12 research outputs found

    ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ œ์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๋ฌธ์Šน์ผ.As the power system has recently become smaller and more decentralized and the DC technology is developed, the hybrid AC/DC microgrid (HMG) has been constructed. In addition, with interests in environmental issues and efforts to obtain sustainable energy sources, the penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) is significantly increasing. However, it inevitably increases the uncertainty in the system. If the microgrid operates in grid-connected mode, the power imbalance caused by the uncertainty leads to the burden of the main grid. It becomes more severe under the high uncertainty and multi-microgrid. In islanded mode, the droop control results in the frequency and voltage deviations, and the output power of resources may be far from the cost-effective operating point. This dissertation presents the supervisory control method of HMG for grid-connected and islanded mode in order to obtain the reliable and cost-effective operation under the high uncertainty. In grid-connected mode, to operate as a single controllable entity, the internal net load fluctuation within a HMG should be compensated by itself. To this end, bus-dependent participation factor (BDPF)-based generation adjustment method is proposed. The conventional participation factor considers only the generatorshowever, the location of the variation may also affect the operation performance owing to the line loss. To accurately reflect the cost change of output variation, the generation-load incremental cost (GLIC) which is the total cost variation that considers both the generator and load position is introduced. Using the GLIC and its derivative, the optimal participation factor can be calculated for each bus. The GLIC can fairly reflect line loss changesin addition, the second-order loss sensitivity is used to improve the accuracy of the BDPF. The output power can be easily adjusted from the base point, using each load variation and the corresponding BDPF. Subsequently, re-adjustment is performed if constraint violations exist. Since the BDPF that was previously obtained at the base point is used, the amount of generation adjustment can be calculated instantly. In islanded mode, the operation method is divided into two stage, long-term and short-term, in order to maintain the power balance using only internal resources. Regarding the long-term operation, the on/off decision of DGs and controllable loads is decided. In this process, the machine learning-based forecasting algorithm is used for net load prediction and the HMG is linearized to solve the mixed integer linear programming. In the short-term operation where the final set-point is determined, an MPC-based operation method is proposed. The problem for restoring the frequency, AC and DC voltage and reducing the generation cost is formulated using the sensitivities of the AC and DC grids considering the droop control. In addition, second-order frequency sensitivity, which can accurately account for the influence of the reactive power on the frequency, is selectively utilized. In this case, the performance for frequency restoration and cost reduction can be enhanced with slight modification of only the frequency constraint. The proposed method was implemented and case studies were conducted in MATLAB. Its effectiveness is verified by comparing with conventional methods for grid-connected and islanded mode, respectively. The proposed method is helpful to increase the penetration level of intermittent RESs and the utilization of the DC technology into the power system. Further, the system operation can be more reliable and economical, particularly in situations, where frequent and rapid variations in the load demand and RES output power occur.์ตœ๊ทผ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ™”๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ โˆ™์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์› ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ์ฃผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด์ „์‹œ์—๋Š” droop ์ œ์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์••์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์šด์ „๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด์ „์‹œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์šด์ „์‹œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ์ƒ์œ„ ์šด์˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ฆ๋ถ„๋น„์šฉ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์›๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ถ„๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆ๋ถ„๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†์‹ค์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ „๋น„์šฉ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ ์†์‹ค๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์ฐจ ์†์‹ค๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ AC์™€ DC ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ฝ”๋น„์•ˆ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†’์€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†์‹ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ œํ•œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด์ „์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž์›๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง„๋‹ค. ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›๊ณผ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆœ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ •์ˆ˜์„ ํ˜•๊ณ„ํš๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Droop ์ œ์–ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์•• ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ „๋น„์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์งง์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ set-point๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ AC, DC ์ „์•• ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Droop ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ž์ฝ”๋น„์•ˆ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ AC, DC ์ „์•• ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, AC ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌดํšจ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ฐจ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด 2์ฐจ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋‚˜, ๋” ์ข‹์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งง์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด ๋‚ด ์˜ˆ์ธก ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์† ๋ชจ๋ธ (persistence model)์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ MATLAB์ƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šด์˜์‹œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—ฐ๊ณ„์šด์ „๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด์ „ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋‚ด์— ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ โˆ™์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ฅ ๊ณผ DC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ์‹ โˆ™์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations and purposes 1 1.2 Highlights and contributions 4 1.3 Dissertation organization 6 Chapter 2 Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid 7 2.1 Concept of hybrid AC/DC microgrid 7 2.2 Mathematical model of hybrid AC/DC microgrid components 13 2.2.1 Control of distributed generators 13 2.2.2 Control of interlinking converter 20 2.2.3 Static model of composite loads 22 2.3 Technical issues on hybrid AC/DC microgrid 25 2.3.1 Feeder flow control for grid-connected mode 27 2.3.2 Droop-based control for islanded mode 30 Chapter 3 Operation Methodology for Grid-Connected Mode 34 3.1 Modified Jacobian matrix for hybrid AC/DC microgrid 35 3.2 Generation-load incremental cost 38 3.2.1 Concept of GLIC 38 3.2.2 Calculation of GLIC and its derivative 41 3.3 Participation factor-based generation adjustment 46 3.3.1 Bus-dependent participation factor 46 3.3.2 Handling operation constraints 48 Chapter 4 Operation Methodology for Islanded Mode 52 4.1 Two stage supervisory control scheme 53 4.2 Long-term scheduler for on/off decision 55 4.2.1 Net load forecasting 55 4.2.2 Linearized problem formulation 57 4.3 Short-term sensitivity-based model predictive control 62 4.3.1 Model predictive control 62 4.3.2 Problem formulation 63 4.3.3 Set-point calculation using sensitivity values 67 Chapter 5 Case Study 76 5.1 Test system configuration 76 5.2 Case study for grid-connected mode 80 5.2.1 Performance of the proposed method 80 5.2.2 Comparative analysis 90 5.3 Case study for islanded mode 97 5.3.1 Performance of the proposed method 97 5.3.2 Comparative analysis 105 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Extensions 115 6.1 Conclusions 115 6.2 Future extensions 118 Bibliographies 119 Appendix A. Second-order Derivative of Power Flow Equations 127 Appendix B. Singularity of Square Matrix in (3.31) 129 ์ดˆ๋ก 131Docto

