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    ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋‚ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์งˆํ™˜ ์ƒ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์งˆํ™˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊น€์ •ํ›ˆ.Introduction: Aberrant growth of blood vessels, neovascularization is a key feature of vision-threatening eye diseases, including retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and corneal neovascularization related diseases. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the main pro-angiogenic factor to drive ocular neovascularization and anti-VEGF treatment is the standard therapy for ocular neovascularization, its application still has challenges due to ocular and systemic side effects. In this study, therapeutic effects against disease phenotypes in representative vison-threatening ocular diseases mouse models were investigated as they were administered through intraocular drugs injection. Methods: 1) With a developed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting mouse platelet-derived growth factor receptor ฮฒ (mPDGFRฮฒ), experiments were performed including in vitro flow cytometry, cell viability test, and confocal microscopy using mouse brain vascular pericytes (MBVP) and in vivo the mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization to assess the internalization and cytotoxic effect of ADC, and suppressive effect of retinal and choroidal neovascularization. 2) Immunocytochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis, flow cytometry, trans-epithelial permeability test, and trans-epithelial electrical resistance measurement, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were conducted to investigate the additional effect of structural and functional integrity of adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line-19 (ARPE-19) according to modulation of macrophage polarization under the co-culture conditions. Immunofluorescence staining and fluorescence-labeled dextran vascular leakage test and RT-PCR were conducted to evaluate whether M2 macrophage polarization suppresses outer blood-retinal barrier disruption and vascular leakage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. 3) Experiments were performed including immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, western blot analysis, measurement of reactive oxygen species in the transforming growth factor-ฮฒ1 (TGF-ฮฒ1)-treated ARPE-19 cells and intravitreally TGF-ฮฒ1-treated mouse model to evaluate preventive effect of activator of AMP-dependent protein kinase, 5-aminoimidazole-4carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) 4 inhibitor, GKT137831 against TGF-ฮฒ1-induced morphometric change and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). 4) Immunocytochemistry, angiogenesis assay, and western blot analysis of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) were conducted to assess the involvement of substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) system in lymphangiogenesis. Immunohistochemistry, corneal fluorescein staining, and phenol red thread test, and RT-PCR were used to evaluate the effect of SP signaling blockade in the corneal lymphangiogenesis. Results: 1) ADC targeting mPDGFRฮฒ is effectively internalized into MBVPs and showed cytotoxicity. Specific removal of PDGFRฮฒ-overexpressing pericytes using ADC significantly inhibits pathologic retinal and choroidal neovascularization in mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. 2) Alteration of macrophage polarity additionally influenced the structural and functional integrity of APRE-19 cells under high glucose conditions. Intravitreal IL-10 injection induced M2 microglia/macrophage polarization and effectively suppresses outer blood retinal barrier disruption and vascular leakage in the early-stage of STZ-induced diabetic mouse model. 3) Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or NOX4 signaling pathway by treatment with AICAR or GKT137831 attenuated EMT of RPE and improved morphological stability of RPE the in vitro and in vivo. 4) Blockade of SP signaling with L733,060, an antagonist of NK1R, or NK1R-targeted siRNA significantly inhibited lymphangiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 3 stimulated by SP in HDLECs. NK1R antagonist also suppressed pathological corneal lymphangiogenesis and ameliorated the clinical signs of dry eye in vivo. NK1R antagonist effectively suppressed the lymphangiogenic factors, including VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGF receptor 3 in the corneal and conjunctival tissues of dry eye disease. Conclusions: Intraocular injection of therapeutic modalities such as ADC, small molecules, and protein effectively suppressed pathologic neovascularization and vascular abnormalities in the retina, choroid, and cornea. Meticulous toxicity studies to minimize the potential ocular toxicity on these drugs and further studies to rull out confounding factors might facilitate biomedical application of therapeutics against vison-threatening ocular diseases. * A part of this work is based on published articles in Communications medicine (1), FASEB J (2), Ocular surface (3).์„œ๋ก : ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ, ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋‚˜์ด๊ด€๋ จ ํ™ฉ๋ฐ˜๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ ์ด‰์ง„ ์ธ์ž์ด๊ณ  ํ•ญํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์˜ ์ ์šฉ์€ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ „์‹ ์  ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์งˆํ™˜ ์ƒ์ฅ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์งˆํ™˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋‚ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 1) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์œ ๋ž˜์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด-์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ƒ์ฒด ์™ธ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ฃผ์œ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์„, ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์‹คํ—˜, ๊ณต์ดˆ์ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์œ ๋„ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ์ฒด-์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™” ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑํšจ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘, ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ ๋ถ„์„, ์œ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์„, ์ƒํ”ผ๊ฐ„ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์‹œํ—˜, ์ƒํ”ผ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์ธก์ •, ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™๋ฐฐ์–‘์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„๊ทนํ™” ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰, ํ˜•๊ด‘ํ‘œ์ง€๋œ ๋ฑ์ŠคํŠธ๋ž€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํˆฌ๊ณผ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ์กฐํ† ์‹  ์œ ๋„ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ M2 ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™ธ์ธก ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋ง๋ง‰์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3) ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•, ๋ฉด์—ญํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰, ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ ๋ถ„์„, ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ธก์ • ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ๋ฒ ํƒ€1 ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ AICAR์™€ GKT137831์˜ ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ๋ฒ ํƒ€1์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒํ”ผ-์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์ „์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4) ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ๊ณผ substance P/neurokinin-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•, ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ํ˜ˆ๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰, ํŽ˜๋†€ ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€ ์‹ ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ Substance P ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 1) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์œ ๋ž˜์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ฒด-์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ฃผ์œ„์„ธํฌ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™” ๋˜์–ด ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ฒด-์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์œ ๋ž˜์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ฃผ์œ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ํŠน์ด์  ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์œ ๋„ ๋ง๋ง‰๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์œ ๋„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘์  ๋ง๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„๊ทนํ™”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ-10 ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋Š” M2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ/๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„๊ทน์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ์กฐํ† ์‹  ์œ ๋„ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์™ธ์ธก ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋ง๋ง‰์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3) AICAR ๋˜๋Š” GKT137831 ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ mTORC1 ๋˜๋Š” NOX4 ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์™ธ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋ง๋ง‰์ƒ‰์†Œ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ-์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 4) Neurokinin-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ์ธ L733,060 ๋˜๋Š” neurokinin-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ํ‘œ์  siRNA๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ substance P ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฆผํ”„๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ substance P์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๊ทน๋œ ๋ฆผํ”„์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด 3์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Neurokinin-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฑด์กฐ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Neurokinin-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฑด์กฐ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž-C, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž-D, ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด 3์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฆผํ”„ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ•ญ์ฒด-์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด, ์ €๋ถ„์žํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์–‘์‹์˜ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ง‰, ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด์ƒ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ต๋ž€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์งˆํ™˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. * ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” Communications medicine ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€ (1), FASEB J ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€ (2), Ocular surface ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€ (3)์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋จ.General Introduction 1 Chapter 1-1 Regulation of Retinal Neovascularization in Retinopathy of Prematurity via Intravitreal Antibody-Drug Conjugate Injection 7 Introduction 8 Material and Methods 10 Results 16 Discussion 34 Chapter 1-2 Regulation of Retinal Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathy via Intravitreal IL-10 Injection 38 Introduction 39 Material and Methods 41 Results 48 Discussion 74 Chapter 2-1 Regulation of Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration via Intravitreal Antibody-Drug Conjugate Injection 78 Introduction 79 Material and Methods 81 Results 84 Discussion 92 Chapter 2-2 Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Age-Related Macular Degeneration via Intravitreal AICAR or GKT137831 Injection 95 Introduction 96 Material and Methods 98 Results 102 Discussion 114 Chapter 3-1 Regulation of Corneal Neovascularization in Dry Eye Disease via Subconjunctival NK1R Antagonist Injection 116 Introduction 117 Material and Methods 119 Results 124 Discussion 140 References 143 Abstract in Korean 160๋ฐ•

