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    A Study on the Materials and Themes of Gyenyeoga

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    This thesis starts from the question of where, and by whom, Gyenyeoga(๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€, ่ชกๅฅณๆญŒ), a subtype of Gyubang-Gasa(๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ้–จๆˆฟๆญŒ่พญ), was created and enjoyed. The purpose of this thesis is to comprehensively examine the literary characteristics and significance of the Gyenyeoga, focusing on the creative motives and thematic development methods. In Chapter โ…ก, the nature of Gyubang(๊ทœ๋ฐฉ, ้–จๆˆฟ) as a space for creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga and the current status of the materials of the Gyenyeoga were examined. In previous studies, the Gyubang, where the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga took place, was regarded as a closed space to confine women cut off from the outside society, and the world represented in Gyenyeoga was also deemed to reflect the nature of the Gyubang. In this paper, the spatial characteristics of the room are reviewed from various angles by excluding existing prejudices and utilizing the recent achievements of adjacent disciplines such as architecture and folklore. As a result, the cubicle was not a closed space, nor was it a space to confine women. Gyubang is a space where all residential life of the family takes place, and it was a place of communication open to family members regardless of their gender, and it was a space where women could accumulate knowledge and culture about the outside world. In previous studies, there was a tendency to assume that the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga consisted of limited relationships centered on immediate families and specific regions. Therefore, based on 22 types of manuscript materials and 7 types of materials published in modern times, I have scrutinized the characteristics of 59 pieces of Gyenyeoga by referring to the manuscripts contained in these materials. The creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga took place in various regions such as Seoul(์„œ์šธ), Gyeonggi(๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ไบฌ็•ฟ), Chungnam(์ถฉ๋‚จ, ๅฟ ๅ—), Chungbuk(์ถฉ๋ถ, ๅฟ ๅŒ—), Gyeongnam(๊ฒฝ๋‚จ, ๆ…ถๅ—), and Gyeongbuk(๊ฒฝ๋ถ, ๆ…ถๅŒ—) today, and was concentrated in the period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. During this period, men also actively participated in the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga. And the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga did not only take place in the immediate family, but in various relationships. In some cases, the author and reader were related by blood or marriage, but there were also relationships in which it was difficult to find a special link. Considering their relationship comprehensively, three sub-types of the Gyenyeoga, which is a sub-type of the Gyubang-Gasa, were classified for the analysis of works. In Chapter โ…ข, works belonging to the three types classified in Chapterโ…ก were analyzed according to the creative motives and thematic development methods. The first type is a work created in a very direct relationship, such as a family connected by blood. In particular, the speaker directly presented the guidelines necessary for daily life to the audience based on his or her own experience, or repeatedly communicated it. This means that those who created and enjoyed this type of work considered it important to practice the guidelines necessary for their daily lives. The second type is a work created in an indirect relationship such as a family connected by marriage, in which the narrator re-accepts the Confucian discourse based on the Confucian principles that the people of the time believed to be the truth, and then emphasizes the ethical norms to the audience. However, the content and level of the accepted Confucian discourse differs greatly from work to work. This means that the speaker did not passively accept the Confucian discourse, but re-accepted it in his own way, and tried to convey the Confucian ideology and its norms in consideration of the level of the audience. Also, those who created and enjoyed this type of work tried to seek the consensus of many people by re-adjusting the existing Confucian ideology and related norms. The third type is a work created for the public in a relationship that was connected by marriage, but was quite distant, or in a relationship where it was difficult to find a link such as blood ties or marriage. The narrator tried to stimulate the audience's interest through the female figure and make the audience realize the meaning of her life. This type is divided into two series due to the character of the female characters who appear. First, in the series of works like Guinyeoga(๊ท€๋…€๊ฐ€, ่ฒดๅฅณๆญŒ), the female character is a woman who lives a blessed life without any trials and tribulations, which is easy to guess from her name โ€˜Guinyeoโ€™(๊ท€๋…€, ่ฒดๅฅณ). On the other hand, BokSeonHwaEumGa(๋ณต์„ ํ™”์Œ๊ฐ€, ็ฆๅ–„็ฆๆทซๆญŒ) series features a female figure who overcame all kinds of ordeal with her own strength and 'GoeDdongEoMi'(๊ดด๋˜ฅ์–ด๋ฏธ), an indeterminate figure who contrasts with it. The works of the Gwinyeoga series convey the message that they could also live such blessed lives by showing the life of a noblewoman as an