15 research outputs found
Studies of hCG on mammary gland at early pregnancy
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμ°κ³Όνλν μλͺ
κ³ΌνλΆ,2019. 8. 곡μμ€.μ μ μ‘°μ§(Mammary gland)μ νν, κΈ°λ₯μ μΌλ‘ λΆμμ ν μνλ‘ νμ΄λλ©° μ¬μΆκΈ° μ΄ν 본격μ μΈ λ°λ¬μ΄ μΌμ΄λλ€. μ μ μ‘°μ§μ μ§λ°©μ²΄(Fat pad)μ λλ¬μΈμ¬ μμΌλ©° μ λμ μ§μ μ μΌλ‘ μ°κ²°λ λ³Έκ°μ§(Primary duct)μ λ³Έκ°μ§λ‘λΆν° λ»μ΄ λμ¨ κ³κ°μ§(Side branch)κ° μ‘΄μ¬νλ€. κ³κ°μ§λ λ³Έκ°μ§λ‘λΆν° λ»μ΄ λμ€λ©° μ΄κ³³μμ μ μ¦(Milk)μ λΆλΉνλ μ κ΄μμ½(lobulo-alveolar)μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§λ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. μμ μ΄κΈ°μ κ³κ°μ§ μκ° μ¦κ°νμ¬ μ κ΄μμ½μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ 곡κ°μ λνλ€. μμ μ€κΈ°μ μ κ΄μμ½μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§κ³ μμ λ§κΈ°μ μ κ΄μμ½μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ μ μνΌμΈν¬(Alveolar epithelial cell)κ° λΆννμ¬ μ μ¦μ λΆλΉνλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. λ³Έκ°μ§μ κ³κ°μ§λ λͺ¨λ μ κ΄(Duct)μ λλ¬μΌ μμͺ½ μΈ΅κ³Ό μ κ΄μ μμΆμ λλ λ°κΉ₯μͺ½ λ μΈ΅μ μΈν¬λ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ Έμλ€. μ μ μ‘°μ§μ λͺ¨λ μΈν¬λ₯Ό λ§λ€ μ μλ€κ³ μλ €μ§ μ μ μ€κΈ°μΈν¬(Mammary Stem Cell)λ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬(Luminal progenitor cell)μ κ·Ό μνΌ μ ꡬμΈν¬(Myo-epithelial progenitor cell)λ‘ λΆννμ¬ κ°κ° μμͺ½ μΈν¬μΈ΅μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ©° μ κ΄μ λλ¬μΈκ³ μλ μ μ μνΌμΈν¬(Luminal epithelial cell)μ λ°κΉ₯μͺ½μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ©° μ κ΄μ μμΆμ λλ κ·Ό μνΌμΈν¬(Myo-epithelial cell)λ‘ λΆννλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬(Luminal progenitor cell)λ κ³κ°μ§μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€κ° μμ μ νλ©΄ μ κ΄μ ννλ₯Ό μ μ§νλ μ κ΄μνΌμΈν¬(Ductal epithelial cell)μ μ μ¦μ λΆλΉνλ μ μνΌμΈν¬λ‘ λΆννμ¬ κ³κ°μ§μ μ κ΄μμ½μ λ§λ λ€. μΆμ°μ΄ν μ μ¦ λΆλΉλ₯Ό λ§μΉλ©΄ μ μ¦ λΆλΉλ₯Ό μν΄ λ§μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ μ±μν μ μ μΈν¬λ€μ΄ μΈν¬μ¬λ©Έ κ³Όμ μ κ±°μΉλ©΄μ κ³κ°μ§μ μ κ΄μμ½μ΄ μμ΄μ§λ€.
