58 research outputs found

    ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์ „์‹  ์—ผ์ฆ ์‹œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์ธ์ž: ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊น€์ด๊ฒฝ.Background: Several clinical studies have suggested that adverse neurodevelopment could be induced by systemic inflammation in preterm infants. Objective: To investigate whether preterm infants with systemic inflammation would have impaired neurodevelopment, and if biomarkers and neurophysiologic studies during inflammation could be predicted neurodevelopment. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled infants born before 30 weeks of gestation, or birth weight <1,250 g. Participants were assigned to groups according to the presence of systemic inflammation: Control (no inflammation, n=49), I (systemic inflammation, n=45). Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) were performed at the time of inflammation. Brain MRI and aEEG were evaluated at near-term age were evaluated, and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley-III) was performed at a corrected age (CA) of 18 months. The association of laboratory markers including CBC, CRP, cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-alpha), and brain injury markers (S100B, Enolase, MBP) with head circumference, EEG, brain MRI, and Bayley-III was analysed. Results: I group had more white matter injuries (2 vs. 26.7 %, Control vs. I, respectively), lower brain functional maturation (9.5 vs. 8), and smaller head size (30.5 vs. 29.3) at near-term age, and poorer neurodevelopment at 18 months of corrected age, than the control group (p<0.05). Seizure spike on aEEG (D0) had significant relationship with motor (F 0.581, p = 0.007) and social-emotional (F 0.544, p = 0.013) domains of Bayley-III. I/T ratio were negatively correlated with the motor (F -0.530, p = 0.016), and social (F -0.467, p = 0.038) domains. CRP (D0) was negatively correlated with the language (F -0.330, p = 0.033) and motor (F -0.330, p = 0.033) domains. TNF-alpha (D0) of plasma showed a significant correlation with most domains: cognitive (F -0.662, p = 0.037), motor (F -0.749, p = 0.013), and adaptive (F -0.783, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Systemic inflammatory conditions affect neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Brain injury due to systemic inflammation can be monitored in real time through aEEG. The seizure spike on aEEG, I/T ratio, CRP, and TNF-alpha during inflammatory episodes can help predict neurodevelopmental outcomes.์„œ๋ก : ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์ž„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘์œ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ฒด ๋ฐ ์˜์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘๋‹น์‹œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ, ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ณ‘์› ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์— 2013๋…„๊ณผ 2017๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ž…์‹คํ•œ ์ž„์‹  ๋‚˜์ด 30์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘ 1250g ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„๋Š” ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค: I (์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„), Control (์ „์‹  ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„). ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋‹น์‹œ C ๋ฐ˜์‘๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜์น˜ (CRP), ์ „ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ (IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-alpha), ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์ง€ํ‘œ (S100B, Enolase, MBP) ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์ • ์ฃผ๋ น ๋งŒ์‚ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— aEEG์™€ ๋‡Œ MRI๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์ •์—ฐ๋ น 18๊ฐœ์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: I๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ (2 vs. 26.7 %, Control vs. I) ๋‡ŒํŒŒ์ƒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„ (9.5 vs. 8), ์ž‘์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ (30.5 cm vs. 29.3 cm)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์ •์—ฐ๋ น 18๊ฐœ์›”์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์•ก์˜ IL-beta์™€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋‹น์ผ์˜ aEEG ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ต์ • 18๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์šด๋™(F 0.581, p = 0.007), ์‚ฌํšŒ (F 0.544, p = 0.013) ์˜์—ญ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์•„์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ CRP, ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„, ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ TNF-alpha๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ „์‹  ์—ผ์ฆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹ ์—ผ์ฆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์ด ๋น„์นจ์Šต์ ์œผ๋กœ aEEG๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์—ผ์ฆ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ŠคํŒŒ์ดํฌ, C ๋ฐ˜์‘๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์น˜, ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ค‘๊ตฌ์˜ ๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ TNF-alpha ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Material and methods 3 Results 7 Discussion 17 References 21 Abstract in Korean 25Maste

    Using three-dimensional ocean circulation model for a numerical experiment on reproduction low salinity water in the Pacific Sector Arctic Sea

