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    ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์ผ๋ณธํ•™ : ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ '๋Œ€๋™์•„์ „์Ÿ'๊นŒ์ง€

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    ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€-๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ-์‡ผ์™€๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์ œ๊ตญ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์ „์Ÿ ์ฐธ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๋™์•„์ „์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฉํ•ด์ง€๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋™์˜ ๋ฐ๋งˆ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ž€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ œ๊ตญ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋„์™€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋กœ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์—ญ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ‹€์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ธŒ์Šคํ‚ค์™€ ๋ ˆ๋“œํด๋ฆฌํ”„-๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ฆˆ์Œ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉํ™”๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์„ ํ•™์Šตํ–ˆ๋˜ ์“ฐ๋ณด์ด(ๅชไบ•)๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ํ† ์†ํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์›์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์ธ ๋„๋ฆฌ์ด(้ณฅๅฑ…๏ง„่—)์™€ ์ด๋…ธ(ไผŠ่ƒฝๅ˜‰็Ÿฉ) ๋“ฑ๋„ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€์—†์ด ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํŒŒ๋ก ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํšกํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ 1920๋…„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฑ„ํƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ† ์ฐฉํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ„ํŒ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์žก์ง€์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™, ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌ, ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€-๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ-์‡ผ์™€์˜ ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€๋Š” ์“ฐ๋ณด์ด(ๅชไบ•ๆญฃไบ”้ƒž)์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฅ˜์กฐ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋„๋ฆฌ์ด๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€์„ ๋ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—…์ ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์„ค์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์†๋  ๋•Œ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค. ์‡ผ์™€ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋™์•„์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜นํ˜ธ๋ก ์ž์˜€๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๊ณต์กด๊ณต์˜, ์‚ฌํ•ด๋™ํฌ, ๊ด‘์—ญ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ ˆํ† ๋ฆญ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋™์•„์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋ฐ๋งˆ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ ๊ฐ์—†์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•„์ƒ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—…์ ์„ ๋งค๋ชฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค

    Korean Immigrants in Argentina: An Ethnographic Sketch

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    ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด๋ฏผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์‹ฌ๋„์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ์—ฐํ›„์— ๊ทธ ํ† ์–‘์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์ž„์— ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•„์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์˜จ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ง‘์ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    ๆคๆฐ‘๊ณผ ๆˆฐ็ˆญ์˜ ๆ—ฅๅธไบบ้กžๅญธ -่‡บๅŒ—ๅธๅคง์™€ ไบฌๅŸŽๅธๅคง์˜ ไบบ่„ˆ๊ณผ ๆดปๅ‹•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ-

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    ๅญธๅฒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ็†็”ฑ, ็‰นํžˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๆคๆฐ‘ไธป็พฉ์™€ ไบบ้กžๅญธ์˜ ้—œไฟ‚์— ้—œ่ฏ๋œ ๅ•้กŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ็†็”ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ๅฟ…่ฆ†๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—…์ ์„ ์ผ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—…์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์  ์ฐจ ์›์—์„œ๋„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„ ่‡ช็”ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ไบ‹ๅฏฆ(ๆญทๅฒ) ๋˜๋Š” ไบ‹ๅฏถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค(่จ˜ๆ†ถ)์„ ็™ผ่ชชํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๆ™‚ไปฃ์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๅนธ็ฆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๆฒˆ้ป˜๊ณผ ๆ้€  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ้šฑ่”ฝ๋ฅผ ๅฝˆ่ฆ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๅ…ˆๅญธ๋“ค์€ ๅŒๆƒ…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ •์น˜์™€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๆŸณๅฃ“์œผ๋กœ ๅ› ํ•ด์„œ ็Šง็‰ฒ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๆฒˆ้ป˜์œผ๋กœ ๅ› ํ•œ ็–‘ๆ„Ÿ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ดˆ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๅ†็Šง็‰ฒ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ๅ…ˆๅญธ๋“ค์˜ ๅ้Ÿฟๅ›žๅพฉ์„ ็ˆฒํ•œ ๅ”ฏไธ€ํ•œ ๊ธธ์€ ๆญทๅฒ์™€ ่จ˜ๆ†ถ์„ ๅ‹•ๅ“กํ•œ ไบ‹ๅฏถ็ขบ่ช ้Ž็จ‹์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ้Ž็จ‹์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›Œ์ง„ ่ณฃไปป์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000-2001๋…„๋„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋‘๋‡Œ ํ•œ๊ตญ 21 ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜์ง€์›๋น„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(This was supported by the Grant for Reform of University Education under BK 21 Project of S.N.U)

