155 research outputs found

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „ํ†ต์ถค์˜ ์‚ผ์žฌ๋ก (ไธ‰ๆ‰่ซ–)์  ํ•ด์„ : ํ•œ์˜์ˆ™๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์‚ดํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2000.Maste

    (The) alcoholics' lived experience of recovery : using Parse's research methodology : Parse์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ ์šฉ

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ต์œก/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ, ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(cocreating health)์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ถ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ง€์‹์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์ฃผ์š”์ดˆ์ ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด๊ฐ(human becoming)์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๊ณง ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด๊ฐ(human becoming) ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1994๋…„ 8์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1995๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, AA์—์„œ 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๋‹จ์ฃผ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 9๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ‹€์€ Parse์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด๊ฐ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ Parse์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋‚˜-๋„ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ณผ์ •(dialogical engagement)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ๋…น์Œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœ-์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ(extraction-synthesis)ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€, ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์  ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ(trustworthiness)๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ(rigor)์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, Sandelowski(1986, 1993)์™€ Burns(1989)์˜ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,Hedger & Cowles(1993)์™€ Koch(1994)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํ˜„์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์€, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ดด๋กœ์›€, ํ™˜๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ž์‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์— ์ค‘๋… ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ(๊ฐ€์น˜ํ™”), ๋‹จ์ฃผ ํ›„ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋™์‹œ์— ์žฌ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ-ํ•œ๊ณ„์„ฑ), AA์™€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ณ (์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ-๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์„ฑ), ๋‹จ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ฃผ์ƒํ™œ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก (๊ฐ•ํ™”์„ฑ), ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํž˜์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค(๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ฑ)." ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด, "์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ง„-์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. " ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด๊ฐ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ํ•ด์„์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. "์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ-ํ•œ๊ณ„, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ-๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ฃผ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํšŒ๋ณต์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐํ‹€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์•Œ์ฝ”์„ ์ค‘๋…์ž์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์†์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์น˜์œ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋ฐ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ(becoming)์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study is to understand the structure of alcoholics' lived experience of recovery and to apprehend the connectedness of the structure of the experience with each concept of "human becoming" theory, and to develop the body of knowledge of alcoholics' lived experience. The data collection of this study was conducted from August, 1994 to May, 1995. Research participants were nine male Persons keeping sobriety for more than three years. The researcher had interviews with them over their lived experience of recovery, recorded them on tapes, and made an analysis according to Parse's "human becoming research methodology." The Data were collected using the dialogical engagement process of "I and You,"the participant researcher and the participant subject. The Data were analyzed using the extraction-synthesis and heuristic interpretation. The criteria of Guba and Lincoln(1985), and Sandelowski(1986): credibility, auditability, fitness and objectivity were used to test the validity and reliability of the data. The following is a description of core concept of participants' lived experience of recovery showed in the process of analysis 1. Admitting one's alcoholism in an impending situation and taking on a new meaning. 2. There being the possibility of a relapse in concurrence as well as the display of one's potentiality. 3. Alienated from alcohol by means of continuous connection with A.A(Alcoholics Anonymous) and supportive understanding. 4. Making an effort for sobriety and the maintenance of sobriety life. 5. Transformed spiritually through High Power and leading a new life. The above core concept can be synthesized and expressed as a structure. The structure of the alcoholics' lived experience of recovery can be expressed: (a) They admit their alcoholism and acquire a new meaning, when they are in such an impending situation as acute suffering, hallucination experience, suicide attempt, and so forth; (b) there can be not only the display of their potentiality but the possibility of a relapse; (c) they are alienated from alcohol by means of continuous relation with A.A and supportive understanding; (d) they struggle for sobriety and the maintenance of its life; and (e) they are transformed spiritually through High Power and lead anew life. Using Parse's human becoming research methodology, the structure of the alcoholics' lived experience of recovery identified in this study is conceptually interpreted as: The alcoholics' lived experience of recovery is powering transforming through enabling-limiting and connecting-separating of valuing.restrictio

    Development and evaluation of cardiac rehabilitation program for coronary artery bypass grafting patients

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ,2008.2.Docto

    ๊น€์Šน์˜ฅ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์–‘์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    Comparison of back between groups of supine and supine plus position in 24 hour after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization

