21 research outputs found

    Unstability of carbapenem resistance in metallo-ฮฒ-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Carbapenems are active even against ESBL and AmpC ฮฒ- lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli, but resistant bacteria to this antimicrobial agents emerged. Accurate determination of susceptibility is necessary for proper treatment of infected patients and for investigation of resistance mechanism. Gram-negative bacilli can be stored in CTA at room temperature, but we experienced loss of imipenem resistance among MBL-producing isolates. Resistance was transferred by conjugation from isolates producing VIM-2, which is the most prevalent MBL type in Korea. However, location of the gene on plasmid has not been documented. The aims of study were to determine frequency of loss of IMP-1 and VIM-2 genes during storage in CTA at room temperature, change of MIC of antimicrobial agents, the location of MBL gene and change of cost due to loss of the gene. Bacteria were isolated from clinical materials at Severance hospital in 1995-2000. MBL-production was tested by the Hodge and double disk synergy tests. blaIMP-1 and blaVIM-2 allele, and class 1 integron were detected by PCR. Resistance transfer was tested by filter mating using a recipient strain P. aeruginosa PAO 4089Rp. Loss of resistance was tested in CTA at room temperature. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the NCCLS method. To determine the location of VIM-2 gene electrophoresis-separ-ated plasmid DNA and Xba I- or I-Ceu I-digested and PFGE-separated genomic DNA were hybridized using DIG DNA Labeling and Detection Kit. To compare the fitness of resistance- lost strains to that of resistant isolates, OD was measured spectrophotometrically. When VIM-2- and IMP-1-producing strains of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. were stored in CTA at room temperature, some isolates lost imipenem resistance after 3 days and 90% after 15 weeks. Proportion of resistance lost cell increased with time and the rates were 0-92% after storage for 15 weeks depending on strains. Loss of MBL and blaVIM-2 or blaIMP-1 were confirmed from resistance lost cells by the Hodge and double disk synergy test, and by PCR, respectively. Loss of resistance genes resulted in decrease of MIC of imipenem from 32-128 ใŽ/ml to 0.5-8 ใŽ/l for P. aeruginosa and from 32 ใŽ/ml to 0.25-4 ใŽ/ml for Acinetobacter spp. Hybridization of Xba I- or I-Ceu I-digested and PFGE separated genomic DNA suggested the MBL gene is on plasmid. Fitness study did not show evidence that carriage of MBL gene is an increased cost to the organism, suggesting resistant strain can persist in the absence of antimicrobial pressure. In conclusion, some VIM-2- or IMP-1-producing isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. rapidly lose the resistance gene when stored in CTA at room temperature and MIC of imipenem decrease below 8 ใŽ/ml. Therefore, when resistance gene detection or susceptibility test is delayed, use of freezer-kept stains is necessary. blaVIM-2 is considered to be carried on plasmid. [์˜๋ฌธ]Carbapenem์ œ๋Š” extended-spectrum ฮฒ-lactamase (ESBL)๋‚˜ AmpC ฮฒ-lactamase์— ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ metallo-ฮฒ- lactamase (MBL)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ธ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋žŒ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„๊ท ์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ณ ์ฒด casein hydrolysate agar ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ง€์™€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ณ ์ฒด cystine tryptic agar (CTA)์—์„œ 1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์‹ค์˜จ ๋ณด์กด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ VIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณด์œ  ์„ธ๊ท ์ค‘์— CTA์— ์‹ค์˜จ ๋ณด๊ด€ ํ›„ imipenem ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์†Œ์‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ํ”ํ•œ VIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณด์œ  ์„ธ๊ท ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋จ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ plasmid์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ VIM-2 ๋ฐ IMP-1 MBL ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ท ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์˜จ ๋ณด๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ IMP-1 ๋ฐ VIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์†Œ์‹ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ์ตœ์†Œ์–ต์ œ๋†๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , VIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ธ์ง€ plasmid์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ž ์†Œ์‹ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ fitness์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒ€์ฒด์—์„œ 1995-2000๋…„์— ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , MBL ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ Hodge ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ double disk synergy ์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, blaIMP-1๊ณผ blaVIM-2 allele ๋ฐ class 1 integron์€ polymerase chain reaction (PCR)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ P. aeruginosa PAO 4089Rp๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ filter mating๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์˜จ ๋ณด๊ด€ ์ค‘ imipenem ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋™๋ณด์กด ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  imipenem ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„ CTA ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์— ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์˜จ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์€ National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ plasmid์™€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ค‘ ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Xba I ๋ฐ I-Ceu I ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด DNA ๋ฐ plasmid DNA๋ฅผ DIG DNA Labeling and Detection Kit๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ hybridizationํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fitness๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ท ์ฆ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํƒ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” CTA์—์„œ agar๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ Cystine trypticase broth (CTB)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ CTA์— ๋ณด์กด๋œ VIM-2 ๋ฐ IMP-1 ์ƒ์„ฑ P. aeruginosa 8๊ท ์ฃผ์™€ A. baumannii 2๊ท ์ฃผ ์ค‘์—๋Š” 3์ผ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 15์ฃผ ํ›„์—๋Š” 90%์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์†Œ์‹คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Imipenem ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์‹œ์ผ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ๊ณ , 15์ฃผ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ท ์ฃผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 0-92%์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹ค์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. Imipenem ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ท ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” Hodge ์‹œํ—˜, double disk synergy ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์Œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , blaVIM-2 ํ˜น์€ blaIMP-1 ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์ด PCR๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , blaVIM-2 ํ˜น์€ blaIMP-1 ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ imipenem์˜ minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” P. aeruginosa์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 32-128 ใŽ/ml์—์„œ 0.5-8 ใŽ/ml๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๊ณ  A. baumannii์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 32 ใŽ/ml์—์„œ 0.25-4 ใŽ/ml์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. Xba I ํ˜น์€ I-Ceu I ์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด DNA๋ฅผ pulsed field- gel electrophoresis (PFGE)ํ•œ agarose gel์„ blaVIM-2 probe๋กœ hybridizationํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ blaVIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์•ฝ 50-400 kb์˜ plasmid์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•  ๋•Œ MBL ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด MBL ๋น„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ VIM-2 ๋ฐ IMP-1 ์ƒ์„ฑ Pseudomonas spp. ๋ฐ Acinetobacter spp. ๊ท ์ฃผ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์‹ค์˜จ์— ๋ณด์กด์‹œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” imipenem์˜ MIC๊ฐ€ 8 ใŽ ml ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  blaVIM-2 ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” plasmid์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ MBL ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณด์œ  ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ fitness๋Š” ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์‹คํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.ope

    An Investigation on the Performance of De-NOx System for Marine Diesel Engines

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