토론

고맙습니다. 지금 주제 발표에서 여러 가지 문제를 제기해 주셨는데, 가능하면 거기서 제기된 문제를 가지고 그걸 좀 자세히 다루어 볼까 합니다. 먼저 우리가 하나 짚고 넘어가야 할 것은 용어 오해 때문에 오는 문제가 많다는 것입니다. 가령, 언어학 그리고 어학(또는 언어 교육)의 세 가지 개념의 혼동 때문에 저희들 그룹에서 사전 토의를 하면서도 문제가 생겼읍니다. 언어학하면 순수 언어학, 언어학과에서 가르치는 언어학일 것이고 개별 언어학이라고 하면 영문과에서 가르치는 영어학, 독문과에서 가르치는 독어학 등을 이야기 하겠죠. 그리고 어학이라고 하면 저는 언어 교육이라고 하고 싶은데, 어학 교육이라고 하면 주로 개별 언어 기능, 그러니까 듣기, 말하기, 쓰기, 읽기의 기능을 가르치는 것을 보통은 어학 교육 또는 언어 교육이라고 하죠

Substantive Underlying Segments

This study is concerned with the problem of psychological reality in setting up under lying segments for Korean stops, affricates and liquids. Those Korean stops are particularly interesting because their phonemic/allophonic behavìor is very different from that of the major Indo-European languages we are familiar with. For instance, voicing is not distinctive in the obstruents, and /l/ and /r/ are allophonic variants of the only Korean liquid. The problem is that people are still posìting (and usìng) voiced or voiceless obstruents as underlying segments for stops and affricates, and either /l/ or /r/ for the liquid. This is in part due to the lack of symbols to represent the obstruents which are neither voiced nor voiceless and the liquid which is neither /1/ nor /r/, but more important is Korean linguists' attitude toward underlying segments and the rules for deriving surface phonetic forms. One of the most important points of this paper is that the psychologically real, sub-stantive underlying segments should have no distinction or indication as to voicing (for obstruents) and no l/r distinction (for liquid). For this, it is necessary that the phonetic/phonemic transcription systems which are currently being used be modified and enlarged, because there are no adequate symbols for the Korean consonants mentioned above. Another point is that speakers do not really derive surface forms from unique underlying representations; rather, they know the distributional patterns of the surface forms and the relationship between those forms in ' the pattern in a sort of interpretive (as compared with generative) manner. This is a very important idea that needs to be further developed

Relative Importance of Phonological Rules as Rules of Pronunciation

This study examines some important phonological rules of Korean and English to etermine their relative importance as rules of pronunciation, and ultimately to show their relative importance as phonological rules. It has been found that neutralizing rules are not always more important than nonneutralizing, allophonic ones. Whether neutralizing or not, the rules that produce alternations of the primary sounds are more important than those that produce alternations of the secondary sounds (cf. §3.2. (9')), the rules that characterize or enhance the distinctiveness of such important phonological units as word and syllable are more important than those that do not have such function, and the rules that apply even in slow speech and across word boundaries are more important than those that apply only in normal speech and within word boundaries

Isoflurane 흡입마취 동안 아산화질소가 뇌 엔트로피에 미치는 영향

Background: The bispectral index has limitations in describing the exact depth of anesthesia during nitrous oxide inhalation. This study examined the effect of nitrous oxide on the cerebral entropy measured using an entropy module (M-ENTROPY Module S/5?, Datex-Ohmeda division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland) during the stable anesthetic period with isoflurane inhalation. Methods: Sixty ASA 1 or 2 adult patients were randomly allocated to three groups. During the stable maintenance period after the skin incision, the baseline entropy values (response entropy, RE; state entropy, SE) were recorded at 2.5 minutes intervals over a 20 minute period on a single frontal channel at 0.9% end-tidal isoflurane. After this, medical air was used continuously (group C) or replaced with nitrous oxide at 40% (group L) or 60% (group H) with continuous hemodynamic and entropy values monitoring. Each of the variables was recorded and analyzed at 2.5 minutes intervals over a 20 minute period. Results: Average values (mean ± SD) of the RE and SE during experimental period were lower in group H (29.2 ± 12.3 and 28.5 ± 11.7, respectively) than group L (33.9 ± 7.3 and 33.0 ± 7.3, respectively) and the averaged values were lower in group L than in group C (46.6 ± 14.8 and 45.5 ± 14.2, respectively). The percent reduction was larger in group H (42.1 ± 14.2 and 38.7 ± 16.5, respectively) than in group L (25.3 ± 15.1 and 24.4 ± 14.9, respectively) and the percent reduction was larger in group L than in group C (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions: Added nitrous oxide during the anesthetic maintenance period with isoflurane decreases the level of cerebral entropy