μ μ¦μ λͺ¨μ²΄λ³΄λ€λ νμμ μμ‘΄μ νμνλ€. μ΄λ κ² λͺ¨μ²΄λ³΄λ€λ νμμ μμ‘΄μ μν μ μ¦μ λΆλΉνλ μκΈ°μλ§ νλ°ν λΆμ΄, λΆννμ¬ κΈ°λ₯μ νλ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬λ λ°°μμ λλ¬Όμ§μ μν₯μ λ°μ λΆνν κ²μ΄λΌ μμμ΄ λμ§λ§ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ°κ΅¬λ Elf5, Gata-3, Stat5 λ± λͺ¨μ²΄μ λλ¬Όμ§μ κ΅νλμ΄ μλ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μμ μ΄κΈ° μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬κ° λΆννλ μκΈ°λ₯Ό νΉμ νκ³ μ΄ μκΈ°μ λ°°μμμ λμ¨λ€κ³ μλ €μ§ hCGκ° μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬μ λΆνλ₯Ό μ λνκ³ κ³κ°μ§ νμ±μ μ λνλ€λ κ²μ λ°νλ€. hCGλ μ μ μ‘°μ§μ λ°λ¬μ κ΄μ¬νλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μμ§λ§ hCGμ μν΄ λ°νμ΄ μ¦κ°νλ μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬ λν μ μ μ‘°μ§μ λ°λ¬μ κ΄μ¬νλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€. λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ λμλ₯Ό μ μΆνμ¬ μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬μ μ νν λ§μ°μ€λͺ¨λΈμ μ΄μ©νμ¬ hCGμ μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬μ΄ ν¨κ» μμ©ν΄μΌ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬μ λΆνλ₯Ό μ λν μ μλ€λ κ²μ λ°νλ€.Mammary gland is morphologically and functionally incomplete at birth and develop after puberty. Mammary gland is surrounded by a fat pad and has primary ducts connected directly to the nipple and side branches extending from primary ducts. In early pregnancy, the number of side branches increases to widen the space in which milk producing lobulo-alveolars are made. Lobulo-alveolars are made in middle of pregnancy and alveolar epithelial cells present in lobulo-alveolars differentiate and secrete milk at the end of pregnancy. Both primary ducts and side branches are composed of two layer of cells surrounding ducts which inner layer is composed of luminal epithelial cells and outer layer is composed of myo-epithelial cells. To maintain mammary gland, mammary stem cells (MaSC) differentiate into luminal progenitor cells and myo-epithelial progenitor cells that become luminal epithelial cells and myo-epithelial cells each. Luminal progenitor cells are located in side branches and differentiation into ductal epithelial cells which retain the shape of duct and alveolar epithelial cells which secrete milk at pregnancy. When milk producing is not need anymore, mature luminal epithelial cells which are made for milk secretion, undergo apoptosis and lobulo-alveolars are disappear.
Secretion of milk affects the viability of the fetus rather than the mother. It is thought that the differentiation mechanism of the Luminal progenitor cells, which actively divide and differentiate only during the secretion period of milk for the survival of the fetus, is influenced by the embryo β derived substances, but previous studies are limited to maternal-derived substances such as Elf5, Gata-3, and Stat5. In this paper, I have identified the timing of differentiation of Luminal progenitor cells in early pregnancy and found that hCG, which is known to be derived from the embryo at this time, induces differentiation of Luminal progenitor cells and induces side branch formation. Although hCG is known to be involved in the development of mammary gland tissue, sex hormones that are expressed by hCG are also known to be involved in the development of mammary gland. In this paper, I have shown that hCG and sex hormones must work together to induce differentiation of luminal progenitor cells.β
. κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘(Abstract in Korean) 1
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‘. λͺ©μ°¨(Table of Contents) 3
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’. μλ¬Έ(Introduction) 4
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£. μ€νμ¬λ£ λ° λ°©λ²(Materials and Methods) 6
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£-1. λ§μ°μ€(Mice) 6
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£-2. μ μΈν¬ λΆμ(Flow Cytometry) 6
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£-3. μ¨μ‘°μ§ μΌμ(Whole Mount Staining) 7
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£-4. hCG μ£Όμ¬(hCG Injection) 8
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£-5. λμμ μΆ(Ovariectomy) 8
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£-6. νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬ νλΈ μ½μ
(Hormone Tube Implantation) 8
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£-7. ν΅κ³μ²λ¦¬(Statistical Analysis) 8
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€. κ²°κ³Ό(Results) 10
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€-1. μμ μ΄κΈ° μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬κ° λΆννλ€. 10
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€-2. μμ μ΄κΈ° hCGμ μνμ¬ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬κ° λΆννλ€. 13
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€-3. hCGλ μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬μ λ
립μ μΌλ‘ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬λ₯Ό λΆνμν€μ§ λͺ»νλ€. 16
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€-4. μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬μ hCGμ λ
립μ μΌλ‘ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬λ₯Ό λΆνμν€μ§ λͺ»νλ€. 19
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€-5. hCGμ μ±νΈλ₯΄λͺ¬μ΄ ν¨κ» μμ©ν΄ μ μ μ ꡬμΈν¬μ λΆνλ₯Ό μ λνλ€. 22
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₯. κ³ μ°°(Discussion) 25
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¦. μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν(References) 26
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§. μλ¬Έμ΄λ‘(Abstract in English) 29Maste
Reconstructing the Debate on Intentionalism through Function of Intention
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Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μΈλ¬Έλν λ―Ένκ³Ό,2019. 8. μ΄ν΄μ.How much can we and should we approve the role of intention when determining the meaning of artwork? This has been a contentious issue for a long time in the field of analytic aesthetics. Traditional debates on the relevance between artists intention and the interpretation of artwork were mostly about extreme actual intentionalism and anti-intentionalism: extreme actual intentionalism claims that artists intention thoroughly determines the meaning of artwork, while anti-intentionalism claims that artists intention is never determinant with regard to artworks meaning. Contemporary debates, on the other hand, are mostly over how to compromise the two. Moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism are currently the most popular contestants in the matter.