example. The works of the BokSeonHwaEumGa series are gaining the sympathy of those who enjoy her through the way in which a female character who overcame all kinds of adversity with her own strength directly describes her life. This means that those who created and enjoyed this type of work recognized women as subjective beings, not passive objects of edification, and expected women to voluntarily practice them. In chapter IV, based on the results of research so far, I looked into how Gyubang-Gasas like the Gyenyeoga could spread so widely, in particular, focusing on the conditions of the times in which active creation and enjoyment were possible during the modern transition from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. In the early days of the Joseon Dynasty, some families, including the royal family, provided education on women, and from the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, education on women began in earnest at the private level. In the late 18th century, some women's education books began to recognize women as members of the community, and in the early 20th century, the chastity ideology oppressing women began to gradually weaken in Gyohun-Gasa(๊ตํ›ˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ๆ•Ž่จ“ๆญŒ่พญ). As the perception of women has changed, the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga, which deliver the lessons to women, has also been actively carried out, transcending gender and region. And at the time of modern transition, Gyenyeoga maintains the form of the Gasa(๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ๆญŒ่พญ), but also adopts a narrative technique sometimes to take the forms of prose writing. The transformation of the Gasa is a result of the participation of people of various classes in creation and enjoyment. However, the Gyenyeoga still maintained the form of the Gasa. The communication style of the Gasa, in which the speaker speaks her words to her audiences and patiently conveys what she believes, was an important practical function of the Gasa that no other genre could replace. Due to this practicality, the Gyenyeoga was created and enjoyed not only in the pre-modern period but also in the transition period, and it flourished not just within the Gyubang, the womenโ€™s quarters, but also actively extended to the outside world.๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜๋˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ธต์ด ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์†ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์€ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ๋‚จ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์–‘์„ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ 22์ข…๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ง‘ 7์ข…์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋“ค ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ 59ํŽธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ๋‚จ, ์ถฉ๋ถ, ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ, ๊ฒฝ๋ถ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋Š” ์ง๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๋…์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ ์•„๋ž˜, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ ์œ ๊ต์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ต ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ๊ต ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋™์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋จผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ , ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์นญ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ฒญ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ƒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„์—ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ณ„์—ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ โ€˜๊ท€๋…€(่ฒดๅฅณ)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋ จ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋‚œ ์—†์ด ์ถ•๋ณต ๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด, ๊ณ„์—ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์‹œ๋ จ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜• ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ โ€˜๊ดด๋˜ฅ์–ด๋ฏธโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์„œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณต๋ก์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ธ ๊ท€๋…€์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅ์œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์œ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๊ตํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์™•์‹ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทœํ›ˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋˜ ์ •์ ˆ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€์Šต์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ตํ›ˆ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณต์„ ํ™”์Œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์„œ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์ž‘, ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์„œ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‘์šฉํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์ž๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋ˆ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฐฝ์ž‘, ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—ฐ์„ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 โ…ก. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 23 1. ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ 24 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 35 โ…ข. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 68 1. ์ •์„œ์  ์œ ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณต์œ  68 1) ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ 69 2) ์ผ์ƒ ์ง€์นจ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ œ์‹œ 82 2. ์ด๋…์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋™์กฐ 93 1) ๋ฌธ์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ์† 94 2) ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์ • 106 3. ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ 121 1) ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ 122 2) ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„ 131 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ 152 1. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ตํ›ˆ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ 152 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฃผ์ œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์™ธ์—ฐ ํ™•์žฅ 169 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  184 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 188 Abstract 198 [ํ‘œ โ… -1] ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 16 [ํ‘œ โ…ก-1] ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 64 [ํ‘œ โ…ก-2] ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ง‘์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 65๋ฐ•

    A Study on the Materials and Themes of Gyenyeoga

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์กฐํ•ด์ˆ™.This thesis starts from the question of where, and by whom, Gyenyeoga(๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€, ่ชกๅฅณๆญŒ), a subtype of Gyubang-Gasa(๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ้–จๆˆฟๆญŒ่พญ), was created and enjoyed. The purpose of this thesis is to comprehensively examine the literary characteristics and significance of the Gyenyeoga, focusing on the creative motives and thematic development methods. In Chapter โ…ก, the nature of Gyubang(๊ทœ๋ฐฉ, ้–จๆˆฟ) as a space for creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga and the current status of the materials of the Gyenyeoga were examined. In previous studies, the Gyubang, where the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga took place, was regarded as a closed space to confine women cut off from the outside society, and the world represented in Gyenyeoga was also deemed to reflect the nature of the Gyubang. In this paper, the spatial characteristics of the room are reviewed from various angles by excluding existing prejudices and utilizing the recent achievements of adjacent disciplines such as architecture and folklore. As a result, the cubicle was not a closed space, nor was it a space to confine women. Gyubang is a space where all residential life of the family takes place, and it was a place of communication open to family members regardless of their gender, and it was a space where women could accumulate knowledge and culture about the outside world. In previous studies, there was a tendency to assume that the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga consisted of limited relationships centered on immediate families and specific regions. Therefore, based on 22 types of manuscript materials and 7 types of materials published in modern times, I have scrutinized the characteristics of 59 pieces of Gyenyeoga by referring to the manuscripts contained in these materials. The creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga took place in various regions such as Seoul(์„œ์šธ), Gyeonggi(๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ไบฌ็•ฟ), Chungnam(์ถฉ๋‚จ, ๅฟ ๅ—), Chungbuk(์ถฉ๋ถ, ๅฟ ๅŒ—), Gyeongnam(๊ฒฝ๋‚จ, ๆ…ถๅ—), and Gyeongbuk(๊ฒฝ๋ถ, ๆ…ถๅŒ—) today, and was concentrated in the period from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. During this period, men also actively participated in the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga. And the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga did not only take place in the immediate family, but in various relationships. In some cases, the author and reader were related by blood or marriage, but there were also relationships in which it was difficult to find a special link. Considering their relationship comprehensively, three sub-types of the Gyenyeoga, which is a sub-type of the Gyubang-Gasa, were classified for the analysis of works. In Chapter โ…ข, works belonging to the three types classified in Chapterโ…ก were analyzed according to the creative motives and thematic development methods. The first type is a work created in a very direct relationship, such as a family connected by blood. In particular, the speaker directly presented the guidelines necessary for daily life to the audience based on his or her own experience, or repeatedly communicated it. This means that those who created and enjoyed this type of work considered it important to practice the guidelines necessary for their daily lives. The second type is a work created in an indirect relationship such as a family connected by marriage, in which the narrator re-accepts the Confucian discourse based on the Confucian principles that the people of the time believed to be the truth, and then emphasizes the ethical norms to the audience. However, the