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    ๊ต์œก๋Œ€ํ•™์›/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋™๋งฅ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ‰์ „์ˆ  ํ›„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์š”ํ†ต์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋„๋œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2000๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 20์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋‚ด ์†Œ์žฌ Y์˜๋ฃŒ์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋™๋งฅ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ‰์ „์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์•”ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŽธ์˜์ถ”์ถœํ•œ 50๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋™์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ „์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์ƒ์‚ฌ์ฒ™๋„(Visual analogue scale)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ SPSS/PC+๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1.๊ฐ„๋™๋งฅ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ‰์ „์ˆ  ํ›„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 50๋ช…์ค‘ 34๋ช…(68%)์—์„œ ์š”ํ†ต์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋™ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2.๊ฐ„๋™๋งฅ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ‰์ „์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋Š” ์•™์™€์œ„ ์ž์„ธ์™€ ์•™์™€์œ„*์ธก์œ„์˜€๋‹ค. 3.์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์š”ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” 34๋ช…(100%) ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•™์™€์œ„์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์š”ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด๊ฐ€ 26๋ช…(81.3%)์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์š”ํ†ต๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 32๋ช…์ด '5'์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4.์š”ํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋Š” 30๋ช…(88.2%)์ด ์•™์™€์œ„์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 4๋ช…(11.8%)์€ ์ธก์œ„๋กœ ์ž์„ธ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์š”ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋‚€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” 4~7์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 14๋ช…(41.2%), 8~11์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 8๋ช…(23.5%), 12~15์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 6๋ช…(17.6%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 5~6์  26.5%, 7~8์  29.4%, 9~10์  38.2%์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™์™€์œ„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์•™์™€์œ„*์ธก์œ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์š”ํ†ต์‹œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5.์•™์™€์œ„*์ธก์œ„๊ตฐ์€ 23๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ค‘ ์ž์„ธ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 7~10์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ธก์œ„๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์ด 52.2%, 11~14์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 21.7%, 15~18์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 13.1%, 19~22์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 15%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ „์˜ ์š”ํ†ต๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 7~8์  7๋ช…(20.6%), 9~10์  7๋ช…(20.5%) ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 3~4์  11๋ช…(32.3%), 5~6์  6๋ช…(17.7%) ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™์™€์œ„*์ธก์œ„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์ „,ํ›„ ์š”ํ†ต๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Wilcoxon sign rank test๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์ „, ํ›„์˜ ์š”ํ†ต๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(Z=-2.901, p=.004). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ„๋™๋งฅ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ‰์ „์ˆ  ํ›„ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์š”ํ†ต์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์š”ํ†ต์ด ์•™์™€์œ„์—์„œ ์ธก์œ„๋กœ ์ž์„ธ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์š”ํ†ต๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The study was conducted to identify position that patients took in 24 hours after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization and back pain caused by that position. The duration of study was from February 20, 2000 to April 20, 2000. 50 subjects were purposedly selected using selection criteria among hepatoma patients who received transhepatic arterial chemoembolization at Y hospital located in Seoul. This study was working site. Visual analog scale was used for data collection and data were analyzed using SPSS.PC+. The results were as follows. 1.68 percent of subjects complained back pain in 24 hours after trashepatic arterial chemoembolization but no one showed hemorrhage incidence at the site of puncture. 2.The positions prescribed by doctors after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization were supine or supine plus lateral position. 3.The position that caused 100 percent initial back pain was supine position and 11.8 percent of subjects showed initial back pain within six hours after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization and the intensity of pain was mild to moderate. 4.88.2 percent of subjects complained the most severe pain in supine position and 11.8 percent of subjects complained it after changing into lateral position. 41.2 percent of subjects showed the most severe pain within four to seven hours after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization and 38.2 percent of subjects indicated the pain intensity as 9 to 10. 5.Among 23 supine plus lateral position group, 52.2 percent of subjects changed their positions into lateral sides within seven to ten hours after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization. The pain intensity was weakened after changing position into lateral side and it was statistically significant.(Z=-2.901,p=.004) It is concluded that back pain has occurred in most patients who received transhepatic arterial chemoembolization, and it did not diminish without changing position into lateral side.ope

    Comparative study of the intermittent self catheterization and aseptic intermittent catheterization for bladder rehabil

