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    ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋…ธ์ถœ, ๋…์„ฑ๋™ํƒœ, ์œ ์ „๋…์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ์œ ์ „์ฒดํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    Dept. of Public Health/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™”์ œ๋‚˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ, ๋†์•ฝ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ, ์ž‰ํฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ 2,2โ€˜-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ, ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋กœ์…˜, ๋ฆฝ์Šคํ‹ฑ, ๋ชจ๋ฐœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ œ, ์ƒดํ”„ ๋ฐ ์„ธ์ œ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ค‘ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ž‘์šฉ, ๋™๋ ฅํ•™์  ๋™ํƒœ, ์œ ์ „๋…์„ฑ, ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์œ ์ „์ž ๋„์ถœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒดํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒดํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 7์ข…์˜ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ๋™์‹œ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋œ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, ๋ฒค์กฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กค, 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2,4-๋‹ค์ด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2,2โ€˜-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2,3,4-ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ (62-114 %)๊ณผ ํ† ์–‘ (60-125 %)์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ 5-100 ng/L (๋˜๋Š” kg)์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” 25-100 ng/L (๋˜๋Š” kg)๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์งˆ (27-204 ppt)๋ณด๋‹ค ํ† ์–‘ (500-18,380 ppt)์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์–ด, 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์˜ค์—ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ดํ›„, 2์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์  ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ค์—ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œํ•˜์ˆ˜, ๋ ˆ์ €์šฉ์ˆ˜, ๊ณต๋‹จ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ณต๋‹จ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์˜ค์—ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค.๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ๋žซ๋“œ(rat)์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒดํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ-์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜์กด๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ 100 mg kg-1 bw์„ ๋žซ๋“œ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ„๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š” pH 9.5์—์„œ ์—ํ‹ธ์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„์ฒดํ™” ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ๋ถ„์„์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ, ๊ฒ€๋Ÿ‰์„ ์€ r2 > 0.999์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์„ ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 76 % ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ 9.87 % ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๋‚ด ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ, 13.89 % ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ค์ฐจ -14.59 % ๊ฐ’ ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋žซ๋“œ์— ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„ 30๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฒค์กฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กค, 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2,4-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ์‹œ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2,2โ€˜-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2,3,4-ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ์ƒ์ฒด์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” Win-Nonline ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—์„œ 2.06 &micro;g/ml์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 21 ใŽ/ml๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ ๋‹ค์ดํŽ˜๋‹์ผ€ํ†ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ(์ง€๋ฐฉ์นœํ™”์„ฑ) ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ DNA์†์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™๋ฒ•(comet assay)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์ธ 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ DNA ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ (P < 0.05), ๋ฒค์กฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กค์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ™œ์„ฑ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œDNA ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์ธ 2,4-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2,3,4-ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ™œ์„ฑ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์žฌ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋‘ DNA ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2,2โ€˜-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์€ DNA ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ para-์œ„์น˜์— ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค์—์„œ DNA ์†์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์•ผ์ƒ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œ„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ (ํŠนํžˆ ์„ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ)๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ MCF 7์— ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋ฅผ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„, cDNA ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณผ 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ, 2-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ-4-๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 32๊ฐœ, 38๊ฐœ, 30๊ฐœ ์œ ์ „ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ 3๊ฐœ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ 17ฮฒ-์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์˜ฌ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ, ์ „์‚ฌ์กฐ์ ˆ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ž‘์šฉ, ๋ฉด์—ญ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€ํ‘œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ RT-PCR์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋“ค์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…์„ฑํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒค์กฐํŽ˜๋…ผ๊ณ„ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ์ •์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]UV filters of benzophenone (BP)-type are used primarily as photoinitiators, fragrance enhancers, as ultraviolet curing agents and occasionally, as flavor ingredients. They are also used in the manufacture of insecticides, agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals and as additives for plastics, coatings and adhesives. Especially, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is widely used as a UV stabilizer in skin moisturizing products and sunscreen lotions, usually in conjunction with 2,2โ€™-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB). Therefore, this study investigated environmental exposure levels, metabolism, kinetic behavior, genotoxicity and specific-regulated genes of BP-type UV filters using overall toxicological approaches.First, a novel method has been developed to determine and quantify seven organic UV filters simultaneously employing liquid (solid)-liquid extraction, derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in various environmental matrices. The UV filters determined were: BP, benzhydrol (BH), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (HBP), HMB, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), DHMB and 2,3,4-trihydroxylbenzophenone (THB). Under optimal conditions, the high recovery (62-114 % and 60-125 % for water and soil, respectively) and the low relative standard deviation (RSD) values (less than 13.9% and 17.2% for water and soil, respectively) were indicated the high performance of this method. The detection limits of method were relatively low, ranging from 5 to 100 ng/L or kg and the quantification limits of method ranged between from 25 to 500 ng/L or kg for all test compounds. This validated method was applied to the analysis of seven BP-type UV filters in water and soil samples in Korea, collected between April and May 2003. The overall concentration of UV filters in the soil samples (500-18,380 ppt) was higher than in water samples (27-204 ppt). Therefore the established method in this study was successfully applied to monitor the residue measurement of the BP-type UV filters in environmental water and soil samples.Secondly, in rat blood, the simultaneous analysis of BP-type UV filters was optimized by GC-MS. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and BP and HMB were administered orally at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 body weight. Plasma sample was adjusted to pH 9.5 and extracted with ethyl acetate for 20 mins. The organic solvent was reduced to dryness and the residues were derivatized with MSTFA and determined by GC-MS. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves showed a good linearity (r2 > 0.999) and the recovery after extraction and concentration was above 76%. Intra-day and inter-day RSD values were within 9.87 and 13.89%, respectively, indicating good precision. The accuracy of the method expressed as relative mean error (RME) was below - 14.59% which was shown to be satisfactory. BP was mainly converted to BH and HBP in rat. Also, HMB was enzymatically converted to at least three intermediates. DHB was a major intermediate formed by o-demethylation, which in turn was converted to THB and DHMB by aromatic hydroxylation. The toxicokinetic parameters were presented by the noncompartmental analysis. The Cmax value of BP was 2.06 ยฑ 0.46 ฮผg/ml and the Tmax was 3.83 hr. The t1/2 of BP was approximately 19.28 hr and the AUC0-โˆž was 47.17 ใŽ/ml&#8226;hr. The Cmax value of HMB was 21.21 ยฑ 11.61 ฮผg/ml and the Tmax was 2.71 hr. The t1/2 of HMB was approximately 4.58 hr and the AUC0-โˆž was 104.89 ใŽ/ml&#8226;hr. The established method was successfully applied to various biological sample (urine and bile, etc.) for the determination of BP-type UV filters.Thirdly, to evaluate the magnitude of DNA damage, the single cell gel electrophoresis assay was performed. The comet assay in alkaline condition is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable biochemical technique for evaluating single-stand DNA breakage in mammalian cells, as well as high throughput toxicity screening tool. From these results, BP and its metabolite, HBP, were observed statistically significant differences of tail moment values compared with negative control (P < 0.05). BH at tested all concentrations was not observed significant difference of tail moment. Also, HMB and its metabolite, DHB and THB, were revealed statistically significant differences of tail moment values compared with negative control (P < 0.05), except for DHMB. Therefore, we suggest that BP derivatives with hydroxyl group at the para-position such as HBP, DHB and THB possibly induce the single stranded DNA breakage in L5178Y cells.Finally, these BP-type UV filters are thought to mimic estrogens in their action, and are called endocrine disrupting chemicals. In the previous studies, they have been seen to exert an uterotrophic effect in vivo and to stimulate cell proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Therefore, to identify genes elicited by three of BP-type UV filters, a human cDNA microarray analysis was carried out to MCF-7 cells, treated with BP, HBP and HMB using KISTCHIP-400 including 401 endocrine system related genes. Out of the analyzed genes, 32, 38 and 30 genes were identified showing significant changes (minimum 1.5-fold) in gene expression resulting from BP, HBP and HMB, respectively. Through the clustering analysis of gene expression profiles, 4 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated common genes by three UV filters were identified. The functions of these genes were found related to cell proliferation, thyroid hormone, regulation of transcription, metabolism and immune response. Among the genes, especially, 3 genes were induced and 3 genes were repressed by three BP-type UV filters as 17ฮฒ-estradiol (E2). Therefore it is suggested that these genes may be associated with estrogenic effect of three UV filters. For the confirmation of the gene expression profiles identified from microarray analysis and the expression patterns of the other UV filters with estrogenic activity by dose- and time- dependent manner, real time RT-PCR will be performed. Taken together, this study provides evidence for previously unknown gene regulation by BP-type UV filters and E2, raising interesting possibilities regarding to the role of endocrine disruptors.In summary, this thesis represents significant effects for exposure of BP-type UV filters viewed from different angles using toxicological tools. Through further investigation in vitro and in vivo, it should be characterized completely the toxic mechanisms of BP-type UV filters and applied as basic information for risk assessment and regulation establishment of BP-type UV filters.ope

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :่พฒๅญธ็ง‘,1997.Maste

    Characterization of formation on chlorine disinfection by-products by hydrophobic and hydorphilic substance of organic matter. : ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜

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    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌope
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