193 research outputs found
보μ μ°κ΄ νμ΅ λμμ 볡츑νΌκ°μΌ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°κ³Ό μΈ‘μ’ν΅ D2R λ΄λ°μ c-fos λ°νμ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μμ°κ³Όνλν νλκ³Όμ λκ³Όνμ 곡, 2023. 2. κ°λ΄κ· .ο»ΏVentral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for the source of reward-associated dopamine (DA). VTA dopaminergic neurons are strongly connected to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopaminergic receptor-expressing neurons. NAc dopamine receptor-expressing neurons are composed of dopamine D1 receptors-medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) and D2R-MSNs. In the classical view, these two populations of neurons have shown opposite functions. D1R-MSNs process rewarding behavior, whereas D2R-MSNs mediate aversive responses. However, recent studies show that D2R-MSNs also contribute to rewarding behaviors. This study focuses on neuronal activity in VTA dopaminergic neurons and NAc D2R-MSNs and aims to provide information on the IEG activity dynamics of these neurons during reward-associated learning. The relationship between dopamine release and IEG activity remains elusive so this study will help understand the relationship between dopamine and reward-associated learning in the cellular level. As a behavioral experiment, we chose an autoshaping task in which rewards were delivered only after exposure to a specific visual cue. We investigated the IEG activity of VTA TH neurons and NAc D2R-MSNs at 3 time points during the learning task. There are 1) the last training day, 2) the day after the training is completed, and 3) the early learning stage in which the mice have the propensity to approach a specific visual cue. Trained mice showed increased fos activity in the VTA and NAc regions compared to the control mice. TH neurons in the VTA are highly activated during the early learning stage. In contrast, NAc D2R neurons in the trained group showed increased activity when reward-associated memory was formed. In conclusion, this result suggests that VTA TH and NAc D2R neurons participate in reward-associated learning and have different activity patterns during reward-associated memory formation.볡츑νΌκ°μμμ 보μ μ°κ΄ λνλ―Όμ λ°©μΆνλ λμμμΌλ‘ μ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. 볡츑νΌκ°μμ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°μ μΈ‘μ’ν΅ λνλ―Ό μμ©μ²΄ λ΄λ°κ³Ό κ°νκ² μ°κ²°λμ΄ μλ€. μΈ‘μ’ν΅ λνλ―Ό μμ©μ²΄ λ΄λ°μ D1 μμ©μ²΄λ₯Ό κ°μ§ λ΄λ°κ³Ό D2 μμ©μ²΄λ₯Ό κ°μ§ λ΄λ°μΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λμ΄ μλ€. κ³ μ μ κ΄μ μμ, μ΄ λ μ’