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ต์œก/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์†์ƒํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์†์ƒํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ Š์€ ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์žฌํ™œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์—์„œ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์žฌํ™œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์žฌํ™œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ณ‘์†Œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฌํ™œ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์˜ ์ ์‘์„ ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์†์ƒํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋‡จ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 1988๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1989๋…„ 5์›” 27์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ Y๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 10๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ท ์ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 20๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€ 1989๋…„ 3์›” ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€ 1989๋…„ 3์›” ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๊ท ๋‡จ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” Y๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์†Œ๋ณ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” "Clinitek 10" ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๊ท ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” "Colony Count Standard Loop 1/1,000" ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ค‘์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋‡จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ท ๋‡จ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” Xยฒํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 90%, ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ 55%๊ฐ€ 4์ฃผ์•ˆ์— ์ž๋™๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” 10๋งŒ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ 30%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 55%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ์ž๊ฐ€๋„๋‡จ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ท ์  ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋„๋‡จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ท ๋…ธ์—๋„ ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์†์ƒํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์žฌํ™œ์— ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] With the development of an industrial civilization in recent years, the number of patients with spinal cord injuries has rapidly increased following an increase in traffic and industrial accidents . In many cases this happens to the active younger aged person, so rehabilitation for these patients is a problem of great concern in the science of nursing and the meaning of rehabilitation emphasizes regaining of ability and freedom as opposed to The more traditional definitions. The meaning of rehabilitation is redefined centering on the importance of restoring of human dignity that wi11 enable the patient to develop The will and The ability to adapt to social life and his own way of living. The study is intended to give basic documentation for patients who have bladder rehabilitaion problems. A comparison of the use of Intermittent. Self Catheterization following education as to method, and Intermittent Aseptic Catheterization by hospital personnel was done to identity differences in the bacterial count for the two groups that would assess ability to do independent catheterization and minimize urinary infection. The Study focused on patients who had Bladder Training in Y University from June, 1988 to May 27 1989. Using a convenience sample of 30 patients, ten, in an Intermittent Self Catheterization group, and 20, in an Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization group. The Aseptlc Intermittent Catheterization group had finished the Bladder Training program and Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization before March 1989, and the Intermittent Self Catheterizaation group of 10 patients finished the B1adder Training Program and Intermittent Self Catheterization Traning after March 1989. The toots used for the study Were the education records of the B1adder Training and Self Catheterzation Training, tests for bacteria in the urine used at Y university hospital, Urinalysis by "Clinitek 10", Urine Culture by "Colony count Standard loop 1/1000". The data were analyzed using actual number and percent for the following: general characteristic, the difference between Intermittent Self Catheterization and Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization, and for the difference between bacteria in the urine in Intermittent Self Catheterization and Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization during the Bladder Training period. The Relationship between the general characteristic of the lntermittent Self Catheterization group and the length of the bladder rehabilitation period and also the number of bactria in the urine during the Bladder Training were analysed using the ฯ‡**2 statistical method. The results of study are given below. 1. for the Intermittent Self Catheterization group the period for bladder rehabilitation was four weeds in 90% of the cases, and in the Aseptic lntermittent Catheterization group, 55%. 2. For bacteria in the urine, the Intermittent Self Catheterization group and a 30% rate of over 100,000 bacteria / ใŽ– where as it was, 55% for the Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization group. 3. A comparison of the general characteeristics and the bladder rehabilitation period, and the level of bactria in the urine during the Bladder training showed no significant difference. although the sample size was small there are indications that, Intermittent Self Catheterization is effective in bladder rehabilitation and theme is no increase bacteria in the urine as compared to Aseptic Intermittent Catheterization, giving basic information that can be used for patients with spinal cord injuries for bladder rehabilitation.restrictio

