35 research outputs found

    Economic Reform and Population Problem in Rural China - Economic Sociology of Family Planning -

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    The issue of family planning in post-Mao rural China has profound implications beyond the domain of demographic control. The pragmatist position of pursuing full-scale family planning and family-reliant rural development simultaneously has left Chinese peasants in an awkward situation where their desire for more children, in particular more sons, in familial production and welfare provision is directly betrayed by the draconian measures of coercive birth control. The state intervention in peasants" fertility had gone far, and peasant resentment against compulsory abortion and sterilization in record numbers came to pose a serious political threat. Thus the Chinese government has attempted to change the cost-benefit balance of peasant procreation by offsetting the economic disadvantages of small peasant families with political rewards for compliance to family planning. Nevertheless, peasants" attempt to circumvent unwanted family planning is almost desperate. Given a current or prospective shortage of family labor, some of them will join relatives and neighbors to achieve economies of scale in various production activities, and others will rather uproot themselves from village terrains to seek individual labor-selling opportunities in towns and cities. Still, others will not mind committing female infanticides, hiding newly born girls, or withdrawing children from schools to help out on their parents" farms

    A Reevaluation of Agricultural Privatization in China

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    1978๋…„ 12์›”์˜ ไธญๅœ‹ๅ…ฑ็”ฃ้ปจ ์ œ11๊ธฐ ไธญๅคฎๅง”ๅ“กๆœƒ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ๅ…จ้ซ”ๆœƒ่ญฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ‘œ๋ฐฉ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์ดŒ๋งˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํ˜๋ช… ํ›„ 30์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ—˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ l980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์‹คํ–‰๋œ ๋†์—…์˜ ่„ซ้›†ๅœ˜ๅŒ– ๋‚ด์ง€ ็ง ็‡ŸๅŒ–, ์ฆ‰ ไบบๆฐ‘ๅ…ฌ็คพ ์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•œ ้›†้ซ”๋†์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋†๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๅ€‹้ซ”๋†์—…์œผ๋กœ ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 8์–ต ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹์„ ๊ณต์‚ฐํ˜ ๋ช… ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž์ž‘ ์†Œ๋†์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์•˜๋‹ค(ไธญๅœ‹็คพๆœƒ็ง‘ๅญธ้™ข่พฒๆ‘็™ผๅฑ•็ก็ฉถ ๆ‰€, 1988). ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น๊ณผ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค ์ž ์‹ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ํ˜น์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๆฏ›ๆพคๆฑ์‹ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋†์—…์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ ์ด์—๋„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์—…์ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ์ • ์˜์™€ ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์ž๋ฆฝ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๋ชซ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์ด ๊ตํ›ˆ์‚ผ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋†์—… ์‚ฌ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋†์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌต์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” 'ๅคง้€€ๆญฅ(Oreat Leap Backward)'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ ํ•œ ๋‹ค. 1) ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์กฐ์ง์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์—… ่ช˜ๅผ•๏ฆŠ(work incentive) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋†์—…์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ด์ „ ๋†์—…์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ฑ์˜ ํ—ˆ์‹ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋†์—… ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅๅ‘์  ํ˜น์€ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์  '๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์„ญ(state intervention)' ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    The Social Investment Family in Crisis : Globalization, Family Culture, and Educational Credential Struggle

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ข…์†์  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋™์› ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ต์œก ํˆฌ ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž„ํ•ด ์˜จ ํ˜„์ƒ์„์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์กฑ(social investment family) ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ์ด๋…์  ์Šค์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ค์„œ๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ๋“ ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์žฌํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ „๋žต ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ตญ๊ฐ€(social investment state)์— ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œโˆ™์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ต์œกํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ต ์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค, ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ๋“  ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ ๋…์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธ ํ™”์  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ๊ต์œก ํˆฌ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ํ–‰ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์กฑ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. South Koreans are well known for their educational enthusiasm. Many observers of South Korea rightly acknowledge that education has been a key factor for rapid economic development, democratization, etc. An interesting aspect of the South Korean educational fervor is the heavy public dependence on private educational investment. In this society, private families have spent on education at one of the highest levels in the world, whereas the state has invested in education at a level that even worries the United Nations as a human rights issue. I will address this matter by introducing the concept of the social investment family, as opposed to the social investment state which is proposed by Anthony Giddens (1998) as a core scheme for the renewal of social democracy. In the following, the concept of the social investment family will be brought in and compared with the social investment state as defined by Anthony Giddens. Then I will discuss the historical and social context in which private families came to recognize the prime importance of education in their economic, social, cultural, and even political advancement. I will next appraise the recent economic crisis and the neo-liberal reform to cope with it as fundamental threats to the sustainability of the social investment family. Finally, Kim Dae- Jungs self-contradictory position as both neo-liberal reformer and education president will be appraised against the widespread public sense of educational crisis