λ₯μ λ΄λ°μ λ°λμ μΈ κΈ°λ₯μ 맀κ°νλ€κ³ λ°μλ€μ¬μ§κ³ μλ€. D1R λ΄λ°μ 보μκ΄λ ¨ νλμ, D2R λ΄λ°μ νμ€μ λ°μμ 맀κ°νλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μμ§λ§ μ΅κ·Ό μ°κ΅¬μμ D2R λ΄λ°μ΄ 보μ κ΄λ ¨ νλμλ μ°Έμ¬ν¨μ΄ λ°νμ§κ³ μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ 볡츑νΌκ°μΌ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°κ³Ό μΈ‘μ’ν΅ D2R λ΄λ°μ νμ±μ μ€μ μΌλ‘, 보μ κ΄λ ¨ νμ΅λμμ μ΄λ¬ν λ΄λ°μ νμ±μ λν μ 보λ₯Ό λ°νλλ° λͺ©μ μ λκ³ μλ€. λνλ―Όκ³Ό IEG νμ± κ°μ κ΄κ³λ μμ§ λ°νμ§μ§ μμκ³ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ° μΈν¬μ λ 벨μμ 보μ κ΄λ ¨ νμ΅ λμμ λνλ―Όμ μν μ μ΄ν΄νλλ° λμμ μ€ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€. νλ μ€νμΌλ‘μ¨ νΉμ μκ·Ήμλ§ λ³΄μμ΄ λμ€λ autoshapingμ μ ννμλ€. νμ΅ κ³Όμ λμ 3κ°μ§ μμ μμ 볡츑νΌκ°μμ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°κ³Ό μΈ‘μ’ν΅ λνλ―Ό D2 μμ©μ²΄ λ΄λ°μ IEG νλμ μ°κ΅¬νλ€. 3κ°μ§ μμ μ 1) λ§μ§λ§ νλ ¨μΌ, 2) νλ ¨μ΄ λλ λ€μλ , 3)μ₯κ° νΉμ μκ°μ μ νΈμ μ κ·Όνλ κ²½ν₯μ±μ 보μ΄λ μ΄κΈ° νμ΅ λ¨κ³λ€. νλ ¨λ λ§μ°μ€λ λμ‘°κ΅° λ§μ°μ€μ λΉν΄ 볡츑νΌκ°μμκ³Ό μΈ‘μ’ν΅ μμμμ fos νμ±μ΄ μ¦κ°λμ΄ μμλ€. 볡츑νΌκ°μμ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°μ μ΄κΈ° νμ΅ λ¨κ³μμ μ¦κ°λ νμ±, μΈ‘μ’ν΅ D2R λ΄λ°μ 보μ κ΄λ ¨ κΈ°μ΅μ΄ νμ±λμμ λ μ¦κ°λ νμ±μ 보μλ€. κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘, λ³Έ μ€νμ 볡츑νΌκ°μμ λνλ―Ό λ΄λ°κ³Ό μΈ‘μ’ν΅ D2R λ΄λ°μ΄ 보μ κ΄λ ¨ νμ΅μ μ°Έμ¬νλ©°, 보μ μ°κ΄ κΈ°μ΅μ΄ νμ±λλ λμ λ€λ₯Έ νμ± ν¨ν΄μ κ°μ§κ³ μμμ 보μ¬μ£Όμλ€.ο»ΏListofFigures 2
Abstract 3
Introduction 5
ο»ΏMaterialsandMethods 10
ο»ΏResults 14
ο»ΏFigures 20
ο»ΏDiscussion 41
ο»ΏReferences 43
ο»ΏAbstractinKorean 49μ
νκ΄ λ΄νΌ μΈν¬μ ννκ·Ό μΈν¬μ λ―ΈμΉλ νΈλͺ¨μμ€ν μΈμ μμ©μ λν λΉκ΅ μ°κ΅¬
Thesis (master`s)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό λ΄κ³Όνμ 곡,2000.Maste
Forkhead μ μ¬ μΈμμΈ FOXO3aμ νκ΄ λ΄νΌ μΈν¬ κ³ μ¬ μ λ κΈ°μ
Thesis(doctoral)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό λ΄κ³Όνμ 곡,2006.Docto
κ°μ§μ λν μ΄λ±νκ΅ κ΅μ¬μ κ²½ν, μ§μ, νλμ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :κ°νΈνκ³Ό κ°νΈνμ 곡,2006.Maste
Essential characteristics of policy balance in confucian philosophy
μ μ±
κ· νμ κ°λ
μ λ³Έμ§μ μ μ±
μ μΈκ³Όκ΄κ³μ μ΄μ λ°λ₯Έ λ°°λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό λ±μ κ³Όνμ μ΄λ©΄μλ μ€λ¦¬μ μΌλ‘ νλΉνκ² κ²°μ νκ±°λ μμ νκ³ λ³΄μ ν μ μλ μ΄μ±μ λ₯λ ₯κ³Ό νλ¨μ΄λΌκ³ νλ€λ©΄ μ΄μ κ°μ μ μ±
κ· νμ΄ νμ€μ μΌλ‘λ μ€μ²λλ λλ λ μ μλ λ΄μ©μ λμμ¬μμΈ μ κ΅μ¬μμμ λ
Όμνμλ€. μ μ±
κ· νμ λ³Έμ§μ μ κ΅μ¬μμμ λ
Όμν κΈ°λ³Έμ΄μ λ 무μ보λ€λ 물리μ κ· νμνλ₯Ό μ€λͺ
νλ κ· ν(equilibrium) μ΄λ‘ μ΄ μλ μ μ μ μ΄κ³ μ¬λ¦¬μ μνμ κ· ν(balance)κΉμ§λ μ€λͺ
ν μ μλ μ κ΅μ μ κ·Όλ°©λ²μ΄ μ μ±
κ· νμ λ³Έμ§μ λμ± λΆλͺ
νκ² μ€λͺ
ν μ μλ μ κ΅μ μ κ·Όλ°©λ²μ΄ μ μ±
κ· νμ λ³Έμ§μ λμ± λΆλͺ
νκ² μ€λͺ
