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    ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ์Šค ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์–ด์™€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ <์ •์น˜์  ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ>

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    [์„œํ‰] Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena. Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์น˜์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ•œ ํ•„์ž๋Š” 20๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์†์ด๋ก , ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ก , ์ˆ˜์ž…๋Œ€์ฒด์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๋…ธ๋™, ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, ํŽ˜๋ก ์ฃผ์˜, ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜๋ก , ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ก , ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์ด๋ก , ํ˜๋ช… ๋“ฑโ€ฆ. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ™์ˆ˜ ์†์—์„œ ๋ง‰ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ๋์—†์ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€? ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜? ์ด๋ก ? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋„ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜? ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ? ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€? ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜? ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ๋์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ• ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ „ํ†ต ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹คํ•™๋ฌธ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•œ๋‹ค

    ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰์˜ค์—ผ ์ €๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ง€ ์–ต์ œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณ ์ • ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ์ œ์กฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ด์ •ํ•™.๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ(Membrane bioreactor)๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜โˆ™ํ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰์— ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ๋‹จ์ถ•, ์šด์ „๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ง€(Quorum sensing)๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ณ , ์ •์กฑ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ง€ ์–ต์ œ(Quorum quenching) ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ด์ฒด์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰์˜ค์—ผ์„ ์ €๊ฐ์„ ์‹œํ‚จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ QQ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณ ์ • ๋‹ด์ฒด (QQ๋‹ด์ฒด)์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์™€ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•ด ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์ž‘ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ QS ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ QQ๋‹ด์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, QQ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” QS ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ถ„์ž์™€ QQ๋‹ด์ฒด์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ QQ๋‹ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๋‹ด์ฒด ์ œ์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ฑด์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ๊ท ์ฃผ (reporter strain, Escherichia coli JB525)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด QQ-bead ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ QS ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ด์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ณ ์ •๋œ QQ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ณต์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ QQ hollow cylinder (QQ-HC)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. QQ-HC์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ๋น„ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ QQ-bead ๋ณด๋‹ค QQํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 13% ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ QQ-HC์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์ • ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด QQ-bead ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 140% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” QQ-bead๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” QQ-HC๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ MBR์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ์‹œ์—๋„ QQ-HC๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ QQ-bead๋ณด๋‹ค ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰์˜ค์—ผ ์ €๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋“ฏ QQ-HC์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ QQํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธฐ์กด QQ ๋‹ด์ฒด ์ œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ฑด์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด QQ-HC์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 100% ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Gel fraction๊ณผ SEM ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ต๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ QQํ™œ์„ฑ์€ LB ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋‚˜ ์‹คํ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ด€๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 90์ผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ ํ›„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•œ QQ-HC์ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜์— ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋œ QQ-HC๋ณด๋‹ค QQ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋„ (cell viability) ์œ ์ง€์— ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ QQ-HC๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค MBR์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰์˜ค์—ผ ์ €๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, QQ๋‹ด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์กฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” QQ๋‹ด์ฒด์˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.Quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria entrapping media have been reported as a new method for biofouling control in MBR because, unlike conventional post-biofilm control methods, bacterial QQ can inhibit biofilm formation through its combined effects of physical scouring of the membrane and biological inhibition of quorum sensing (QS). Most of subsequent studies focused on improving the efficiency of QQ media through changing material or method of application. However, they did not account how QS signal molecules and QQ media interact with each other which could lead to a further enhancement in biofouling control efficacy of QQ media. Furthermore, enhancement in physical and biological properties of QQ media is necessary for making QQ technology more economical and for bringing it closer to practical applications. In this study, the route by which QS signal molecules come into contact with QQ bacteria entrapped in a hydrogel medium was analyzed. On the basis of this result, a more efficient QQ media design was proposed. Furthermore, enforcement of physical strength as well as extension of lifetime of a QQ-HC was sought by adding a dehydration procedure following the ionic cross-linking of polymeric hydrogel. Firstly, the interaction between QS signal molecules and QQ media was analyzed by visualizing QS signal molecules in a spherical shaped hydrogel QQ medium (QQ-bead) using a special reporter strain (Escherichia coli JB525). On the basis of this result, QQ hollow cylinder (QQ-HC) was developed. QQ activity and physical washing effect of (QQ-HCs) was shown to be higher than those of QQ-beads, by 13% and 140% respectively, due to an increased surface area and more efficient use of media material. The operation of lab-scale MBRs with QQ-HC and QQ-bead confirmed that biofouling was mitigated to a greater degree in the MBR with QQ-HC than in the MBR with QQ-bead. Secondly, physical strength and lifetime of a QQ-HC was enhanced by adding a dehydration procedure following the cross-linking of polymeric hydrogel by Ca2+, boric acid, and SO42-. From the gel fraction determination and SEM analysis, it is speculated that the increase in physical strength (approximately by 100%) was due to the increased degree of physical cross-linking after dehydration procedure. In addition, the lost QQ activity after the dehydration step could be easily restored through re-activation with either a commercial culture medium or real wastewater. As a result, longer lifetime of QQ-HCs was confirmed which led to an improved biofouling mitigation performance of QQ-HCs in an MBR. Furthermore, QQ-HCs stored under dehydrated condition showed higher QQ activity when the storage time lasted more than 90 days due to better-maintained cell viability. Moreover, the reduced weight of dehydrated media is expected to make handling and transportation of QQ media highly convenient and economical in practice.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review 9 II.1. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 11 II.2. Quorum Sensing (QS) 50 II.3. QS Control or Quorum Quenching (QQ) 80 II.4. Hydrogel for Biotechnology 113 III. More Efficient Media Design for Enhanced Biofouling Control in a Membrane Bioreactor: Quorum Quenching Bacteria Entrapping Hollow Cylinder 127 III.1. Introduction 129 III.2. Materials and Methods 131 III.3. Results and Discussion 141 III.4. Conclusions 168 IV. Enhancing Physical Properties and Lifespan of Bacterial Quorum Quenching Media through Combination of Ionic Cross-linking and Dehydration 169 IV.1. Introduction 171 IV.2. Material and Methods 173 IV.3. Results and Discussion 179 IV.4. Conclusions 202 V. Conclusions 203 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 207 Reference 211Docto

    ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ตญ๊ต์ •์ƒํ™” ์˜๋ฏธ

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    2014๋…„ 12์›” 17์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋Š” 53๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ •์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ „๊ฒฉ์  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ตญ๊ต์ •์ƒํ™”๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 1์›” 21~22์ผ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํƒ€ ์ œ์ด์ฝฅ์Šจ(Roberta Jacobson) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์„œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ฐจ๊ด€๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์•„๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ต์ •์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์„œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ์ตœ์žฅ์˜ ์ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” 1898๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฏธ์„œ์ „์Ÿ(Spanishโ€“American War)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์‡ ๋ฝํ•œ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„œ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ดํ›„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ 1959๋…„ 1์›” ํ”ผ๋ธ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…๊ตฐ์ด ์นœ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์Šคํƒ€ ๋…์žฌ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช…์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์•ž๋งˆ๋‹น์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ˜๋ช…์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

    ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ธํฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ noncoding RNA์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ์•ˆ๊ด‘์„.์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ธํฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค(HCMV)์˜ ์ž„์ƒํ˜• ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋…์„ฑ์€ UL/b ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ 15 kb ์™€ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ„ RNA ์„œ์—ด์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA ๋ถ„ํ•ด์š”์†Œ(microRNA Decay Element: miRDE)๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ RNA, miR-17 ๊ณผ miR-20a ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด miRDE ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ท ์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์— ๋†’์€ ๋ณด์กด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ miRNA-mRNA ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, miRNA-miRDE ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” miRDE ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. miRDE ์˜ miRNA ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ miRNA ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์—ด๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ HCMV ์˜ ์šฉ๊ท ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ์— miRDE ์— ์˜ํ•œ miRNA ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์šฉ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ miRNA ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž„์ƒํ˜• ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.CONTENTS I LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VI I. ABSTRACT 1 II. INTRODUCTION 3 1. Human Cytomegalovirus 3 2. microRNA (miRNA) 7 3. Polycistronic feature of miRNAs 10 4. Systemic approach to study the interplay between cellular miRNAs and HCMV clinical strain 11 III. RESULTS 14 1. The HCMV clinical strain differentially regulates the expression of the miR-17-92 cluster 14 2. HCMV infection induced primary transcription of the miR-17-92 cluster, followed by the selective downregulation of mature miR-17 and miR-20a 28 3. HCMV clinical strain-specific RNA mediates the turnover of the miR-17 and miR-20a through sequencespecific RNA-miRNA interactions 38 4. Identification of a miRDE that directs the turnover of miRNA through non-canonical miRNA-mRNA interactions 52 5. miR-17 binding-site mutant HCMV loses the ability to differentially regulate the miR-17-92 cluster 64 6. miRDE-mediated regulation of the miR-17 family results accelerates virus production 72 IV. DISCUSSION 84 V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 90 VI. REFERENCES 105 VII. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 110 VIII. APPENDIX 112Docto

    ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์˜ ์ž์›๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์‚ฐ์—…

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    ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์šด์šฉ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์€(้Š€), 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›์— ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์›์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์™€ ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ์ž์› ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์›์†Œ๋“์˜ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ ์ž์›๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ž์›์‚ฐ์—…๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ ๋‹ค..