    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ '์—ญ๋…ธ๋™์žํ™”': ์ •์ฑ…ยท์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋™(ๅฑฑๆฑ) ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜

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    The social transformation by which socialist owner workers tum into capitalist wage workers is historically unprecedented and thus requires an entirely new line of historical and theoretical explanation. In this paper, I conceptualize this social transformation as reverse proletarianization, as opposed to the Marxist historical project of transforming capitalist proletariat into socialist proletariat through class revolution. Reverse proletarianization in China is a complex and multi-faceted process in which different ownership structures, management strategies, and regional locations of industrial enterprises ramify diverse patterns of worker experiences, reactions, and attitudes concerning labor reform. I discuss such complexity of China"s reverse proletarianization mainly by examining data from field research in Shandong and Hubei

    Implications of Chinese Rural Reform for North Korea

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ๊ณผ์ •, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, (1) ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋น„๊ต ยท๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ํ›„, (2) ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์˜๋†์—…์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์  ์˜์˜, ๋†๊ฐ€์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์ง‘๋‹จ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฒด ํ•ด์ฒด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ƒ์ถฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์‚ฌ์˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , (3) ๋ถํ•œ์˜์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ๋†์ดŒ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ „๋ง์„ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜, ์ด๋…์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”, ์ž์› ๋™์›, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์กฐ์ง ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.Based upon a multi-faceted and analytical examination of the background, process, nature, and outcome of rural reform in China, this study appraises the conditions and possibility for a Chinese-style rural reform in North Korea.I will (1) briefly compare the North Korean and the Chinese rural economic systems, (2) evaluate the Chinese rural reform in the aspects of the macro-economic and social policy-related implication of privatized farming, the nature of rural industrialization as a familial strategy of rural people, the social security problem of decollectivization, the contradiction between economic and demographic policies, and the inequlity accruing to private economic activities, and (3) appraise the prospect for a Chinese-style rural reform in North Korea in terms of institutional reform, ideological justification, resource mobilization, formation of production organizations, provision of production incentives, and physical conditions

    ๊ฐœํ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ

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    Rule and Moral Order in Korean Society

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€๋™์„ ้“ๅพทๆ€ง๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜ยท์–ธ๋ก ยท๋ฌธํ™”๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋‹จํŽธ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋น„ํ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋ผ ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ํšŒ์ž๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '้“ๅพท็‰ฒ ๅฑๆฉŸ่ซ–'์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ `๋„๋•์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ก `์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์  ๋น„ํ‰์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„๋•์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ข€๋” ๋น„๊ด€์  ๋‚ด์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ไธ–่ซ–๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋„๋•์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ •๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋„๋•์„ฑ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ง€์  ๊ฒฐํ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋„๋•์  ํƒœ๋„์™€ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ ยท๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์€๋‹‰, ๋ฐ˜์˜, ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ๋น„ํŒ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์˜์‹์ ยท๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค

    China"s Second Industrial Revolution: Xiangzhen Industrialization Observed through State-Peasant Society Relationship

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    Xiangzhen industrialization, the most important achievement of Deng Xiaoping"s reform, involves social and economic transformation of China"s eight hundred million peasant population and constitutes what might be considered the second industrial revolution in the Chinese history. This new line of economic development has been buttressed by the active role of peasant society and families whose organizational autonomy has been reinstated through rural decollectivization. The state now pursues economic development by relying on, not replacing, peasant society. Agricultural institutional privatization, based upon a series of production responsibility systems, has been more significantly responsible for sectoral diversification of the peasant economy than for improvement in agricultural productivity. That is, the impact of private farming should be found more crucially in the reshaping of the macro institutional relationship between the state and peasant society than in the improvement of the micro process of farm work. Also, various concessions made by the state for peasants - e.g., upward adjustment of the state procurement prices of farm products and substantial liberalization of the residential and occupational choices of peasants - helped prepare the financial and social conditions of new entrepreneurial and laboring opportunities. The reformist regime, consciously detaching itself from the dualist or urban-biased developmental ideology of the predecessor regime, has successfully tapped the indigenous developmental zeal and potential of grassroots peasant society
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