ν μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄μλ€. κ·Έλμ μ΄λ ννΈμ μΉμ°μΉκ±°λ νΈνλμ§ μλνλ©΄μ μ¬λ¬Όμ λ³Έμ§μ μ΄ν΄νλ μ μ μ μ΄κ³ μ¬λ¦¬μ κ°λ
μ κ°μ‘°νλ μ μ±
κ· νμ λ³Έμ§μ μ κ΅μ¬μμ μ€μ¬μΆμΈ μ€λ(μ©)μ¬μμΌλ‘ μ€λͺ
νμλ€. μ¦ νμ€μ μΌλ‘ μ€λμ μ€μ²λ₯λ ₯κ³Ό μ λμ λ°λΌμ μ μ±
주체μ λ₯λ ₯κ³Ό μμ§μ΄ νκ°λκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ€λ(μ©)λ₯Ό κ· νκ°λ
μ λ³Έμ§λ‘ νμ
νλ€. μ΄μ κ°μ μ€λκ΄μ μ κ΅μ¬μμμλ μ€λλ₯Ό μ€μ²νλ κ΅°μμ μμ λ‘ μΌλ‘ μ§λμ±λκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ€λ‘ μ κ· νκ³Ό κ·Έμ μ€μ²λ₯λ ₯μΈ κ· νκ°κ°μ΄ νμ€μ μΌλ‘ ꡬ체νλλ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ λμκ³ μ μμ μ·¨κΈνκ³ μλ κ²μ μ€μ²μ μλ―Έμμ λ³Έ μ μ±
κ· νμ λ³Έμ§λ‘ νμ
νμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ΄μ κ°μ μ°κ΅¬λ μμ§κΉμ§ μ μ±
κ· νμ΄λ‘ λΏλ§ μλλΌ μ κ΅μ¬μμ μ κ·Όλ°©λ²μμλ μ΄λ³΄μ μ΄κ³ μλ‘ μ μ΄λ€. λλ¬Έμ μμΌλ‘ μ μ±
κ· νμ΄λ‘ μ΄ λ³΄λ€ λ
Όλ¦¬μ μ΄κ³ 체κ³μ μΌλ‘ μ 립λκ³ λ°λ¬λλ©΄μ μ΄μ λ°λΌμ μ κ΅μ¬μμ μν μ κ·Όλ°©λ² λλ μ€μ²λ°©λ²λ λμ± λ°λ¬λμ΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. Policy balance and balancing theory have studied recently in the policy science community for obtaining ethical and moral justification of policymaking process and content. As one part of this research agenda, this paper discussed and argued some essential characteristics of the policy balance and its semantic differences between equilibrium theory, particularly reviewed by oriental Confucian philosophy. Employing the content analysis of Confucian classics(written in Chinese and translated in Korean widely acknowledged in oriental societies), I argued that the term 'balance' is rooted in Madhyamika philosophy which its leading argument is the mental and psychological balance of unbiased judgment to inner and outer worlds. In a policy world, with continuous education and training subjected from Madhyamika and its practical course works, so called balanced-sense of policymakers and reviewers, policies can be balanced between policy cost and benefit, goals and means, and interest and power struggles in policymaking and implementing worlds. As examples for the practice of policymaking based on the policymkers' balanced-sense and their moral and scientific justice for common good, public will, and national interest, I found and discussed some cases in reviewed Confucian classics. Even some criticize the moral and ethical sense of policy balance can not be guaranteed in the real world, it might be a lip-service, and institutional and legal systems must be discussed for ensuring the mental characteristics of policymakers, I argued that the more utmost and practical approach to secure policy balance in the policy practices is to educate and to train policymakers their balanced-sense and moral practices by Confucian Madhymika philosophy. In this point, as for a further research, a more logical and systematic approach is needed to explain the policy balance between mental and physical worlds of policymaking reality
