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    λ©”νƒ€μ§€λ†ˆ 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•œ 도심 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° λΆ„λ³€ λ‚΄ 병원성 진균에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ: 보건학적 ν•¨μ˜λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€, 2015. 8. μž„μ˜μš΄.λ„μ‹œ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œμ˜ 감염 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 증가함에 따라 인체 감염성 μ§„κ· μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ 건강 μš°λ €κ°€ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μ‚°λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이 같은 μš°λ €λŠ” 도심 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° 개체수의 κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 증가와 맞물렀, 도심 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°κ°€ 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ μ „νŒŒμ™€ λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관련이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„λ˜κΈ°μ— 이λ₯΄λ €λ‹€. ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μ „μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•½ 48μ’…μ˜ 병원성 진균이 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° 뢄변에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μœΌλ‚˜ μ΄λŠ” 배양이 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 쒅듀을 λ°°μ œν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 쒅이 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° 뢄변에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€, 첫째, 기쑴의 λ°°μ–‘ 기반이 μ•„λ‹Œ μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석방법을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° 뢄변에 μ‘΄λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ 닀양성을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³ , λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ μœ μ „μžμ •λŸ‰μ¦ν­ κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ μ ˆλŒ€λŸ‰κ³Ό μ„œμšΈμ‹œλ‚΄ 지역적 뢄포λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λ©°, μ…‹μ§Έ, 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 및 μ ˆλŒ€λŸ‰κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ μžˆλŠ” 지리, μ‚¬νšŒ, 그리고 κΈ°ν›„ μΈμžλ“€μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ μ„ ν•œ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° λΆ„λ³€κ³Ό 였래된 λΆ„λ³€ λ‚΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 병원성 진균듀을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ 병원성 진균 μ „νŒŒμ— μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°κ°€ κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹ μ„ ν•œ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° λΆ„λ³€μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 병원성 진균은 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°μ˜ μž₯을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ „νŒŒλ˜λŠ” μ’…λ“€λ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•˜μ˜€κ³ , 였래된 λΆ„λ³€μ—μ„œλ§Œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 쒅듀은 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ μ£Όλ³€μ˜ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° λΆ„λ³€ λ‚΄ 병원성 진균 λ‹€μ–‘μ„±κ³Ό μ ˆλŒ€λŸ‰μ€ μ„œμšΈμ‹œλ‚΄μ— λΆˆκ· λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„ν¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„±κ³Ό 높은 μ–‘μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” μΈμžλ“€λ‘œλŠ” λ…Ήμ§€μœ¨κ³Ό λ‹€μ„ΈλŒ€μ£Όνƒμ˜ μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , λ°”λžŒμ˜ μ„ΈκΈ°λŠ” 음의 상관관계λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•œνŽΈ 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ μ ˆλŒ€λŸ‰μ€ λ„μ‹œ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 거리, μŠ΅λ„, λ°”λžŒμ˜ 세기와 λͺ¨λ‘ 음의 상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 였래된 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ° λΆ„λ³€μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜κ°€ μ‹ μ„ ν•œ λΆ„λ³€μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 미루어 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 병원성 진균이 λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μœ λž˜ν•œ 것이라고 νŒλ‹¨ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 즉, λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°κ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ λΉ„λ‘˜κΈ°μ˜ 뢄변이 병원성 μ§„κ· μ˜ μ „νŒŒμ— 더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이 같은 μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ν–₯ν›„ 보건당ꡭ이 보건 정책을 μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜κ³  병원성 μ§„κ· μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄ μœ μš©ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€.Human infectious fungi are a growing health concern worldwide, with cities posing a higher risk of infection. The dramatic upsurge of pigeon populations in cities has been implicated in the increased incidence of human fungal infection. In the current study, I used a culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing approach to elucidate the diversity of clinical fungi associated with pigeon feces. I mapped the absolute abundance of clinical fungi across Seoul, Korea, using quantitative PCR. In addition, I tested whether certain geographical, sociological, and meteorological factors were significant predictors of either the diversity or the absolute abundance of clinical fungi, or the presence/absence of specific clinical fungi species. Finally, I compared clinical fungi from fresh and old pigeon feces to elucidate the source of the fungi and the role of pigeons in their dispersalI inferred fungi in fresh feces to have passed through the pigeon gastrointestinal tract while other species present in old feces colonized after excretion. Our results demonstrated that both the composition and absolute abundance of clinical fungi are unevenly distributed throughout Seoul. The green area ratio and the number of multiplex houses were positively correlated with species diversity, whereas wind speed was negatively correlated. Three significant predictors (distance to city center, humidity, and wind speed) were negatively correlated with the absolute abundance of clinical fungi. Because many clinical fungi were absent in fresh feces, I concluded that most species cannot survive the gastrointestinal tract of pigeonsinstead, many clinical fungi are transmitted through soil or air and use pigeon feces as a substrate for proliferation.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Emerging fungal threats 1 1.2. Pigeons: reservoirs and carriers of clinical fungi? 2 1.3. Impediments of studying the diversity of clinical fungi 3 1.4. Prerequisites for risk factor identification and effective intervention 5 1.5. Objective of this study 6 2. Materials and Methods 8 2.1. Study location and sample collection 8 2.2. Metadata acquisition 8 2.3. DNA extraction 9 2.4. PCR amplification 10 2.5. Pyrosequencing 14 2.6. Sequence processing 14 2.7. Taxonomic assignment 15 2.8. Diversity analyses 18 2.9. Quantitative PCR 18 2.10. Statistical analyses 19 2.11. Species distribution modeling of the commonly found clinical fungi species 21 3. Results 23 3.1. The diversity and distribution of clinical fungi 28 3.2. The absolute abundance of clinical fungi 34 3.3. Niche models for the common clinical fungi species 40 3.4. Comparison between fresh and old feces 44 4. Discussion 46 4.1. The diversity and distribution of clinical fungi 46 4.2. The absolute abundance of clinical fungi 48 4.3. Niche models for the common clinical fungi species 50 4.4. Comparison between fresh and old feces 51 5. Conclusions 54 6. Reference 55 7. Abstract in Korean 64 8. Acknowledgements 67Maste
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