the role of the union of workers as the collective bargaining player nevertheless

    Online Policy and Internet Electoral Campaign of German Political Parties: Strategies to develop Inner- and Participatory Democracy

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    ๋…์ผ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ •๋‹น ํ˜์˜ค์ฆ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •๋‹น์ •์น˜์˜ ์•ฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒํšŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹น๋‚ด๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™œ์šฉ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ๋‹น์›๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹น ๋ฐ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์šด๋™ ์ธํŠธ๋ผ๋„ท์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๋ฏผ์—ฐ์€ ๋‹น์›๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์ „๋‹น๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น๋‚ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋‹น์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น๋‚ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์ •๋ณด์ž์œจ๊ถŒ๋ณด์žฅ๊ณผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ท ์—ดํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋‹น์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ˆ˜๋ ด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์Œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋‹น์กฐ์ง ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ฃผ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ™๋ณด์— ์น˜์šฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์™€ ์ •์น˜์ง€๋„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตํ™˜ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋…์ผ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๋ณด์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. The german political parties have made good use of online policy in making up for the decline of party politics because of politics- and party-disgust and in developing inner-democracy of parties and participatory democracy. SDP which have made relatively best use of internet constructed network of party members, cyber district party chapter and intranet of electoral campaign. On the contrary the online policy of CDU has not been effective enough to develop participatory democracy in relationship with its voters, while it has certain good results of inner-democracy through construction of network of its members and cyber district party chapter. On the other hand the Greens have approached the problem of inner-democracy with the voters participation system and noticed a new social problem in the digital age by emphasizing security of information autonomy and settlement of digital cleavage But the online policy of the two greatest parties in general tends not to supply the bilateral communication but to be partial toward offer of public information and lead of public opinion in centering round on their organization. In order to accomplish participatory democracy through electric democracy, for all generality and equality of the approach to information have to be guaranteed. From this point of view the claim of the Greens is very stimulating

    An Analysis of the Limitations and Reclassification of Electoral-Coalition Studies, and the Conduct of a Meta Theoretical Trial to Reconstruct the General Theory on Electoral Coalition

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก , ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก , ์—ฐํ•ฉํ–‰์œ„์ž ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ , ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก ์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐํ•ฉํ–‰์œ„์ž ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ก ์€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์ž์œ ์˜์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑยท์ด‰์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ํšŒํ”ผยทํ•ด์ฒด, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์† ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ „๋žต, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ, ๊ท ์—ด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •๋‹น์ฒด์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์š”์ธ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กด์žฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ๋‚ดยท์™ธ๋ถ€์  ํŠน์ง• ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์  ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹ค.This article reclassified the studies of electoral coalition into political-institution approach, voter approach, or coalition actor approach according to their methods of approaching analysis objects and reconstructed them by investigating their limitations. The political-institution approach focuses on political institutions such as government form and electoral system; the voter approach revolves around support structure of voters; and the coalition actor approach addresses social existing form, free will, and behavior of coalition actors. The article divided the objects to be studied by the analysis of electoral coalition into the character and results of electoral coalition and the influence factors of electoral coalition, and presented them respectively. The character and results of electoral coalition include the formation or promotion, the avoidance or dissolution, intensification, and the effect of electoral coalition. And the influence factors of electoral coalition consist of institutional factors such as government form and electoral system, the structural factors such as the character and multi-dimensionality of cleavage and the political party system, and the actoral factors such as the social existing form of actors and the purpose of electoral coalition, and the internal and external characteristics of actors.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2011๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„ (NRF-2011-32A-B00013)

    Conditions of Success and Perspective of Forza Italia: Analysis of the Political Change of Italy and the Character of Forza Italia

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    This writing examined the political-social and institutional change of Italy in order to explain objective conditions of success of Forza Italia. It analysed on the other hand the character of its voters, the media-mediated effect of Forza Italia, and the personality effect of Silvio Berlusconi in order to explain subjective conditions of success of Berlusconi"s Forza Italia. And thus the perspective of Forza Italia and its coalition government was mentioned. First, a positive situation for Forza Italia as a non-confessional conservative party was shaped by the fact that above all the catholic political subculture of the catholic-conservative political subculture was dissolved during the process of the secularization since the later half part of the decade 1970. Secondly, the rejection symptom of the Italian people against the clientelistic partitocrazia developed into the party-hatedness and then created a positive effect for the new political parties. Thirdly, the introduction of the majority election system forced personalized election strategy and coalition between political parties. Lastly, the reinforcement of the media influence on the Italian people was connected successfully with the personalized symbolization of Berlusconi, and Forza Italia ordered an effective coalition strategy on the regionalized vote distribution of the Italian people. Regarding the perspective, it is important that a new cleavage of the political subcultures was arranged like Center-Conservative and Moderate-Left ones since the later half part of the decade 1990, till the gradual centerization of the Italian voters. Forza Italia would also follow this gradual centerization because of its marketing strategy characteristics