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    Arctic Sea have low salinity water in surface layer due to existed sea-ice. The low salinity water prevent to heat exchange ocean to sea-ice and contribute to density stratification in Arctic Sea. But most Arctic models can not reproduce the low salinity water. So, this study conducted three-experiments for reproduction the low salinity water. The first, I thought sea-ice melting water would be a factor the low salinity water, given the large sea-ice thickness initial condition. But sea-ice thickness is influenced another factor than initial condition. So, the first experiment is not simulated less than 29.5psu salinity water. However, It was confirmed that the low salinity water at the beginning of the first experiment and it spilled out of Arctic Sea during the experiment. Although, created to the low salinity water, it must be stored inside the Arctic Sea. So, It must be constituted model dynamics in the experiment. The second, I thought non-point freshwater not be measured something, so given the large Runoff condition. It showed the effect to lower salinity in surface layer, however that was smaller in Barents Sea and Alaska coastal sea. But It can be confirmed that more low salinity water in mixed layer of Canada Basin by salinity vertical section. In addition, freshwater content pattern was more similar to PHC climatology data. The third, I thought more non-point freshwater has effect in the low salinity water. So, The third experiment increased Runoff and precipitation. It was subjected to increased precipitation condition, sea ice and Arctic sea water influenced. Overall, Arctic Surface layer have much lower salinity water. However, Sea ice did not reproduce similar in HadISST sea ice pattern. Therefore, precipitation condition must be considerated with Runoff condition and computed geographically in Arctic Sea. These experiments were performed using a three-dimensional ocean-sea ice model. Arctic ocean circulation simulations were carried out for 20 years by 1980 data. The model is ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) 3.4 version. Horizontal grid was constructed an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system and vertical grid was constructed S-coordinate system. Horizontal resolution is about 22-30km, vertical resolution have 50 layers. Temperature, Salinity initial condition is interpolated using PHC (Polar science center Hydrographic Climatology) in January data. Atmospheric forcing is used ECMWF (European Centre for medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ERA interim data of 0.75ยฐ resolution. Wind data interval is 3-hour, another data interval is 12-hour. Heat and salt flux at the surface are calculated by bulk formula. Sea surface temperature was restored in the ocean and not under the sea-ice. The sea-ice standard was used OISST last 10 years data.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ์š” 3 2.1 ํ•ด์–‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ 3 2.2 ํ•ด๋น™ ๋ชจ๋ธ 4 2.2.1 ํ•ด๋น™ ๋™์—ญํ•™ 4 2.2.1 ํ•ด๋น™ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ 6 2.3 ๋ชจ๋ธ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ 11 3. ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 13 3.1 ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 13 3.1.1 ํ•ด๋น™๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋‘๊ป˜ 13 3.1.2 ์ˆ˜์˜จ ๋ฐ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ 17 3.1.3 T-S diagram ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ดด ๋น„๊ต 21 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ 1 26 3.2.1 ํ•ด๋น™ ๋น„๊ต 26 3.2.2 T-S diagram ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ดด ๋น„๊ต 29 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜ 2 34 3.3.1 ๊ฐ• ์œ ์ž… ์กฐ๊ฑด 34 3.3.2 ํ•ด๋น™ ๋น„๊ต 36 3.3.3 T-S diagram ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ดด ๋น„๊ต 39 3.4 ์‹คํ—˜ 3 42 3.4.1 ํ•ด๋น™๋น„๊ต 42 3.4.2 T-S diagram ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ดด ๋น„๊ต 46 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 51 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 56 ๋ถ€๋ก 58 ๋ถ€๋ก.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 58 ๋ถ€๋ก.2 ์‹คํ—˜1 59 ๋ถ€๋ก.3 ์‹คํ—˜3 6