    Representation of Ganan-affect in 1970s Korean Fiction

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ๋ฐฉ๋ฏผํ˜ธ.1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€์  ํƒ๊ตฌ ์—†์ด๋„ ์งยท๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์™„์„œ๋‚˜ ํ™ฉ์„์˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์  ์šด๋ช… ์†์—์„œ ์œ ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‚˜ ์œคํฅ๊ธธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์ด๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 6โ€ค25์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์ •ํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งโ€ค๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ 70๋…„๋Œ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์  ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ 70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์  ์‚ถ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ž์  ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ โ€ค๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚จ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ด ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ์ ์„ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ํ†ต์น˜์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์ง€์œ„์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌ์  ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด์ž ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋ผ์นœ ํŒŒํ† ์Šค๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ/์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์šฉ์–ด์ธ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์ด๋ž€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ๋… ๋นˆ์ž๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ผ๊ตด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‘๋ฃจ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์€ ๋™์›์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋Š์Šจํ•จ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋…์„œ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜ ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํŠนํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฑค ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ํŒŒํ† ์Šค์˜ ์œ ํ–‰ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์ค‘์†Œ๋น„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋…์žฌ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์€ ์†๋ฌผ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์žฅ์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ‘œ์ƒ์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์žฅ์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ž˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ˜‘์†Œํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ •๋™์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฐฑ๋‚™์ฒญ์˜ ๏ฝข์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ๏ฝฃ์„ ์œ„์‹œํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋ฌธํ•™๋ก  ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋น„ํ‰์ž‘์—…๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ก ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ธ์‹์„ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž, ์ฐฝ๋…€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋˜ ๋ฐฑ๋‚™์ฒญ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰์  ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฏผ์ค‘์„ ์ „์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œคํฅ๊ธธ์˜ ใ€Ž์•„ํ™‰์ผค๋ ˆ ๊ตฌ๋‘๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋‚ดใ€ ์—ฐ์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ใ€Ž๋‚œ์žฅ์ด๊ฐ€ ์˜์•„์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณตใ€ ์—ฐ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋…์„œ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์˜์‹์€ ๋ฏผ์ค‘๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์žฅ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ์จ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ณ„๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์ž ๊ฐ์ •์ •์น˜์˜ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ์„œ ๋™์›๋œ ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜ ์ง„์˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์  ์žฅ๋ฅด๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ธ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ƒ์กด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต, ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์ž์˜ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€, 'ํฌ๋ง-๊ณตํฌ'์˜ ๊ฐ์ • ์ถ•์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ข€๋„๋‘‘, ๋ถ€๋ž‘์ž, ๊ฑฐ์ง€, ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ์ž, ๊ณ ์•„, ์ฐฝ๋…€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์กด์  ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋น„์ฐธํ•œ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์—์„œ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ํ’ˆํ–‰์€ ์ด๋“ค ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ’ˆํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ๋œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์ด ํƒ€๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ฐ„์˜ ์šฐ์• ์™€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐจ์›์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ์ž๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ค‘์œ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์ด ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž„์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์œคํฅ๊ธธ์ด ์šฐ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™ฉ์„์˜์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์กฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ถํ•๊ณผ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์™ธํ™”์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†๋ฅ˜ ๊ถํ•ํ™”๋ก ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์€ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๊ท€์†์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๋ง์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ ์†๋ฌผ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์ธ ์Šค๋…ธ๋ณดํฌ๋ผ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์†๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํฅ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์„ ์ถ”๋™ํ•  ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์ž”ํ˜น์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์†๋ฌผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์‹์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ” ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›€์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋„๋•๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋•๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ธฐ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๋„๋•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.To 1970s Korean writers, without making conscious effort to understand it, ganan [poverty] was the immediate experience from their life throughout the Korean War. Such writers as Pak Wan-sล, Hwang Sลg-yลng, Yi Mun-gu, and Yun Hลญng-gil shared painful memory and conception of immediate/mediated ganan with only minor differencesPak and Hwang had experienced ganan since their childhood in the course of modern Korean history while Yuns source was his personal history and Yi experienced it in his familys fall in the middle of ideological conflicts during the Korean War. However, most 1970s writers experienced ganan as immediate reality in everyday life, not as remote memory from the past. In this sense, 1970s writers can be defined as peripheral subject of governmentality. If one defines them as subject of the political/sensitive that saw both the inside and the outside of boundaries drawn between mainstream and othered ways of life in their self-locationing between the two, it was because they had keen sense toward ganan. I regard 1970s Korean fiction found its peculiar political faculty in its sense of ganan as the definitive parameter of distribution of life under industrialization and its sense of emotions evoked by ganan. In particular, I examine the concept of Ganan-affect in 1970s writers construction of systemic reactions to the developmentalist governmentality. To this end, this study distinguishes the term ganan from its English