    ๊น€์žฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•™์žฅ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ

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    ๊ฐœ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์–ธ๋•๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์œ ์ฑ„๋ฐญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์žฌ์˜ ๊ต๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ•™์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ์ง‘๋ฌด์‹ค์€ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋”ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—Œ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ •์ด ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฑ„๋ฐญ ์—ฌ์ •์€ ์ง‘๋ฌด์‹ค์˜ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•จ๊ณผ ์—ด์ •์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•™์žฅ๋‹˜์€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋™์˜์ƒ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ต์‹ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต์ง€์›๊ณผ eTL ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ค‘๊ฐ„, ํ™๋ณด์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋งŒํผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ด์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ดฌ์˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊น€์˜ํ˜œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ด ๋™ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์•ฝ์†์ด ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ•ด์˜ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ•™์žฅ๋‹˜์€ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ์นœ์ ˆํžˆ ์‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ๋‹ค

    The British General Election of 2005: Neoliberal Convergence of Policies, Victory of Absentees, and Choice of the Second Worst

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    2005๋…„๋„ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด์„ ์€ ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์˜ ์—ฐ์† 3๊ธฐ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜๏ผŒ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ๋„ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์˜ ์‹คํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์‹ ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น๊ณผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„๋„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜์˜ค์ฆ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏผ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์‹ ์ž์œ  ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ •์น˜๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ„ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์„œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2005 ๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด์„ ์€ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ˆ˜๋ ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์ธต์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฐจ์•…์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. The British General Election of 2005 is worthy of note because the Labour Party won a third consecutive tern in power. But the turnout was very low and Labour lost many votes having only won by a hairs breadth. Moreover the margin of votes for Labour and Conservative was the smallest in British history and it proved the aversion to the two largest parties. The policies of immigration, health and Europe were distinguished but the most of domestic policies were converged into the neoliberal politics between Labour and Conservative. Hence the motive for policy voting was weak in the election. The two largest parties were not distinguished on the issue of the Iraqi war and therefore the British voters that became more anti-war either chose the Liberal Democrats or abstained from voting. In conclusion, the British General Election of 2005 has resulted in the choice of the second worst and the victory of the absentees as a consequence of the neoliberal convergence of both the largest parties

    The Transformation of Corporatism in the Period of Globalization: Character of Governmental Strategy and Character of Political System in the Case of Sweden and the Netherlands

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    ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ผํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์€ ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๋‹น ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ฉ์˜์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ยท ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ผํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์€ ์ •์น˜ ยท ์‚ฌํšŒ ยท ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์ „๋žต์ด์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ์–‘๋ฉด์„ฑ์„ ๋ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. The Corporatism in capitalistic societies has appeared when totalitarian or social democratic parties have come into power, and have become a political system with continuously functioning or being institutionalized as the main instrument of the settlement of social conflicts on the structural basis of consociationalism and industrial power relations. Therefore the corporatism has a double-faced character as a formation which corresponds to the change of political, social and economical circumstances: for one thing the character of governmental strategy which government parties select, and for another the character of political system which is deterrninated directly by the structural factors. While state corporatism has appeared corresponding to the european political, social and economical circumstances between the two World Wars as both a governmental strategy of totalitarian parties and a process and principle of movement of fascistic system, demand-side social corporatism has appeared corresponding to the Keynesian political, social and economical circumstances after the second World War as both a governmental strategy of social democratic 'pro-workers Volksparteien' and a process and principle of movement of welfare state system, and supply-side social corporatism has appeared corresponding to the period of neoliberal globa1ization as both a governmental strategy of modem social democratic Schumpeterian 'economy-parties' and a process and principle of movement of neoliberal state system The Swedish demand-side corporatism which was relatively not strongly influenced has faced with the crisis of denouncement of corporatism itself because of political failure and change into catch-all party of SAP and inner-conflict of workers movement, but on the contrary the demand-side corporatism of the Netherlands which was strongly influenced has transformed into supply-side corporatism because of the change into Schumpeterian 'economy-party' and offensive movement of capital
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