    An Ethnography of Fishing in Irabuzima (Okinawa, Japan)

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    ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ํ˜„์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ(ๅฎฎๅคๅณถ)์˜ ์˜†์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ผ๋ถ€์ง€๋งˆ(ไผŠ่‰ฏ้ƒจๅณถ)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹น์ง€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผ๋ถ€์ง€๋งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ข์€ ์ˆ˜๋กœ(์ด๋ฆฌ์—, ๅ…ฅๆฑŸ)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ชจ์ง€์ง€๋งˆ(ไธ‹ๅœฐๅณถ)์—๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„์˜ ํ•˜๋„ค๋‹ค์™€ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์˜ ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ์— ๋ฒ„๊ธˆ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 3 Km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํ™œ์ฃผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 2001๋…„์— ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์…”ํ‹€ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์˜ˆ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ํƒœํ’์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์†(้Ž้™ณ) ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. 1955๋…„์— 12,000๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” 7์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ง์—…์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ™์žก์•„ ๋‘๋ ค๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๏ผŒ 9ํ™€ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ 20๋ช…์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋…„์— 1์–ต ์—”์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด๏ผŒ ์šด์˜๋น„๋กœ 8์ฒœ๋งŒ ์—”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ˆ์€ ์ ๊ธˆ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜(็”บ)์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ด๋น™์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ฐ•ใ€”ๆฐ‘ๅฎฟใ€• ์บ ํ”„์ดŒ๋„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ธ๋ฐ 6๋ช…์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ 60% ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋‚ด์— ์žก์•„๋‘๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ •์ด ์ง‘์„ ์ง€์–ด์„œ ์ง‘์„ธ๋ฅผ ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋‚จ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. This paper focuses on ethnography of fish and fishing at Irabuzima in Okinawa, Japan. Fieldwork was conducted between July 4th and 16th, 2000 and supported by the Ministry of Education and University of the Ryukyu in Japan. Fishermen in lrabuzima have their own folk knowledge on fish and fishing and professional fishermen are usually fishing tunas apart from islands and lagoons. Fishes are different from the places in and near ocean and fishermen must be fully equipped with this knowledge about fishing. Wives do also have adapted with the various kinds of fishes for cooking and preparing for meals. Junior high school boys and girls have a chance to participate into fishing on tuna-boats for boys as well as the bushi processing factory for girls on the basis of school curricular in relation with community cooperation. Tuna has been acknowledged as one of the best-chosen fishes in Japan especially because most of the Japanese cuisines are basically connected with the dried and sliced tuna (katsuo-bushi). Fishermen in tuna-boats are used to be recruited in connection with friendship as well as kinship networks and they used to spend for several months together for fishing in the South Pacific and the portion of the tuna fishing has been greatly influenced in lrabuzima in terms of economy and society. Recently, changing atmosphere of the international agreement for fishing has also impacted the tuna fishing and the result of it does also affected to the lives in Irabuzima. There has been a meticulous research on lrabuzima fishermen's tuna fishing in the South Pacific and an interesting study of acculturation between Japanese crews and Solomonese ones on long-standing fishing lives has also been under covered. The author of this paper foresees the future research related with this ethnography of fishing based on this preliminary report