equivalent poverty from the perspectives of epistemology and cultural history. Ganan should be regarded disparate from the economic/sociological term of poverty to the extent that it is a common sense of Hunger and implies the shared pathos among the individuals under the rapid industrialization. Ganan-affect is relevant not only to life in poverty but to a wide range of lives brought forth by fluid society during industrialization period. With waning of the communal sense of ganan, 1970s Ganan-affect existed in various forms under the social environment where individual lives were controlled by liberalist governmentality. It converted groups of reading public into active authors of popular writing forms, such as memoir and nonfiction, and most importantly created worker-writers. The Christian Academy played a significant role in this conversion in their turning popular attention to Ganan-affect to the recognition of social inequality. In the meantime, the governmentality of developmental dictatorship practiced snobist rule over society in the pursuit of the status of a developing country by spreading mass consumerism. This ironically resulted in the spread of Ganan-affect, which was closely related to the sense of relative poverty. 1970s Korean literatures contribution was that it straightened the way society represented ganan in its consistent critiquing of the irony. Unlike the 1960s, 1970s Korean literature was structured according to the hegemony of populist sensitivity toward the social inequality. As proved with the immense popularity Christian populism enjoyed, the Minjung [people] ideology in 1970s literature signified less a peculiar ideology that only a few writers adopted than a major Affect-trend that a wide range of intellectuals engaged in. The nationalist Minjung ideology, which was derived from Paek Nak-chลngs Simin Munhak ron, lacked clear class consciousness while displaying its close tie with the working class. Kim Chi-ha and Sin Kyลng-nim did not engage in producing class discourse though they clearly contributed to embolden the Minjung pathos (partly because of Yu-sin dictatorships oppression of strict censorship). In contrast, 1970s writers overcame the Minjung ideologys Schaffensmethode, which limited itself to the Typicality framework, in their focusing at the level of Ganan-affect. They achieved the task by representing the misery of such lower class people as the urban poor, day-laborers, and prostitutes. Paeks critical theory, which had been developed as he kept questioning how to define simin [citizen], reached to another level through 1970s literature to the extent that Ganan-affect necessarily called for not only the subject of passion/emotion but also pursuit of communal ethics. Reading public in the 1970s conformed with the cultural hegemony of the identity politics of incorporating of Minjung and Simin, as easily proven in the immense popularity Cho Se-hลญis Dwarf and Yun Hลญng-gils Nine Pairs. Chapter 2 examines how Ganan-affect played its unique roles both inside and outside literature. I first focus on how to locate Ganan-affect within the context of social activity according to Christian Minjung ideology, which is to be best exemplified by the Christian Academys activism. Ganan, integrated into the humanist discourse on the Minjung ideology side, spreaded the values of freedom and equality while anti-communist state simultaneously kept it invisible with strict censorship and mobilized it for the sake of Affect-politics. Ganan-affect represented in memoirs and non-fictions from the 1970s shows this context in its double configuration of conduite according to the governmentality and contre-conduite that went against it. The third chapter argues that the narrative of everyday life of the urban poor, which is regarded as the typical 1970s literary genre, questioned how Community was to be constructed at ontological level. The characters in the genre experienced anxiety of survival, painful hunger, and loneliness from social alienation, which all evolved around the emotional axis of Hope-Fear, while passively exposed to the absolute dominance of governmentality. Typical works of the genre depicted them as petty thief, homeless, handicapped, orphan, or prostitute, living outside the public health systems management according to the principle of exclusion. The urban poor were abandoned in deserted places outside the public hygiene system while prostitutes were locked up in designated district and kept under meticulous control of the system. 1970s fiction depicted how their existential being was in the radical misery by emphasizing Ganan-affects overwhelming dominance over their life. In the fourth chapter, I examine the narrative where characters from different classes achieve social bonding as they work together toward the goal of communal ethics of friendship and mutual understanding. The fictions adopting this narrative suggested that the urban poor were not necessarily ignorant. Furthermore, they displayed the Ganan-affect, a group of citizens with financially vulnerable status experienced as they were excluded from the public hygiene system, was one way to resist the governmentality. As Yun Hลญng-gil forged friendship at the level of communal ethics and Hwang Sลg-yลng valued social solidarity, to practice sympathy based on Ganan-affect was the authentic form of ethical practice. Cho Se-hลญis works displayed that Ganan-affect was of its essence rather the form of ethical resistance than an immediate response to poverty by representing workers or low classes uprising as something other than an immediate expression of their despair. Chapter 5 argues that fear of ganan constituted the core of middle classs Ganan-affect and their sense of belonging. The figure of snob in 1970s fiction was always associated to middle class, whose origin was snobocracy as the governmentality of mass consummerist society. Implied in the social expansion of newly risen middle class was that they acquired the societys emotional hegemony. However, the structuring of their emotions lacked an ethics capable of bringing forth a mature sense of citizenship and thereby caused ethical agony. The cruelty adopted in representations of middle class attitude toward ganan effectively testified the writers conscious appreciation of agony. In this sense, Shame was a particular moral sentiment to 1970s Korean fictionShame is a moral sentiment toward the relative poverty, which led to sociological reflections on ganan figures that originated from the Korean War. Displaying the unfathomable depth she reached in her affective endeavor to achieve the truly ethical judgement, Pak Wan-sล reflected on the agony intrinsic to Ganan-affect. This is what I call the moral of sentiment.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ 9 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋ฌธํ™” 25 2.1 ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ณ„๋ณด 25 2.2 ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๊ทน๋ณต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ๋ก้Œ„์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ: ํ’ˆํ–‰๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ’ˆํ–‰ 40 ์ œ 3์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์ •์น˜ 51 3.1 ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ, ๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•จ๊ณผ ์•…ํ•จ 51 3.2 ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ๋…€โ€ค์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋… 76 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๊ณต๋™ํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 98 4.1 ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์šฐ์• ์™€ ์†Œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋น„์•  98 4.2 ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ •๋™ 112 ์ œ 5์žฅ ์†๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 128 5.1 ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ๋„๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ : ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›€ 128 5.2 ๊ฐ€๋‚œ๋ฑ…์ด ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋“ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ 165 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  177Docto