    Changes of plasma creatinine kinease-BB after total circulatory arrest

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ํ‰๋ถ€์™ธ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

    Constraint SHARE CONDITION: Relation between Consonant Apertures and Place Assimilation Patterns

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    In the patterns of place assimilation between consonants, stops are more likely to undergo and trigger place assimilation than fricatives. To deal with this asymmetry, this paper proposes a constraint SHARECOND, under the formalism of Steriade (1992, 1993, 1994), requiring that sharing of a place feature occur between Aใ€‚s. High ranking of this constraint explains why place assimilation does not happen in a consonant cluster containing a fricative. Moreover, imposition of SHARECOND in the grammar opens up a way to formally account for why a released stop is excluded from the target of place assimilation and why direction of place assimilation is predominantly regressive

    Biped control using a multi-segment foot model

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ์ด์ œํฌ.์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์Šค์™€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ณตํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ชจ์…˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ข… ์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฉด๋ฐ˜๋ ฅ(ground reaction force)์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐœ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ •์  ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค(static balance)์™€ ๋™์  ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค(dynamic balance) ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ์…˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์ข…(tracking)๊ณผ ๊ท ํ˜• ์œ ์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.์ œ๏ผ‘์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ๏ผ’์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 ์ œ๏ผ“์žฅ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 ์ œ๏ผ”์žฅ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 8 ๏ผ”.๏ผ‘ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ 8 ๏ผ”.๏ผ’ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ 9 ๏ผ”.๏ผ“ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ 10 ๏ผ”.๏ผ” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 12 ์ œ๏ผ•์žฅ ์ •์  ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 ๏ผ•.๏ผ‘ ๋ฐœ๋์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ 13 ๏ผ•.๏ผ’ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํž˜์— ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ธฐ 20 ์ œ๏ผ–์žฅ ๋™์  ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 ๏ผ–.๏ผ‘ ๋ณดํ–‰ 22 ์ œ๏ผ—์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 ๏ผ—.๏ผ‘ ๋ฐœ๋์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ธฐ 26 ๏ผ—.๏ผ’ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํž˜์— ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ธฐ 28 ๏ผ—.๏ผ“ ๋ณดํ–‰ 30 ์ œ๏ผ˜์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 33 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 35 Abstract 38Maste
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