    ๋น„๊ต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋น„๊ต์˜ ์ ์ •์ˆ˜์ค€ - ์„œ์„ค์  ๊ฒ€ํ† 

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    ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” '๋น„๊ต'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅ  ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. '๋น„๊ต'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์€ "๋น„๊ต๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?" ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š”ํ•™์„ค์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋น„๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ง„๋œ ๋น„๊ต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ•™๋ฌธ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ„ฐ์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

    The Dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol over silica-supported copper catalysts

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    Docto

    Anthropology of Colonialism and War during the Imperial Japan: Scholars and Scholarship at Taihoku Imperial University (Taiwan) and Keijo Imperial University(Korea)

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    ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ด์žฅ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋งŒ๋ชฝ๋ฌธํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฌธํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ)์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์นจ๋žตํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ณ€๊ณผ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋„๋Š” ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 1932๋…„ 8์›” ๆ–‡้ƒจ็œ์€ ๆˆฐๆ™‚้ซ”ๅˆถ๋ฅผ ๅ‘ํ•œ ๅœ‹ๆฐ‘์˜ ็ฒพ็ฅž็š„ ็ตฑๅˆ์„ ็›ฎๆจ™๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅœ‹ๆฐ‘็ฒพ็ฅžๆ–‡ๅŒ–็ก็ฉถๆ‰€๋ฅผ ่จญ็ฝฎํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (ๆŸณ็”ฐๅœ‹็”ท็ก็ฉถๆœƒ 1988:879). 1933๋…„ ๋งŒ์ฃผ๊ตญ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋™๋…„ 10์›”์— ๅค–ๅ‹™็œๆ–‡ๅŒ–ไบ‹ๆฅญ้ƒจ์™€ ้—œๆฑ่ป์˜ ่จญ็ซ‹ๅ”ๅŠ›์œผ๋กœ ๆปฟๆ—ฅๆ–‡ๅŒ–ๅ”ๆœƒ(์•ฝ์นญ ๆ–‡ๅ”)๊ฐ€ ็™ปๅ ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1937๋…„ ่˜†ๆบๆฉ‹ ไบ‹ไปถ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง„ ํ›„, 1937๋…„ 8์›” ๅปบๅœ‹ๅคงๅญธไปค์˜ ๅ…ฌๅธƒ๋กœ 1938๋…„ 5์›” ๅปบๅœ‹ๅคงๅญธ์ด ๊ฐœํ•™๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ไบ”ๆ—ๅ”ๅ’Œ์˜ ๆ——ๅนŸ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค(ๅทๆ‘ ๆบฑ 1996: 202-203). ๋งŒ์ฃผํŒ ๆ—ฅ้ฎฎๅŒ็ฅ–่ซ–์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1938๋…„ 11์›” ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๅคงๆฑไบžๆ–ฐ็งฉๅบๅปบ่จญ์ด ์ œ์ฐฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋Œ€๋™์•„ ๊ณต์˜๊ถŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The discipline of anthropology originated in the West, and this naturally put Japan at the top of the list in East Asia, becoming a link in the formation of the discipline in this region. When we consider that it is the nature of anthropology to focus on the particularity of culture, rather than universality, the development of anthropology through the process of imitation must necessarily have its limits. The habit of trying to reproduce the academic structure and perspective in the West can also be found in the anthropological debate on colonialism. As a result, instead of searching for originality, it paves the way for rent. The introduction of Western anthropologys debate over colonialism into Japanese anthropology has not been an issue. However, the application of it to anthropology in Japan has forcibly limited the understanding of Japanese anthropology during imperial eras, which was fanned around the dual axes of colonialism and war, from only the perspective of colonialism. Although claiming to discuss the same subject, the question of what perspective is being applied and on what concepts it is based has meant that the process and results of interpreting Japanese history is different. Following Japans defeat in the war, the ethnological research put out in the Japanese Ethnological Society, of which Oka Masao had been president, was solidified by its editor Ishida Eiichiro in 1948. An editorial committee was formed in 1949, and with Ishida those taking part in editing are Izumi Seiichi, Mabuchi Toichi, and Miyamoto Nobuto. Mr. Miyamoto and Mr. Mabuchi are at Taihoku Imperial University, and Mr. Izumi is at Keijo Imperial University. They are rare ethnologists in Japan, having accumulated decades of experience in field research throughout East Asia~ from Manchuria and Mongolia in the north to Indonesia and New Guinea in the south (Ishida 1949: 83). The organization of the editorial committee around people trained in ethnology at the imperial universities of the colonies demonstrates the extent to which ethnographic pursuits in the colonies later became the central basis for the Japanese Ethnological Society. From 1950, Miyamoto Nobuto was replaced in the editorial committee by Sugiura Kenichi, a specialist in Micronesia. The committee was thus triangulated around three people, each of whom had been trained in one of Japans three major colonial regions.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000-2001๋…„๋„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋‘๋‡Œํ•œ๊ตญ 21 ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜์ง€์›๋น„์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(This was supported by the Grant for Reform of University Education under the BK 21 Project of S.N.U.)