Discourse on Distributive Justice and a Practical Principle for Policy Balancing Theory
λ³Έμ§μ μΌλ‘ μ μ±
μ μ¬νμ μ μμ μμΉμ νλΉν΄μΌ νλ€. λλ¬Έμ 무μμ μ΄λ»κ², μ΄λ€ κΈ°μ€κ³Ό μ μ°¨μ λ°λΌμ μ μ±
μ λΆλ΄κ³Ό ννμ μ μλ‘κ² λλμ΄ κ°μ§ κ²μΈκ° νλ λΆλ°°μ κΈ°μ€μ΄λ λ°©λ²κ³Ό μ μ°¨ λ±μ΄ νμ€μ μΈ μ€μ²μμΉμΌλ‘ νμνλ€. κ·Έλμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ μ±
μ λΆλ°°μ μ μλ₯Ό λ
Όμνκ³ μ΄λ₯Ό μ€ννκΈ° μν μ€μ²μμΉμ μ μνκ³ μ νλ€. ꡬ체μ μΌλ‘ μμ μ€μ¬μμ λ
Όμλκ³ μλ λΆλ°°μ μ μμ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ
Όμμ μμ€μμ κ³ μ°°νλ©΄μ λμμ¬νμ μ€μ²κ°λ
μΌλ‘μ λΆλ°°μ μ μλ₯Ό μ μ±
κ· νμμ ν¨μλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ μ€λͺ
νμλ€. μ΄μ λ°λΌμ μμ¬μ μ΄κ³ λ¬Ένμ λ§₯λ½μμ λ³΄λ€ μ€μ²μ μ΄κ³ νλΉν λΆλ°°μ μ μλ₯Ό νμνκ³ μ€μ²κΈ°μ€μ μ μνλ μμ€μμ μνΈκ΅μμμΉμ μ μνμλ€. μ¦ μνΈμμ¦μ μν μ μ±
μ μ€μ²΄μ κ°μΉλ₯Ό νμΈνκ³ μ΄κ²μ΄ μνΈκ°μ μμ‘΄νλ©΄μλ λ°©ν΄λ μ₯μ κ° μλ μ°½μ‘°μ μΈ μνΈλ¬΄μ λ₯Ό μ€λͺ
νμλ€. μ΄μ κ°μ μνΈμμ¦κ³Ό μνΈμμ‘΄ λ° μνΈλ¬΄μ λ±μ μ€μ²μμΉμ΄ μ΄μ²΄μ μΌλ‘ μμ©νλ©΄μ μ μ±
μμ λΆλ°°μ μ μκ° μ€νλ μ μλ€κ³ λ
Όμνμλ€. μμΌλ‘ λ³΄λ€ μ¬λμκ² κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ€μν λΆμΌμμμνΈκ΅μμ μμΉκ³Ό λ°©λ² λ±μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λμ΄μΌ λ³΄λ€ νλΉνκ³ μ μ€ν μ€μ²μμΉμΌλ‘ μ μ±
κ· νμμ λΆλ°°μ μ μλ₯Ό μ€λͺ
ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€. κ·ΈλΌμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ§κΈκΉμ§ μμμ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ ν λΆλ°°μ μ μμ μ μ 쑰건과λ λ€λ₯Έ μνΈμμ¦κ³Ό μνΈμμ‘΄ λ° μνΈλ¬΄μ λ±μ μ μ λ‘ νλ μνΈκ΅μ μμΉμ νλμ λ
Όμμ μμ€μ λλ‘ μ μνμλ€. Policy, in itself, has a function of distributing available social resources and opportunities. As a consequence, this paper suggests the principle of mutual interpenetration for making practical procedures and methods for these distributive policy activities. Policy can be balanced by multiple dynamic shifts and changes in the line of costs and benefits that are calculated and conditioned by physical and mental policy causations. Those balanced positions can be reached by a balanced-sense embodied by policymakers. In practice, policymaking includes both ex post and ex ante activities for correcting, coordinating, and compensating for unbalanced and/or unjustified burdens and benefits through informed judgment of