Most of the previous discussions on moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism claimed that the divergence between the two is ultimately caused by their different views on the purpose of artistic interpretation; artistic intention regarding the interpretation of artwork qua artwork. Their conviction was based on the idea that both types of intentionalism make a premise on the purpose of artistic interpretation in the opposite way to the other, then develop their argument based on the premise. The problem is that this way of understanding has led the debate on the relevance between artists intention and interpretation of artwork to an impasse since there is no definitive method to prove whose premise is right or wrong.
The goal of this thesis is to reconstruct the understanding of moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism by focusing on their different views on function of intention, not on their different views on the purpose of artistic interpretation, thereby to suggest an alternative type of intentionalism to break the impasse.
In chapter β
, I examine moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism by focusing on their claims, grounds, and plausible counter-arguments against them. Then, as I addressed above, I point out previous discussions, which claimed that the divergence between the two is ultimately caused by their different views on the purpose of artistic interpretation, led the debate on the relevance between artists intention and interpretation of artwork to an impasse.
In chapter β
‘, I clarify that, with regard to intention, moderate actual intentionalism assumes that the (weak) neo-Wittgensteinian view is right, whereas hypothetical intentionalism assumes that the reductionist view is right. Then I argue that the former overestimates the function of intention, whereas the latter underestimates. Moreover, I argue that not only can we reconstruct the understanding of the two types of intentionalism by focusing on their difference regarding the function of intention, but also we can find clues to break the impasse from such reconstruction.
Moderate actual intentionalism, which assumes that the (weak) neo-Wittgensteinian view is right with regard to intention, overlooks the fact that we cant be sure whether artist makes artwork in a way that is optimized for realizing artists typical intention; typical intention regarding intention to make contact or to communicate with, or to secure uptake from, their audiences. It leads moderate actual intentionalism to overestimate the function of intention. On the other hand, hypothetical intentionalism, which assumes that the reductionist view is right with regard to intention, overlooks the existence of artists intention as an intention for future. It leads hypothetical intentionalism to underestimate the function of intention. Reconstructing understanding of the two types of intentionalism by focusing on this difference regarding the function of intention shows us the limit of the two, which has hardly been discussed, and guides the debate on the relevance between artists intention and interpretation of artwork to the new territory.
Lastly, in chapter β
’, I introduce the functionalist view on intention, which does not overestimate nor underestimate the function of intention, and partial intentionalism, which assumes that the functionalist view is right. Then I suggest partial intentionalism as the alternative type of intentionalism. Unlike moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism, partial intentionalism does not overestimate nor underestimate the function of intention. Furthermore, partial intentionalism compromises moderate actual intentionalism and hypothetical intentionalism successfully on the basis of the functionalist view.ν΄μμ ν΅ν΄ μμ μνμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ²°μ ν¨μ μμ΄ μμ κ°μ μλμ μν μ μ΄λ μ λκΉμ§ μΈμ ν μ μκ³ λ μΈμ ν΄μΌ νλμ§μ κ΄ν λ
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μ₯μ λνμ μΈ μ¬λ‘μ΄λ€.
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ν μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€.
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μ₯ μ°¨μ΄κ° μλ μλμ κΈ°λ₯μ λν μ
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μ₯μ μ μν¨μ ν΅ν΄ κΈ°μ‘΄μ κ΅μ°© μνλ₯Ό ν΄μμν€λ κ²μ λͺ©νλ‘ νλ€.
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μ₯μ κ²°μ μ μΈ μμ μ ν΄μμ λͺ©μ μ λν μ
μ₯ μ°¨μ΄κ° μλ μλμ κΈ°λ₯μ λν μ΄λ¬ν μ
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1. μΊλ΄μ μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμ 8
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1.2. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμ λν λ°λ‘ 15
2. λ λΉμ¨μ κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμ 20
2.1. κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμ μ£Όμ₯ 21
2.1. κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμ λν λ°λ‘ 27
3. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμ κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμ μμ λΆμ: μμ μν ν΄μμ λͺ©μ μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ 33
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‘. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμ κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμ μ¬κ΅¬μ± 36
1. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμμμ μλ 36
2. κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμμμ μλ 46
3. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμ κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμ μμ λΆμ μ¬κ³ : μλμ κΈ°λ₯μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ 55
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’. ν΄μκ³Ό μλμ κ΄κ³μ λν λμμ μ
μ₯ μ μ 60
1. 리λΉμ€ν΄μ λΆλΆμ μλμ£Όμ 60
1.1. κΈ°λ₯μ£Όμμ μλ μ΄λ‘ 61
1.2. λΆλΆμ μλμ£Όμμ μ£Όμ₯ 66
2. μ¬λ‘ λΆμ: μ λν μ‘°μ€ K. λ‘€λ§μ μλλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ 74
2.1. κ°μ€ μλμ£Όμμμ λΉκ΅ 74
2.2. μ¨κ±΄ν μ€μ μλμ£Όμμμ λΉκ΅ 78
λ§Ίμλ§ 84
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 86Maste