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    The Political Situations of Joseon and Ming in the Mid-Fifteenth Century and Prince Suyangs Diplomacy toward Ming

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์˜ค์ˆ˜์ฐฝ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์ด ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ •์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 15์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—ฝ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ช…์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ ๊ณ„์Šน ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ •์„ธ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์ด ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช… ๊ฑด๊ตญ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์€ ์ดˆ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ช…์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 1440๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์˜ค์ด๋ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—์„ผ์˜ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜์— ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์„œ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์„ผ์€ ๋ช…์— ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์–‘์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๊นŠ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰๊ธฐ์•ผ 1449๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜€๋˜ ์ •ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์นœ์ •์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํ˜€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๅœŸๆœจ์˜ ่ฎŠ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋น„์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ œ์œ„๋Š” ์ •ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ์ด๋ณต๋™์ƒ ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์„ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ํƒœ์ƒํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ท€๊ตญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋‚จ๊ถ์— ์œ ํ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™ฉํƒœ์ž ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ํƒœ์ƒํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํƒœ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์™•์„ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ญ์ •ํ•˜์ž ์ข…์นœ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ์ข…์˜ ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์•ˆํ‰๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ์ •๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๊ด€์ง์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์™•๋ช…์„ ์ถœ๋‚ฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ • ๋…ผ์˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜ ํ–‰๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ์„ธ์ข…๊ณผ ์™•์„ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ค‘๋ณ‘์„ ์•“์ž ๋ช… ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ้ƒŠ่ฟŽํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ข…๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‘ ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ข…์ด 12์„ธ์— ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ -๋ช… ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์€ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ € ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ง์„ ์ดˆ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ็ซ่€… ์ง„ํ—Œ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์€ ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์‹ ์ž„์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ๋Œ€์กฐ์„  ์™ธ๊ต์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์€ ์˜๋ฝ-์„ ๋• ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜์ž ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ† ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๊ทนํ•˜์ž ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค„ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ข… ์ฆ‰์œ„ ์งํ›„ ๊ณ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ข…์นœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ–‰์„ ์ž์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์œค๋ด‰์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ์ˆ™๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๋‘ํ„ฐ์šด ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ช…์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ไธŠๅœ‹์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ„์œ ์ •๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์„ญ์ •์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ์„ ์–‘์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋นŒ์–ด ์ฐฌํƒˆ์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™•์œ„ ์ฐฌํƒˆ์€ ๋ช… ์‚ฌ์‹ ์ด ์„œ์šธ์— ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ข…๋น„ ์ฑ…๋ด‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์‹  ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•œํ™•๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํ™•์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ˆ„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ช… ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ํ›„๊ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์ธ ็š‡่ฆช์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ๊ณต๋…€ ์นœ์กฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€๊ณผ๋„ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ช… ์‚ฌ์‹ ์€ ์™•์œ„ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌต์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ์กฐ ์ฑ…๋ด‰์€ ์ค‘์ข…๊ณผ ์ธ์กฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์›๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ข…์นœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‘๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‚ด์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ† ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ณผ ๋ช… ํ™ฉ์‹ค์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ช…๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.This paper analyzed how Prince Suyang of Joseon used the ever-changing international and domestic situations to be crowned king of Joseon. Focusing on the fact that Joseon and Ming China both received threats from the Mongol and experienced troubles in the succeeding the thrones in the mid-fifteenth century, this paper aimed to identify the background through which helped Prince Suyang receive official recognition from the Ming dynasty as the king of Joseon. Although the Mongols retreated to the grasslands after the establishment of the Ming dynasty, it remained a threat to the new dynasty. In 1449, Emperor Zhengtong of Ming was even captured after his expedition to Mongolia. After the Tumu Crisis(ๅœŸๆœจไน‹่ฎŠ), Emperor Zhengtongs half-brother acceded to the throne and became Emperor Jingtai. He put the returning Emperor Zhengtong into confinement and made his son the crown prince instead of his nephew. The existence of Emperor Zhengtong and the issues with his successor was a critical factor that threatened Emperor Jingtais legitimacy throughout his reign. In the meantime, in Joseon, the crown prince acted as regent at the end of King Sejongs reign, which led the royal relatives to return to the fore of politics. Prince Suyang and Prince Anpyeong, in particular, continued to be deeply involved in politics by delivering the kings order or participating in official meetings without being appointed to any official posts. With strong support from King Sejong and King Munjong, the two princes had already established their positions in politics when King Danjong succeeded the throne at the age of twelve. Prince Suyang volunteered to visit Beijing as an envoy to thank certificate(่ชฅๅ‘ฝ่ฌๆฉไฝฟ) as soon as King Danjong ascended the throne. In Beijing, he also met Yoon Bong, the well-known eunuch at the Ming court who was from Joseon. Although Members of the royal family had never been appointed as the delegation to thank certificate, Prince Suyang made a strong request. He intended to garner respect as the uncle of the king domestically and make a strong impression in the Ming court to use the authority from the Ming dynasty in the future. Prince Suyangs usurpation took place during a visit from the Ming envoy. Prince Suyang by then was already the de facto ruler of Joseon after Gyeyu-Jengnan(็™ธ้…‰้–้›ฃ). He also formed good relations with the Ming dynasty by reaching out to the Ming eunuch from Joseon and becoming family with the relatives of the Ming princess by marriage. In comparison to King Jungjong and Injo, the approval process from the Ming dynasty was more straightforward for Prince Suyang. The external factors, of the Tumu Crisis and the problems in the succession of the Ming throne, played pivotal roles in the approval. Thanks to such circumstances, Prince Suyang was able to lead the Joseon-Ming relations to better support his power.ไธ€. ๅœŸๆœจ์˜ ่ฎŠ ์ „ํ›„ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ ์ •๊ตญ ์ถ”์ด 6 1. ๋ช… : ๅœŸๆœจ์˜ ่ฎŠ๊ณผ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ œ์œ„ ๋ณ€๋™ 6 2. ์กฐ์„  : ์ข…์นœ์˜ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„์ƒ 12 ไบŒ. ์กฐ๋ช…๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์€์‚ฌํ–‰ 17 1. ๊ฒฝํƒœ์ œ ๋“ฑ๊ทน ์ „ํ›„ ์กฐ์„  ์ถœ์‹  ํ™˜๊ด€์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 17 2. ๊ณ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์€์‚ฌํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ 23 ไธ‰. ์™•์œ„ ์ฐฌํƒˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์ •๋‹นํ™” 33 1. ๋‹จ์ข…๋น„ ์ฑ…๋ด‰ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์–‘๋Œ€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ 33 2. ์„ธ์กฐ ์ฑ…๋ด‰ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ 40 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 52 Abstract 59Maste
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