policy causation and distributive justice. Based on these theoretical arguments and a review of literature on distributive justice in both Eastern and Western philosophy, this paper defines distributive justice as processes and methods of socially harmonized sharing of policy burdens as well as benefits in the continuing activities of policymaking. The practical principle of mutual interpenetration suggested here is based on three premises. It maintains ones own activities and identities without hindering and/or rejecting other's identities (mutual identity). It varies through mutual dependence, creating and producing new worlds that are not isolated, but mutually created (mutual dependence). It depends not through obstruction but through social harmonization (mutual non-obstruction). This mutual interpenetration is not a principle of distributive policy justice discussed by ethical and religious perspectives and/or political philosophy but one applicable to policy balancing strategy even if it is an abstract concept
A Study on the Socio-Economics Situations in the East-German Region since the Reunification
This paper contributes to our understanding of the socio-economic situations in an ex- "real existant socialist" country, reintegrated into West Germany. The findings are as follows:
1) In comparison with other East-European socialist countries is the case of East-Germany unique: the State, "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" , has been irreversiblely dissolved since the reunification of two Germanys. In this sense, the reunification was a process of the one-sided transfer of West-German institutions into East-German"s.
2) From the perspective of East-German inhabitants, on the one hand, it was a "liberalisation" from the bureaucratic-etatistic repression; on the other hand its process was "colonialistic". The relatively well-defined - not "collective" - "individual" rights of labor and some institutional social securities of East-Germany were simply ignored by the West-German politicians.
3) The "transformation crisis" could not be reduced to the transition from the planned to the market economy. Rather, in case of East-Germany, it results from the unnecessary political misconception of Kohl"s government.
4) Recently, the industrial production in the East-German region has been recovered at the level of pre-unification period. Neverthless, its social cost is the catastrophic amount of unemployment.
5) The East-German has been politically under-represented. The power bloc is unbalancedly occupied by the West-German("Wessis").