    Eine philosophische Untersuchung zur Narrativitat im Phanomen der Kulturkonflikt

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„œ์‚ฌํ•™ (Narratologie)์€ ์„œ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋งบ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งบ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ํƒ๊ตฌ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐํ˜€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ์‚ฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์ (narrativ, erzรคhlerisch)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ •๋ฆฌ์ •๋ˆํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์‹(Textschema)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์‹์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ง๊ด€ํ˜•์‹์— ์˜ ํ•ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง๊ด€ํ˜•์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ ๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ์จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์—์„œ ๋์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ง๊ด€ํ˜•์‹์ด ๊ณง ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์‹์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ ์ง€ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์ฐจ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ถ€์—ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด์ž ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฅผ ์ „์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ ์„œ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ(Narrativitรคt)์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒ ํ•™ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋งํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒ ํ•™์— ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ๋„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜ ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ตฌ ์กฐ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ– ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ์ฃผ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์„œ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ, ์ง€ํ‰, ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ, ์ƒํ™œ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ธธ์žก ์ด๋กœ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹œ์„ฑ : `์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„`์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต,1996.Maste

    The Study on the Improvement Plan to Improve the Accuracy of the Manifest according to the Limits of Responsibility of the Carrier

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    This study examines the limitations of liability of carriers (shippers, airlines, freight forwarders) in the field of international logistics and the problem of the fines imposed for insufficient submission of manifests in the customs administration, and suggests improvement measures for the unreasonable disposal First of all, looking at the background of these discussions, the international logistics environment is changing in the direction to strengthen logistics security. Therefore, by introducing a system for pre-submission of manifests in the customs administration, risks are managed in advance at the entry and departure stages of aircraft and ships, and customs inspections are effectively reinforced. In addition, the laws and regulations related to maritime carriers' responsibility discussed as container transportation began were examined in international treaties and legislative cases of each country. This includes the scope of responsibility of the carrier and issues of validity of Unknown Clause of the Bill of Lading. Therefore, we reviewed the carrier's immunity stipulated in the Customs Act. In other words, we reviewed the contents related to the manifest making responsibility and the submission obligation specified in the Unknown clause, and set the scope of responsibility in line with the changes in the international logistics environment. Along with this, several problems with the current practice of customs administration were drawn. As a solution to this problem, first, in terms of the effectiveness of Unknown Clause, a plan to improve the scope of responsibility of the manifest maker was proposed. Second, in order to increase the accuracy of the manifest, a plan to enhance the accountability of the parties to the transaction, such as consignee and consignor, was proposed.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์‚ฌ์ „์ œ์ถœ์ œ๋„ ์ถ”์ง„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 6 1. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 6 2. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 6 3. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 7 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์‚ฌ์ „์ œ์ถœ์ œ๋„ 8 1. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์‚ฌ์ „์ œ์ถœ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 2. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์‚ฌ์ „์ œ์ถœ์ œ๋„ ์šด์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 9 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•ด์ƒํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„ 11 1. ๊ตญ์ œ์กฐ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 11 2. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์šด์†ก์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„ 17 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€์•ฝ๊ด€ 21 1. ๋ถ€์ง€์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ์˜์˜ 21 2. ๋ถ€์ง€์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 22 3. ๋ถ€์ง€์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ 23 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ์™€ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ 29 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ด€ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ 29 1. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ถœ 29 2. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 34 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ํ’ˆ๋ช… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ด€์˜ ํ–‰์ •์ œ์žฌ 35 1. ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฌธ๊ตฌ(์•ฝ๊ด€) 35 2. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์ •์ • 36 3. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์ •์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผํƒœ๋ฃŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ 40 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 44 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํƒœ๋ฃŒ ์ œ์™ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ํ™•๋Œ€ 45 1. ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  45 2. ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์ž‘์„ฑ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์ฑ… ํ™•๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์„  46 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ ํ•˜๋ชฉ๋ก ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ 46 1. ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  46 2. ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ™•๋Œ€ 47 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  49 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 49 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„๊ณผ์ œ 50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 52 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 54Maste
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