content and level of the accepted Confucian discourse differs greatly from work to work. This means that the speaker did not passively accept the Confucian discourse, but re-accepted it in his own way, and tried to convey the Confucian ideology and its norms in consideration of the level of the audience. Also, those who created and enjoyed this type of work tried to seek the consensus of many people by re-adjusting the existing Confucian ideology and related norms. The third type is a work created for the public in a relationship that was connected by marriage, but was quite distant, or in a relationship where it was difficult to find a link such as blood ties or marriage. The narrator tried to stimulate the audience's interest through the female figure and make the audience realize the meaning of her life. This type is divided into two series due to the character of the female characters who appear. First, in the series of works like Guinyeoga(๊ท€๋…€๊ฐ€, ่ฒดๅฅณๆญŒ), the female character is a woman who lives a blessed life without any trials and tribulations, which is easy to guess from her name โ€˜Guinyeoโ€™(๊ท€๋…€, ่ฒดๅฅณ). On the other hand, BokSeonHwaEumGa(๋ณต์„ ํ™”์Œ๊ฐ€, ็ฆๅ–„็ฆๆทซๆญŒ) series features a female figure who overcame all kinds of ordeal with her own strength and 'GoeDdongEoMi'(๊ดด๋˜ฅ์–ด๋ฏธ), an indeterminate figure who contrasts with it. The works of the Gwinyeoga series convey the message that they could also live such blessed lives by showing the life of a noblewoman as an example. The works of the BokSeonHwaEumGa series are gaining the sympathy of those who enjoy her through the way in which a female character who overcame all kinds of adversity with her own strength directly describes her life. This means that those who created and enjoyed this type of work recognized women as subjective beings, not passive objects of edification, and expected women to voluntarily practice them. In chapter IV, based on the results of research so far, I looked into how Gyubang-Gasas like the Gyenyeoga could spread so widely, in particular, focusing on the conditions of the times in which active creation and enjoyment were possible during the modern transition from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. In the early days of the Joseon Dynasty, some families, including the royal family, provided education on women, and from the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, education on women began in earnest at the private level. In the late 18th century, some women's education books began to recognize women as members of the community, and in the early 20th century, the chastity ideology oppressing women began to gradually weaken in Gyohun-Gasa(๊ตํ›ˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ๆ•Ž่จ“ๆญŒ่พญ). As the perception of women has changed, the creation and enjoyment of the Gyenyeoga, which deliver the lessons to women, has also been actively carried out, transcending gender and region. And at the time of modern transition, Gyenyeoga maintains the form of the Gasa(๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ๆญŒ่พญ), but also adopts a narrative technique sometimes to take the forms of prose writing. The transformation of the Gasa is a result of the participation of people of various classes in creation and enjoyment. However, the Gyenyeoga still maintained the form of the Gasa. The communication style of the Gasa, in which the speaker speaks her words to her audiences and patiently conveys what she believes, was an important practical function of the Gasa that no other genre could replace. Due to this practicality, the Gyenyeoga was created and enjoyed not only in the pre-modern period but also in the transition period, and it flourished not just within the Gyubang, the womenโ€™s quarters, but also actively extended to the outside world.๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜๋˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ธต์ด ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์†ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์ธ์ ‘ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์€ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ๋‚จ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ต์–‘์„ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ 22์ข…๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ง‘ 7์ข…์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋“ค ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ 59ํŽธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ถฉ๋‚จ, ์ถฉ๋ถ, ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ, ๊ฒฝ๋ถ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋Š” ์ง๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์ž์™€ ๋…์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œ ์•„๋ž˜, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ ์œ ๊ต์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ต ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ๊ต ์ด๋…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋™์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋จผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ , ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์นญ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ฒญ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ƒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„์—ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ณ„์—ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ โ€˜๊ท€๋…€(่ฒดๅฅณ)โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋ จ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋‚œ ์—†์ด ์ถ•๋ณต ๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด, ๊ณ„์—ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์‹œ๋ จ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ˜• ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ โ€˜๊ดด๋˜ฅ์–ด๋ฏธโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์„œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณต๋ก์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ธ ๊ท€๋…€์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅ์œ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅ์œ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๊ตํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์™•์‹ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์กฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทœํ›ˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋˜ ์ •์ ˆ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€์Šต์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ตํ›ˆ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณต์„ ํ™”์Œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์„œ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฝ์ž‘, ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์„œ์‚ฌ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‘์šฉํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์ž๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋ˆ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ฐฝ์ž‘, ํ–ฅ์œ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—ฐ์„ ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 โ…ก. ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 23 1. ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ 24 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 35 โ…ข. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 68 1. ์ •์„œ์  ์œ ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณต์œ  68 1) ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ 69 2) ์ผ์ƒ ์ง€์นจ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ œ์‹œ 82 2. ์ด๋…์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋™์กฐ 93 1) ๋ฌธ์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ์† 94 2) ์œ ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์ • 106 3. ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ 121 1) ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ 122 2) ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„ 131 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ 152 1. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ตํ›ˆ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ 152 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฃผ์ œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์™ธ์—ฐ ํ™•์žฅ 169 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  184 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 188 Abstract 198 [ํ‘œ โ… -1] ๊ณ„๋…€๊ฐ€๋ฅ˜ ๊ทœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 16 [ํ‘œ โ…ก-1] ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 64 [ํ‘œ โ…ก-2] ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ง‘์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 65๋ฐ•

    ํ•™์ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋“ฑ๋ก๊ธˆ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ๆ–‡ๆ•Ž้ƒจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๅคงๅญธ์„ ่ฎŠๅŒ–ํ•˜๋Š” ็คพๆœƒ์— ๅ‰ฏๆ‡‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๅ…งๅฏฆ์žˆ๋Š” ๅคงๅญธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1971ๅนด 9ๆœˆ์— ๆ•Ž่‚ฒๆ”ฟ็ญ–ๅฏฉ่ญฐๆœƒ, ้ซ˜็ญ‰ๆ•Ž่‚ฒ ๅˆ†็ง‘ๅง”ๅ“กๆœƒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๅคงๅญธๆ•Ž่‚ฒ ๆ”น้ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๅŸบๆœฌๆ–นๆกˆ์„ ๆจน็ซ‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๆ—ฃๅญ˜ ๅคงๅญธไธญ ๅฏฆ้ฉ—ๅคงๅญธ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 1973ๅนด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๅคงๅญธๆ•Ž่‚ฒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๆ”น้ฉ์„ ๅฏฆๆ–ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๅŸบๆœฌๆ–นๅ‘์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ๆ•Ž่‚ฒ์˜ ๅ…ง็š„ ๅ……ๅฏฆ์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅคงๅญธๅ’ๆฅญ ่ฆๆฑ‚ๅญธ้ปž์„ 160ๅญธ้ปž์—์„œ 140ๅญธ้ปž์œผ๋กœ ๆธ›็ธฎ่ชฟๆ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๅ€‹ๆ€ง์— ๋งž๋Š” ๅฐˆๆ”ป้ธๆ“‡์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅญธ็ง‘ๅˆฅ ๅฎšๅ“กๅˆถ๋ฅผ ๅคงๅญธๅˆฅ ๋˜๋Š” ็ณปๅˆ—ๅˆฅ ๅฎšๅ“กๅˆถ๋กœ ่ฝ‰ๆ›ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3) ๅ’ๆฅญ็”Ÿ์˜ ้€ฒ่ทฏๆฉŸๆœƒ ๆ“šๅคง์™€ ๋„“์€ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๅญธๅ•ๅฑฅไฟฎ๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅ‰ฏๅฐˆๆ”ปๅˆถ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๆดป็”จํ† ๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4) ๅ‹‰ๅญธ้›ฐๅœๆฐฃ๋ฅผ ้€ ๆˆํ•˜๊ณ , ่ƒฝๅŠ›์žˆ๋Š” ่€…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๆ—ฉๆœŸ ็คพๆœƒ้€ฒๅ‡บ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ่ƒฝๅŠ›ๅˆฅ ๅ’ๆฅญๅˆถ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. 5) ๅนดไธญ ็„กไผ‘์˜ ๅคงๅญธ้‹็‡Ÿ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅญฃ็ฏ€ไฟฎๆฅญๅˆถ๋ฅผ ๅฐŽๅ…ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 6) ๅญธ็”Ÿ์—๊ฒŒ ้€ฒ่ทฏ้ธๆ“‡์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ่ค‡ๆ•ธ ๅฐˆๆ”ปๅˆถ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค
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