6) The reunified Germany has seemingly succeded the "system-integration", not the "social integration" . In the long term, this will be the main source of "political" problems in Germany
Characterization of dendritic cell targeting peptide ligand identified using phage display screening
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : λμλͺ
곡νλΆ, 2011.8. μ΅μ€μ¬.Maste
Addressing the present and future of Korean language education for multicultural background learners
2014λ
μ 16ν κ΅μ νμ νμ : κ°κ΅μ λμΈ μκ΅μ΄ κ΅μ‘ μ μ±
λΉκ΅ μ°κ΅¬λ€λ¬Έν λ°°κ²½ νμ΅μμ λν κ΅μ‘ μ§μμ μ΄κΈ°μ λΉν΄ λ§€μ° μ²΄κ³μ μ΄λ€. κ΅μ‘κ³Όμ κ³Ό κ΅μ¬ μ°κ΅¬, μ λ¬Έ μΈλ ₯ μμ±μλ κ΄μ¬μ κ°μ§κ³ κ·Όλ³Έμ μΌλ‘ λμνλ €λ 곡μ μΈ λ
Έλ ₯λ λ€λ°λλ€. κ·ΈλΌμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ νμ₯μ λ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ λ³νλλ©΄μ νμ€μ μ΄κ³ μΌλ₯ μ μΈ κ΅μμ μμ΄ λ€μμ±κ³Ό μ μ°μ±μ μꡬνκ³ μλ€. νμλ€μ νΉμ§μ΄ λ무λ λ€μνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, κ΅μ‘ νμ₯μλ μ¬μ ν νκΈ κ΅¬μ±μ μ΄λ €μμ΄ μλ€. λΉμ©μ μΈ λ¬Έμ λ μ λ¬Έ κ΅μ μκΈμ λ¬Έμ λ±μΌλ‘ μΈν΄, λ€λ¬Έν λ°°κ²½ νμλ€μ λ€μν νΉμ±μ λ§κ² λ³λμ νκΈμΌλ‘ λΆλ°νλ κ²μ νμ€μ μΌλ‘ μ½μ§ μλ€. μ΄μ κ°μ΄ λ€μμ±μ μλ°κ³Ό λ³νμ μ§λ©΄ν μ°λ¦¬μ κ΅μ‘ νμ₯μμ λ€λ¬Έν λ°°κ²½ νμμ μν νκ΅μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ μμΌλ‘ μ΄λ ν λ°©ν₯μΌλ‘ μ κ°λμ΄μΌ ν κΉ. λ³Έκ³ μμλ μ΄λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μν ꡬ체μ μΈ λ°©μμΌλ‘ λ€μμ μ μνμλ€. 첫 λ²μ§Έλ‘ νμ€ κ΅μ¬ κ°μ λ₯λ ₯μ μ κ³ νλ μ€μ©μ κ΅μ¬ μ°μκ° νμνκ³ , λ λ²μ§Έλ‘ νκ΅μ΄ μλ¬λ μ κ³ μ κ΅κ³Ό μ°κ³λ₯Ό μν μ΅ν©ν μΈμ¬λ₯Ό ν¬μ
νμ¬μΌ νλ©°, μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄μ μΈ λ²μ§Έ, λ―Έλμ§ν₯μ μΈ κ΅μ₯μ κ°λ ₯ν 리λμμ΄ νμνλ€. λ€ λ²μ§Έλ‘, κ°μ‘± λ¬Έν΄ κ΅μ‘ μ€μλ‘ μλμ νκ΅ μ μμ λΆλͺ¨λ₯Ό μ°Έμ¬μν€κ³ μΆμ μ§μ κ°μ νλ λ° λμμ μ€ μ μμ΄μΌ νλ€. νκ΅μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ°λ λͺ©μ μ΄ μλκ³Ό κ·Έ κ°μ‘±μ νκ΅ μνμ μμ μλ€λ κ²μ μΌλμ λμμ λ μ΄λ λ€λ¬Έν λ°°κ²½ νμμ νκ΅μ΄ κ΅μ‘ μ§μμμ ν¨κ» λ€λ£¨μ΄μΌ νλ κ²μ΄λ€.A systematic educational support for multicultural background learners has been formulated in our society, ensued by political efforts in developing curriculum textbooks and cultivating professional personnel. This has been to meet our desire for standardized education provision. And yet, classrooms are now witnessing the need and desire for diversity and flexibility in order to respond to their students who are characterized as nothing but diverse and susceptible to change. In response, this paper carefully draws up a plan for improvement of Korean language education with the belief that its purpose is to help multicultural background learners adapt to unfamiliar environment. The measures highlighted here is that (1) developing a teacher training program to support teachers to build up their professional competence; (2) cultivating professional personnel qualified both in teaching Korean and curriculum education; (3) fostering a future-oriented leadership of school principals; and (4) conducting family literacy education programs to involve parents into school education and improve quality of life
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