48 research outputs found

    Cases of Shanghai and Seoul

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    A broader urban strategy to promote global competitiveness has been an increasing interest in both academic global discourses and practical policy arena. To achieve global competitiveness, attracting highly skilled expatriates is often deemed essential especially in globalizing Asian urban centers. They are believed to bring foreign capitals, advanced ideas and technologies that would multiply the economic development effects. It is thus of increasing importance for many Asian global cities to provide satisfactory housing for the upper echelon of foreign labors. Shanghai and Seoul provide contrasting cases of housing the highly skilled foreigners as they have followed two different paths that are distinguished for being planned and evolved. The purpose of the dissertation is to understand the formative process of Shanghais deliberately planned and Seouls evolved foreign communities and their resultant transnational urbanism. Specifically, it is to examine 1) in what different ways the two urban strategies have influenced the formation of foreign communities; 2) how and to what degrees the two community environments have affected the everyday life of the expatriate residents and their perception of the cities in which they reside; and 3) whether the two environments are associated with the degree of segregation and integration in the two host cities. To accomplish these objectives, the study focuses on selected foreign residential communities in Shanghais Pudong area and Seouls central area. The comparative study employs literature content analysis, field observation, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview in investigating public policy, residential form, everyday life, and residents perception for selected case study areas. The study shows the different global policies of Shanghai and Seoul in providing foreign residential services. Compared to Shanghais deliberate provision of foreign communities since the early 1990s, Seouls approach was more ad hoc and spontaneous until the early 2000s. Shanghai has concentrated the expatriate residential communities in Pudong area through public physical planning aimed at subsequent entrepreneurial real estate development. The provision of a complete package of services and amenities for foreigners resulted in the form of a series of large exclusive foreign compounds which is walled, gated and closely guarded. In contrast, the foreign communities in Seoul have incrementally evolved in central area without any active government involvement. Being formed naturally around an US army base or an international school, they are integrated in relatively high-income residential neighborhoods and do not show any clear demarcation. Supportive services are dispersed throughout the city in areas with a large foreign population. The study finds that these different approaches and residential form have affected everyday life of residing foreigners differently. The everyday life in Shanghais expatriate families is more introverted and self-contained as their daily or weekly needs are mostly fulfilled within the compounds. Their exclusiveness and expatriate-oriented amenities have encouraged congregation of expatriates while reducing contact with the local Chinese people. The international schools in close proximity have fostered school-focused communities. In Seoul, the integrated nature of residential form and the relatively dispersed location of amenities have resulted in a wider radius of movement around the neighborhood and within the city. These movements allow for a greater number of contact zones with host country nationals. In Seoul, the expatriate associations act as foci of Seouls expatriate communities. Hence, concerning integration and segregation in relation to the host city, Shanghai is more socially segregated, while Seoul is more integrated. Despite the differences in residential form and everyday life patterns, this study shows remarkably similar levels of residential satisfaction in both cities. In some aspects such as schooling, Shanghais residents are more satisfied than Seouls expatriates studied. However, carefully planned Shanghais compounds do not outscore Seouls spontaneously formed neighborhoods in terms of the built environment, amenities, transportation and safety. These similar satisfaction levels reflect the existing level of livability in each city. It means that Seoul has been able to house highly skilled foreign labors as well as Shanghai even without equivalent efforts. This aspect of livability level is also ascertained in the different criteria for residential location of the foreigners in each city. Housing condition and safety are most seriously considered in Shanghais expatriates, reflecting their perception on the livability of this city. While this justifies the provision of exclusive foreign residential compounds in Shanghai, the study suggest that expatriates in these two cities prefer authenticity in experiencing the local culture and social interaction with the people in their host cities rather than being segregated among themselves in a foreign enclave. The study does not investigate whether a planned foreign community is a prerequisite of attracting foreign capitals and high-level employment. Nonetheless, these findings point to practical and academic implications regarding the globalizing strategy of East Asian cities to attract the highly skilled. First, the validity of urban policy to provide foreign residences needs to be grounded on an understanding of the place-specific context. Whether a city needs planned expatriate communities depends on the different conditions in each city such as the local level of housing quality, living amenity, public safety, and access to public transportation. Second, if integration rather than segregation is adopted as a public goal to be pursued in this era of globalization, an evolved expatriate community is preferable to a planned exclusive community. This dissertation reports that expatriates themselves prefer more integrated living with local communities. However, as Seoul shows, physical integration does not lead to full social integration as cultural and language barriers persist. Finally, from a theoretical front, this dissertation draws attention to the place-specific, everyday-life aspects of transnational urbanism. By depicting the daily experiences of expatriate spouses in two globalizing Asian cities, it shows the possibilities of greater interaction between foreigners and local residents while enhancing their community-based livability and residential satisfaction.๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ ์†์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์™ธ์ž์œ ์น˜, ์„ ์ง„ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ถŒ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ์„œ์šธ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ(planned) ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ(evolved) ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์™€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋„์‹œํ˜„์ƒ(transnational urbanism)์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ํฌ๋™์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์„œ๋ž˜๋งˆ์„, ํ•œ๋‚จ๋™ ๋ฐ ์ดํƒœ์› ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž๋ฃŒ, ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„, ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ์„œ์šธ ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋„์‹œ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ •๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ์„œ์šธ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ์˜จ ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด๋Š” ํฌ๋™์ง€์—ญ์— ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์™„์ „ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€(complete package) ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด, ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์™€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹ด์žฅ์„ ๋‘๋ฅธ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ „์šฉ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ž… ์—†์ด ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ต ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ด ์—†์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์‹œ์„ค๋„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์™€ ๋„์‹œ์ „์—ญ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์„œ์šธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ดํ–ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธ‰์ (self-contained)์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ (exclusive)์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ์ƒํ™œํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค(amenity)์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ˜„์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์„œ์šธ์€, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™œ๋™๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ์ „์ฒด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜„์ง€์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธํ˜‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ/๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ƒํ•ด๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์„œ์šธ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ์ƒํ•ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ƒํ•ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŒ์กฑ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ(built environment), ์ƒํ™œํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค(amenity), ๊ตํ†ต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ƒํ•ด์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ(livability)์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ฐ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ์ž…์ง€์„ ํƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์€ ์ƒํ•ด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ๋„์‹œ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ , ์ด๋ก ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค, ์น˜์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์—์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์†ŒํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชจ๋„์‹œ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒํ•ด์™€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋”์šฑ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ ํ•ฉ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋„์‹œํ˜„์ƒ(transnational urbanism)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ(place-specific) ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹คDocto

    Factors Affecting the Environmental Accounting Information Disclosure

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