    ์ค‘๊ตญ๋™๋ถ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์กฑ : ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ง€์  ๊ฐœํ™ฉ

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    Methodological Considerations of Fei Xiao-tong's Anthropology: Focusing on <Peasant Life in China>

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    ๊ธˆ๋…„(2010๋…„, ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํ•ด)์€ ํŽ˜์ด์ƒค์˜คํ‰(่ฒปๅญ้€š) ์„ ์ƒ(1910.11. 2~2005. 4. 24, ์ดํ•˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŽ˜์ด ์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ)๊ป˜์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์‹ ์ง€ ๊ผญ ๋ฐฑ๋…„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ž€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฑธ์ถœํ•œ ์กฐ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด๋งˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ํŽ˜์ด ์„ ์ƒ๊ป˜์„œ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์กฑ์ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์ž์˜ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—…์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์ธ ์นญ์†ก๋งŒ์„ ์ผ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์นญ์†ก๊ณผ ์ฐฌ์–‘์ผ๋ณ€๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ๋” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด ์„ ์ƒ ํƒ„์‹  ๋ฐฑ์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํŽ˜์ด์ƒค์˜คํ‰ ์นญ์†ก์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ๋“ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ชจ๊ณจ์ด ์†ก์—ฐํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ ๋–จ์น  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค.This paper aims at analyzing Dr. Fei Xiao-tong's <Peasant Life in China> in terms of methodology in anthropology. The monograph was based on his doctoral dissertation (1938) under Bronislaw Malinowski at London School of Economics. First of all, I like to point out his idea of the indigenous anthropology which seems not to be an appropriate terminology in contemporary sense. His motivation to write the book was initiated to solve social problems in reality in a Chinese community. This attitude can be termed as practical anthropology of which Malinowski tried to do that under the colonial situation. All most all of ethnographies done by social anthropologists were dealing with so-called primitive or savage societies while Fei did it a Chinese peasant community. This should be acknowledged as a complete new phase of doing anthropology by Fei since that time. Secondly, Fei's contribution can be claimed as community studies which was another movement of new fashion in 1930s in anthropology. At that time, Chicago school in anthropology including Robert Redfield, Radcliffe-Brown, Lloyd Warner, and Robert Park (sociologist) initiated community studies. One of Radcliffe-Brown's students at University of Chicago, John F. Embree (1908-1950), did the same style of research in a Japanese village named (1939) and published a monography at the same year of which Fei's (1939) came out. In this sense, Fei's ethnographic monograph should be considered as one of leading cases in terms of the community studies in the process of anthropological development. Thirdly, and last, there was a strong trend that social anthropologists mostly worked in the primitive societies characterized without the literate tradition. Anthropologists like Malinowski and Raymond Firth were almost naturally accustomed to this condition of nonliteracy and no one had ever raised the question of anthropological fieldwork based on the issue of time and history. Generally speaking, Chinese communities that Fei's monograph was based on the long history of the literate tradition could not almost generically be understood without the sense of history. This is the problem of different kind of the pre-conditioned context in doing ethnography from the primitive societies. Fei followed the Malinowskian way of writing ethnography and the Trobriand model never thought about this issue of nonliteracy. Malinowski acknowledged this problem when he read Fei's monograph and overtly and intentionally wrote this issue of dealing with time and history in his introduction for Fei's ethnography. However, Fei has never paid attention to his mentor's advice on. East Asian societies including China have long taken the history of the literate tradition. There could be a question: how could we deal with the literate legacy within anthropological ethnography in the future? This seems to be the problem for the East Asian anthropologists to struggle within the East Asian context to contribute and to remake the anthropological community in the world. Anthropology can be reinvented with this question in the future

