14 research outputs found

    George Eliot์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : The Mill on the Floss์™€ Middlemarch๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,1999.Docto

    ์กฐ์ง€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜-'ํ”Œ๋กœ์Šค ๊ฐ•๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์•—๊ฐ„'์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ์ฃ ์ง€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ(George Eliot)์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋น„ํ‰ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ น ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ€๋ ›์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์€ ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‹ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ‚จ(Ruslrin)์ ์ธ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฐฉํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค(139). ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์„ ์Šคํƒ€์—˜(Madame de Stael)์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Ž์ฝ”๋ฆฐใ€(Corinne, ou l'Italie) (1807)์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์ฝ”๋ฆฐ์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์–ด์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณ ์ž‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐํƒ„์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์™€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค(194). ์‡ผ์›”ํ„ฐ๋„ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌ์ƒ์€ ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋•์„ฑ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ„ํ•˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(124-25). ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฐ”๋„ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(466-67). ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์‰ฌ์™€์ฆˆ ๋ฐ”์‰ฌ (Francoise Basch), ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์Šคํ…์Šค(Patricia Stubbs), ๋ฉ”๋ฆฐ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์•”์Šค(Merryn Williams), ์‰ด๋ฆฌ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ(Shirley Foster) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฉ”์–ด๋ฆฌ ์›”์Šคํ†คํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ(Mary Wollstonecraft)์™€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์—ฃ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(Harriet Taylor), ์ฃค ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฐ€(John Stuart Mill), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋˜(Betty Friedan) ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์  ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์„ฑ์  ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์  ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž‘์ค‘์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€์  ์„ฑ์ทจ ํ˜น์€ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค

    ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ณผ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์‘์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2020. 2. ๋ฐฑ์Šน๋ ฌ.๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€์กฐ๋ฆฝํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ (โบ-Synuclein, โบS)์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ, 2์ฐจ์› ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์™€ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ตฌํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด (Protein microsphere)๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋‹จ์ž…์ž์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์˜จ๋„์ธ 37 โ„ƒ ๋Œ€์‹ , 50 โ„ƒ ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ์› ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„ˆ๋น„๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 40 nm์˜ ๋†’์ด๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์„ ์›์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€, ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋ฎคํ„ดํŠธ์ธ Y136C์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ๋ฃŒ์ธ Alexa Flour 488๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ญ์‹œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์ ์™ธ์„ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ณ„(FTIR) ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž„์˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , ์†Œํญ์˜ ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ณ‘ํ’๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ณ‘ํ’ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œํญ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฌผ-๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌผ-๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์˜ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์ผ ๋†’์ด๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acids (PCDA)์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ 55 nm์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” PCDA-โบS ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด PCDA์˜ ํŒŒ์ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜์–ด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ PCDA-โบS ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ƒํƒœ์˜ PCDA-โบS ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋งค, pH, ์˜จ๋„์— ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์—ด์ž๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋นจ๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํก์ฐฉ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์ฒด์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ฌ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ตฌํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ตฌํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๊ธ‰์†๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์–ผ์Œ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋†๋„ํ™”์™€, ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด๊ด€์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ๊ฒฐ์ • ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋ฌผ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ-์•ก์ฒด์ธต(Quasi liquid layer, QLL)์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋†๋„ํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ-๋ฌผ๋ถ„์ž ์•ก์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ(Glass state)์˜ ๋™๊ฒฐ๊ฑด์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ-์–ผ๋ฃฉ ํšจ๊ณผ(Coffee stain effect)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ตฌํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ณ‘ํ’๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จธ์™€ ํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ๋ฃŒ์ธ ์—์˜ค์‹ (Eosin)์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ฒด๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•๊ด‘ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค‘๊ณตํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(Scanning electron microscope, SEM)์˜ ์ง‘์†์ด์˜จ๋น” (Focused ion beam, FIB)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ˆ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ค‘๊ณตํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ตฌํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์œ ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ์‚ฌ-๋ฐค์†ก์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ์ ค์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ์ ค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ์ ค์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ-๋ฐค์†ก์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฐ˜(Amyloid plaque)์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ-์‹œ๋ˆ„ํด๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฌ์œ ํ™” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Understanding polymorphism of self-assembly process and alternative self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins is valuable not only to find their pathological implications but also to prepare protein-based biomaterials. โบ-Synuclein is one of the amyloidogenic protein closely related to degenerative disease, Parkinsons disease. โบ-Synuclein (โบS), producing one-dimensional (1-D) amyloid fibrils, has been employed to generate two-dimensional (2-D) protein films and three-dimensional (3-D) protein microspheres via its alternative self-assembly at either high temperature or rapid-freezing condition`, respectively. At a high temperature of 50 ยฐC, โบS molecules self-assembled into the 2-D film whereas 1-D amyloid fibrils were produced at 37 ยฐC. This alternative self-assembly phenomenon could be attributed to structural plasticity of the intrinsically disordered protein of โบS which turns into a surface active agent at the air-water interface at the high temperature. The โบS 2-D film was also routinely prepared at the oil-water interface with larger scale and the film was excellent in cell adhesion and adsorbed well with โบS-coated nanoparticles, suggesting its potential as a biomaterial. โบS film was also used as a framework of molecular assembly to give rise to a polydiacetylene-based sensing material. 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acids (PCDA) were aligned on the film in a spatially organized way and then photo-polymerized to induce the ฯ€-conjugated molecular assembly yielding blue color. Its colorimetric transition to red was induced by increasing temperature, pH, and organic solvents. This functionalize d protein film increased its height to 55 nm from 40 nm upon the PCDA immobilization and exhibited enhanced physical and chemical stability. In addition, the modified film showed remarkable high electrical conductivity only in the red state. Under frozen condition, on the other hand, protein microspheres were produced from โบS oligomers via rapid freezing, frozen annealing, and freeze-drying process. โบS microspheres prepared with โบS-eosin conjugates and focused ion-beam severance of โบS microspheres confirmed their empty core structure. โบS microspheres showed remarkable stability at room temperature without chemical additives or cross linkers. While microspheres were stable at room temperature, they were immediately converted into amyloid burs comprised of nano fibrils upon heating. Therefore, protein microspheres could be considered a constrained spherical structure transformable into biocompatible matrix material in nanoscale which could be used as a fill-in agent to improve mechanical strength of living tissues like skin as well as hydrogels in general. In this study, selective fabrication of the potential protein-based biomaterials have been demonstrated.Part I. Fabrication of -synuclein film and its applications 1 I-1. Introduction 1 (1) Amyliodogenesis 1 (2) -Synuclein (S) : Intrinsically disordered protein 2 (3) Mechanism of S fibrillation 4 (4) Protein films 6 I-2. Results and Discussions 6 (1) Film formation of S 6 (2) Structural analysis of S film 7 (3) S specific film formation 11 (4) Mechanism of S specific film formation 14 (5) Optimal conditions for the S film formation 21 (6) Preparation of S film at oil-water interface 23 (7) Applications of S film structure 31 (8) Functionalization of the S film with PCDA 34 (9) Additional applications of S film 43 I-3. Conclusions 45 Part II. Fabrication of -synuclein microspheres and its applications 48 II-1. Introduction 48 (1) Structural plasticity of S oligomers 48 (2) Sphere structures in engineering 51 II-2. Results and Discussions 54 (1) Microsphere formation of S 54 (2) Structural features of S microspheres 64 (3) Secondary structure measurement of S microspheres 64 (4) S microsphere stability in water 68 (5) Amyloid bur assembly 72 (5-1) Amyloid bur formation of S microspheres 72 (5-2) Formation of amyloid bur structure with temperature 74 (5-3) Formation of amyloid bur in early stage 76 (5-4) Toxicity of S microspheres 78 (6) S microspheres application as fill-in agent 80 (7) Additional applications of S microspheres 84 II-3. Conclusions 87 Experimental Section 90 1. Purification of S 90 2. Thioflavin T binding assay 93 3. Preparation of S film 93 4. Preparation of S Y136C-Alexa Flour 488 and its assembly into films and amyloid fibrils 94 5. JC-1 and ANS binding assay 94 6. Transmission electron microscopy 95 7. Atomic force microscopy 95 8. Optimal conditions for the S film formation 96 9. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometer (ATR-FTIR) 96 10. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) 97 11. Preparation of cell attachment experiments 97 12. Preparation of PCDA-S film 97 13. Chemical and mechanical stability of the S film and PCDA-S hybrid film 98 14. Conductivity of the S film and PCDA-S hybrid film 98 15. Colorimetric responses of PCDA-S film structure 99 16. Preparation of protein microspheres with S 99 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 100 18. Preparation of S-eosin microspheres 101 19. S protein microspheres stability 101 20. Measurement of S microsphere size according to S Concentration 101 21. Preparation of amyloid bur structure from S microspheres 102 22. Measurement of S microsphere toxicity 102 23. Preparation of hydrogels 103 24. Preparation of alginate โ€“ amyloid bur hydrogel 103 25. Universal testing machine (UTM) 104 References 105Docto
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