    (A) study of the reasons for wanting children among women under thirty five years of age residing in the Yonsei community health area

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] [์˜๋ฌธ] Since there is nothing in the literature regarding how Koreans value their children, this is an exploratory study attempting to (1) generate ideas as to why women of child-bearing age want children and (2) discover aspects of the interaction between the value of children and the fertility behavior according to socio-economic class and level of education. Fifty women from the Yonhee A Citizen's Apartment and 50 women from the slum area surrounding the Yonhee Apartment were interviewed by the investigator during the period of October 10 to October 25, 1972. All of the women interviewed were under 35 years of age and had more than one child. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the general characteristics of the respondents, the status of current family planning practice, the number of induced abortions and the reasons for wanting children. An open ended question followed by a forced choice question was the method used to determine the reasons for wanting children. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Half of all the respondents were between 30 and 34 years of age. 2. Four percent of the respondents had no schooling, 51 percent had graduated from primary school, and 45 percent were educated beyond middle school. 3. The most important reasons for wanting children given by the respondents were categorized as follows: (1) Carrying on the family name (2) old age security (3) value of life (4) fun of rearing children (5) avoidance of loneliness (6) responsibility of women. 4. The number of consistent answers between the open ended and forced choice questions regarding reasons for wanting children was significantly different. Only 30 women among the total respondents gave consistent answers. Carrying on the family name was the category in which there was the highest rate of consistency. 5. The reasons for wanting children were not significantly different for age, educational level, and number of living children for all of the respondents. 6. In response to the question "If you want to have only one child, which sex would you prefer?", 96 percent of the respondents said they would select a son. 7. Major suggestions for further study were to differentiate (1) between reasons women want children and reasons women have children and (2) between reasons men want children and reasons women want children.restrictio

    The Longitudinal Relationship between Adolescent Attachment Trauma, Smart Phone Addiction, and Depression using Autoregressive Cross-lagged Modeling

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    This study focused on the stability and reciprocal effects between adolescent attachment trauma, smart phone addiction, and depression. Using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling, data from the 2nd to the 6th wave of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Study (KCYPS) were analyzed. The sample consisted of 2,280 adolescents who were 8th graders in 2011. Data were collected at four different phases: when participants were in 8th grade, 9th grade, 10th grade and 12th grade. First, the effects of adolescent attachment trauma, smart phone addiction, and depression showed stability from the 8th grade to the 12th grade. Second, adolescent attachment trauma at T2(8th grade), T3(9th grade) and T4(10th grade) had effects on depression at T3(9th grade), T4(10th grade) and T6(12th grade), respectively, but not on smart phone addiction. Depression at T2(8th grade), T3(9th grade) and T4(10th grade) had effects on smart phone addiction at T3(9th grade), T4(10th grade) and T6(12th grade), respectively, but not on adolescent attachment trauma. In terms of parent effects, adolescent attachment trauma influenced depression only. Finally, smart phone addiction and depression had reciprocal effects. The present study found the stability of adolescent attachment trauma, smart phone addiction, and depression. Furthermore, this study identified the parent effects between adolescent attachment trauma and depression, and reciprocal effects between smart phone addiction and depression

    Interaction between platelet microbicidal protein and streptococcus rattus BHT

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Docto
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