    Land Use and Production Systems in a Rural Area within a Big City in Contemporary Vietnam: A Case of Xa Dai Mo in Hanoi City

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    This paper studies changes of land use and production systems in rural Vietnam with reference to the Renovation (Doi Moi) Policy. Most studies of rural Vietnam have dealt with agriculture only. In contrast, this paper deals with handicraft as well. Theoretically, the perspective of this paper, which emphasizes the role of common people in the Renovation Policy, is closely related to the everyday forms of resistance theory. The data for this paper were collected by the authors" in-depth interviews and participant observations which were conducted twice in February 1993 and February 1994. In addition, official data of the local administration were used. The place the authors did the fieldwork is Xa Dai Mo, a rural part of Greater Hanoi. Xa is often translated into commune or village, which the authors believe fosters misunderstanding. Xa means subcounty, the smallest and lowest echelon of the Vietnamese administration in rural areas. Many scholars have paid attention to the Renovation Policy in order to understand contemporary Vietnamese society. Most of them have tried to understand the Renovation Policy from the governmental - party - policy or from the international environment - the collapse of the Soviet Union and transformation of Eastern European Countries. But this paper emphasizes the internal factors of the Renovation Policy. According to the authors, the Renovation Policy started informally among the common people long before the official announcement of it in 1986. People"s demand for the Renovation Policy began to appear from the beginning of the collectivization of agriculture beyond the Labor Exchange Group (To Doi Cong). The Labor Exchange Group was composed of about 15 households. The organization was built and developed according to the people"s experiences. But the cooperatives of the village level which is quite smaller than that of the Xa level were built in two or three years after the Labor Exchange Group was introduced. Though farmers were reluctant to collectivize at first, finally they participated as a result of the propaganda and persuasion of the Communist Party. With the end of the anti-American War, the problems of collective farms came to be clearly exposed and the "agrarian crisis" became apparent. Farmers" dissatisfaction with cooperatives was expressed by their answers to the authors" questions too. According to the farmers, their living during the collective period was the worst from French colonialism through the 1990"s, Therefore, in 1979, the party decided to give farmers more autonomy in production. A new system - the Contract System - was introduced. Under the new system, land remains collectively owned, but farming is done individually on subdivided plots. At the same time, the size of cooperatives has been made larger. Cooperativization at the Xa level began. This experience is in contrast to those of other socialist countries. In other socialist countries, the expansion of farmers" autonomy has entailed the dismantling of cooperatives. Therefore, the changes in rural Vietnam cannot be understood just from the experiences of other socialist countries or in a unidirectional way. The handicraft cooperative in the Xa has had different experiences from agricultural cooperatives. It was transformed into a new organization in 1993, which is quite long after the change of agricultural cooperative. In transforming the handicraft cooperative, the cooperative members, not the party, took the initiative. All the members came together and discussed problems of the handicraft cooperative. Finally, they decided to make it smaller and to heavily cut welfare costs. The rationalization for this resulted from debate among the cooperative members, not by the government. In conclusion, this paper criticizes the simplistic understanding about the Renovation Poli
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