    Tumorigenesis Study of Canine Adipose Derived-mesenchymal Stem Cell

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    Several recent studies demonstrated the potential of bioengineering using stem cells in regenerative medicine. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the pluripotency to differentiate into cells of mesodermal origin, i.e., bone, cartilage, adipose, and muscle cells; they, therefore, have many potential clinical applications. On the other hand, stem cells possess a self-renewal capability similar to cancer cells. For safety evaluation of MSCs, in this study, we tested tumorigenecity of canine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAD-MSCs) using Balb/c-nu mice. In this study, there were no changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weights and biochemical parameters of all animals treated. In addition, there were no significant changes between control and treated groups in autopsy findings. These results indicate that cAD-MSC has no tumorigenic potential under the condition in this study

    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ณ ์œ  ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์ธ์‹ ํ–‰๋™

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. Waldman, Bruce.์ง€๋‚œ 20์—ฌ ๋…„๊ฐ„, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ํ™ฉํํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ์™”๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd)๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฏธ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, Bsal)๋Š” ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌดํ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๋ชฉ (Plethodontidae)์˜ ๋ช‡ ์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ค„์ ธ ์™”๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณ ์œ  ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์—์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ (Karsenia koreana)์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์œ ์ผ์˜ ๋ฌดํ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๋ชฉ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌดํ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๋ชฉ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ (Hynobius leechii)์€ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์ด ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ›„ 7์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ „๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ํ›„์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ, ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด-์ด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๊ฐ• ๊ธธ์ด (Snout-Vent length, SVL)์™€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด (Total length, TL)์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ (body mass)๊ฐ€ ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ์ค€์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด-์ด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๊ฐ• ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ์„ฑ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด-์ด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๊ฐ• ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์—๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๊ณผ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ์ค€์„ฑ์ฒด, ์„ฑ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ Notophthalmus ์†์˜ ๋‘ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ ์ง‘๋‹จ (N. viridescens์™€ N. piaropicola)์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์— ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง„ํ”ผ์ธต์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ๋ชฉ (Plethodontidae)์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ (Karsenia koreana)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋จผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (1) ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด (๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ด์›ƒ), (2) ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด (๋จผ ์ด์›ƒ), (3) ์•„์˜ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด (์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , (4) ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ํ†ต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ค‘์•™์„ ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์ชฝ์— ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต ๋‚ด ์ขŒ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์ฒ˜์Œ 20๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ›„ ํ†ต์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋‹ค์‹œ 20๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ 20๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ ์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ธ ์ฒ˜์Œ 5๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋™ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 15๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„, ์•„๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ”๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์•™์„  ์ „ํ›„์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ํ–‰๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ†ต ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด๋ผ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ ๋‚ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—๋„ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐ ์† ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์™€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.Amphibian populations around the world have been devastated by newly discovered chytrid fungal pathogens over the last two decades. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is one of the widely known chytrid fungi which affects anurans, whereas Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an only recently identified chytrid fungus that affects urodeles. Bsal has been reported to be fatal to a lot of species including those in the Plethodontidae family. Unlike Bd, which is widely distributed and studied in South Korea, the presence of Bsal in Korea and the impact of its infection on native salamanders are still unclear. Thus, it is critical to study whether it is also causing population decline of Korean domestic species. In this research, I investigated the susceptibility of two Korean native salamanders to Bsal. The Korean crevice salamander (Karsenia koreana) is the only Asian species in the Plethodontidae family and to date one species of this family has been reported to be vulnerable to Bsal. The Wonsan salamander (Hynobius leechii) increases its susceptibility to Bsal exposure by mostly living in water. In this study, it is found that Bsal was not fatal to both species during the 7 weeks of experiment after its infection. Infected K. koreana showed similar changes of their Snout-Vent length (SVL) and total length (TL) before infection and after the end of experiment compared to the controlshowever their mass reduced whereas the control group continued to grow. The TL of infected juvenile H. leechii decreased slightly more than controls, but both infected and control group experienced similar effects on SVL and body mass. The SVL of the infected adult H. leechii decreased slightly more than the controls, but both groups showed similar results for TL and mass. Degrees of survival of K. koreana and H. leechii (both juvenile and adult) were not significantly different between the infected and control individuals. The results therefore suggest that both species are resistant to Bsal. To prove the process of Bsal infection went properly with live fungus, 2 populations among Notophthalmus salamanders (N. viridescens and N. piaropicola) were infected, species that have been reported as highly vulnerable to Bsal previously, by Bsal in the same way I did for K. koreana and H. leechii. All individual died within a month with dermal clinical signs with skin sloughs as reported. Pheromonal markers are used to recognize territories in many species of the Plethodontidae family, which is the most speciose group among all salamander over the world. However, this behavior is still not investigated in Korean crevice salamanders (Karsenia Koreana). I examined whether they can recognize others from nearby to distant populations(1) salamanders inhabiting the same region in the same mountain, (2) salamanders inhabiting remote regions in the same mountain and (3) total strangers in different mountain. Experimental controls (4) were also examined. Experiment was undertaken with salamander in the halved plastic container with different scent. The first part of the behavioral experiment for recognition was undertaken for 20 minutes and then for another 20 minutes was inspected after rotating the containers 180o right and left side to exclude salamandersdirection preference. For each 20 minutes, initial moving preference for 5 minutes as acclimation period and general preference for staying position for the subsequent 15 minutes were inspected. During the experiment, salamanders moved across given regions by crossing over between the two parts with behaviors including head movement, shaking up and down, and pausing before or after crossing over. The results showed that K. koreana demonstrated a small preference to remain in a close neighbors scent, while there was no preference between self and remote neighbors part staying same amount of time at both. On the other hand, salamanders highly preferred to remain in a total strangers scent and they showed the highest preference in an experimental controls scent.Abstract i List of Figures โ…ณ Chapter 1. Susceptibility to Salamander Chytrid Fungus of Korean Native Salamanders: Karsenia koreana and Hynobius leechii 1 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Materials and Methods 4 1.3. Results 10 1.4. Discussion 28 Chapter 2. Self-recognition Behavior of a Korean Native Salamanders: Karsenia koreana 32 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Materials and Methods 35 2.3. Results 39 2.4. Discussion 46 Bibliography 48 Abstract in Korean 53Maste

    ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ œ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

    ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ง‘์† ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์™€ Gemcitabine ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 2. ์ด์žฌ์˜.Introduction: We sought to investigate whether concurrent exposure to pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine could enhance apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Methods: A pancreatic cancer xenograft model was established using BALB/c nude mice and human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1). In the first study, mice were randomly allocated into one of the following four groups: control (n = 4), HIFU alone (n = 4), gemcitabine alone (GEM) (n = 28), and concurrent treatment of HIFU with gemcitabine (HIGEM) (n = 28). The GEM and HIGEM groups were subdivided into four subgroups according to the injected drug dose (50 - 200 mg/kg) in 16 mice and another four subgroups according to the time interval between drug injection and HIFU treatment in 16 mice (each subgroup, n = 4). Apoptotic ratios were evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and percentage of necrosis, as evaluated with Harris hematoxylin solution and eosin Y (H & E) staining, three days after treatment. The second study was performed to evaluate tumor growth rates of the four groups. Each group was treated weekly for three weeks, and the tumor size was periodically measured for up to four weeks from the beginning of treatment. Results: In the first study, the overall apoptotic ratios in the HIGEM group were significantly higher than the GEM group (p = 0.02). In a subgroup analysis, HIGEM was superior to GEM in generating apoptosis when 150-200 mg/kg gemcitabine and short-term intervals less than 2 hours were used (p = 0.01). In the second study, HIGEM treatment exhibited the slowest tumor growth. However, despite a visible distinction, no statistically significant difference was found between HIGEM and GEM groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Treatment with both HIFU and gemcitabine might enhance cell apoptosis and reduce tumor growth in pancreatic carcinoma. For this concurrent treatment, high dosage of gemcitabine with a short-term delay would be recommended to maximize therapeutic effect.๋ชฉ์ฐจ ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก.โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ.โ…ณ List of Tables.โ…ด List of Figures.โ…ต Introduction. 1 Materials and Methods.4 Results.11 Discussion.15 Acknowledgement.21 Tables.22 Figures.26 References.39 Appendix.47 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก.55Docto

    ๋ƒ‰์ „์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ : ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2009.2.Maste
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