    Dynamic grain size control for PIM command scheduling

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์ดํ˜์žฌ.์ตœ๊ทผ Deep learning network๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด layer์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ NLP(Natural Language Processing)๋‚˜ recommendation deep learning network๋Š” layer์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  data reuse์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ ์–ด memory bandwidth์—์„œ bottleneck์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” PIM (Processing In Memory)๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด deep learning์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” memory bandwidth bottleneck์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ PIM์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” NEWTON memory๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NEWTON memory๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š” main memory์™€ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” PIM์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” host processor์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” normal command์™€ PIM์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” NEWTON command๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ๋•Œ, NEWTON memory์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ normal๊ณผ NEWTON command schedulingํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด PIM command scheduling policy๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” NEWTON memory์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ธ all bank activation overhead๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PIM controller์—์„œ MAC address table์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ normal command๋ฅผ grain๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ issueํ•˜๋Š” dynamic command scheduling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ dynamic command ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ FIFO(First In First Out)๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด SPEC CPU 2017์˜ execution time์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 28% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” fine grain scheduling ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค execution time์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Recently, Deep learning networks have been increasing in number and size of layers to increase performance. In particular, natural language processing (NLP) or recomandation deep learning network causes botleneck in memory bandwidth due to the large size of layers and the small proportion of data reuses. To address the above issues, the emerging Processing In Memory (PIM) performs operations in or near memory, thereby overcoming the memory bandwidth botleneck possessed by deep learning. A typical example of such PIM is the NEWTON memory. NEWTON memory can function as a main memory for storing data and a PIM for performing operations. In this paper, we introduce a new PIM command scheduling policy that takes into account the structure and features of the NEWTON memory, when the normal command requesting memory from the host processor and the NEWTON command performing operations from the PIM are simultaneously accessed. In this study, we describe all bank activation overhead, a problem that arises when the characteristics of the NEWTON memory are not considered, and apply dynamic command scheduling, which uses MAC address table in the proposed PIM controller to determine the normal command by grain. Experiments showed that the dynamic command method reduced the execution time of SPEC CPU 2017 by up to 28% compared to the conventional FIFO (First In First Out) method, which showed a decrease in execution time compared to the fine-grained method.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 1 1.2 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2.1 ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด PIM ๊ณ ์ œ ์ œ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2.2 PIM kernel off loading์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 2.3 Concurrent memory access์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ Background 12 3.1 NEWTON memory ๊ตฌ์กฐ 12 3.1.1 NEWTON memory overview 12 3.1.2 NEWTON memory data mapping 15 3.1.3 NEWTON command 16 3.2 All bank row activation overhead 18 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆ PIM Controller 22 4.1 PIM controller overview 22 4.2 Fine grain issue policy 26 4.3 MAC address table 29 4.4 Dynamic grain command scheduling 31 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 35 5.1 Experiment methodology 35 5.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 5.2.1 RNN execution time ๋น„๊ต 39 5.2.2 Memory contention์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 41 5.2.3 grain size์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ execution time ๋ณ€ํ™” 42 5.2.4 Dynamic grain size ํšจ๊ณผ 42 5.2.5 Dynamic grain scheduling policy ํšจ๊ณผ 44 5.2.6 NEWTON dynamic grain scheduling policy ํšจ๊ณผ 46 5.2.7 ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ dynamic grain scheduling policy ํšจ๊ณผ 47 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 53์„

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    2016๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฑด์€ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• 168์กฐ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์—ฐ์ž„ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ˜„ํ–‰ 1ํšŒ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์—ฐ์ž„ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 2ํšŒ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ 48.73%์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 51.27%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•œ ํ˜„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์—๋ณด ๋ชจ๋ž„๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๋„ค๋ผ๋Š” 2019๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ์€ 2005๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ›„ ํƒ„ํƒ„๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์˜จ ์—๋ณด ๋ชจ๋ž„๋ ˆ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์šด๋™๋‹น(MAS)์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„, ์—๋ณด ๋ชจ๋ž„๋ ˆ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์šด๋™๋‹น์€ 2006๋…„์˜ ์‹ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ 2009๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค

    A Study on Improvement of Medical Support System for Seafarers

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    On this thesis, I studied medical support system so that seafarers who had achieved the base of economic development by earning enormous dollars when korea's economic ground had been weak could conduct boarding work healthily and safely. Recently organizations and groups led by Ministry of Marine Industry have accomplished many studies and surveys to increase the support for the seafarers thanks to the huge development of marine industry and inauguration of Ministry of Marine Industry. However, though Korea has improved medical welfare support system for the crew through the variety of legal and systematic reform, compared with marine developed countries, it is still insufficient. Thus, on this thesis, I surveyed and analyzed the medical support methods for the seafarers, so that I tried to suggest the improving methods. Above all, I surveyed the seafarer's stress, disaster and diseases during the embarkation, boarded the ship and actually measured the noise among the embarkation service environments. On the basis of this, I examined the directly concerned regulations and statute, studied the medical support system for seafarers and suggested the methods for improving the medical support system. 1. Suggestion for the medical support First of all, as soon as accident occurs, or there is a patient on the sailing ship, we must be able to cope with the emergency instantly. For the qualification of medical managers, designated educational institutes must strengthen the medical major subjects. Also, support facility like emergency medical information center should be established so that medical managers and boarding crews can cope with the emergency. By using it, they can consult medical information every place and every moment, and have an instruction. Next, remote medical support system at sea should be introduced to deal with the emergency. Because remote medical support system can provide the medical examination and treatment not only for the emergency but for the usually bad condition, it can prevent risks caused by work such as stress, cold and light diseases as well as the worst situation, thus it can increase the work efficiency. Finally, the physical checkup for the crew should be strengthened. Government must provide a ground to judge the fitness of boarding with scientific and quantitative figures and add checkup points. And it must convert the increased expense caused by that into basic checkup expense. If the result of physical checkup conducted every two years is recorded continuously as Data Base, we can have basic data to help judge the occupational disease. That is, it is necessary to introduce a guard system against industrial disaster and occupational disease. 2. Suggestion for the legal reform Legal backup should be followed to accomplish the above medical improving method successfully. Medical manager's emergent activity must not collide with the medical law and government must reform physical checkup regulations established by enforcement regulations of crew law. It should arrange the ground of law to introduce the remote medical support system at sea and guard system for occupational disease. It also establish a regulation on supporting method to conduct them successfully. As mentioned above, if we manager marine emergency center first to improve crew medical support system and provide crew medical facility and regulation suitable for Korea's reality, we can establish the effective system for the crews and employees of marine product industries. According to Consolidated Maritime Labour Conventions, the crew can have a medical support like workers on ground. We must continue deep study for the better work environment of seafarers in accordance with that conventions.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์„ ์›์˜ ์ƒ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์ง์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 4 2.1 ์„ ์›์˜ ์ƒ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ˜„ํ™ฉ 4 2.1.1 ์™ธํ•ญ์„ ์› 4 2.1.2 ์—ฐ์•ˆ์„ ์› 9 2.1.3 ์„ ์› ํ‘œ๋ณธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 16 2.2 ์„ ์›์˜ ์ง์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 23 2.2.1 ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ(์†Œ์Œ) ์กฐ์‚ฌ 23 2.2.2 ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋„ 31 ์ œ3์žฅ ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 37 3.1 ์ƒ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 37 3.1.1 ์ƒ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 37 3.1.2 ๋ณด์ƒ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 40 3.2 ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์› ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ 43 3.2.1 ์„ ์›๋ฒ• 43 3.2.2 ์„ ์›๋ณดํ—˜๋ฒ• 49 3.2.3 ์–ด์„ ์› ๋ฐ ์–ด์„  ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฒ• 50 3.2.4 ํ•ด์™ธ์ทจ์—…์„ ์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 52 3.2.5 ์‚ฐ์—…์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฒ• 52 3.2.6 ๊ทผ๋กœ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ฒ• 53 ์ œ4์žฅ ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„  56 4.1 ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 56 4.1.1 ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 56 4.1.2 ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณต์ง€์ง€์›์ œ๋„ 59 4.2 ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 71 4.2.1 ํ•ด์ƒ์‘๊ธ‰์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 72 4.2.2 ํ•ด์ƒ์›๊ฒฉ์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋„์ž… 74 4.2.3 ํ•ด์ƒ ์‚ฐ์—…์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ง์—…๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์‹œ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 76 4.3 ์„ ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง€์› ๋ฒ•๋ น ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 81 4.3.1 ์„ ์›๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 81 4.3.2 ์„ ์›๋ณดํ—˜๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 82 4.3.3 ์–ด์„ ์› ๋ฐ ์–ด์„  ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 82 4.3.4 ํ•ด์™ธ์ทจ์—…์„ ์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 82 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  83 ํ‘œ&#8228๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ 86 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 8

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘์„ญ.ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์€ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์†ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด ์™”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด์ธ ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ์ •๋ถ€์ œ์ถœ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์„ ์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์••๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–‘์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜์›๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ง€์ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์งˆ์  ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋ฅ ๋งŒ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „์ œํ•œ ๋’ค ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœ๋œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ 937๊ฑด์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ณต ๋ฐœ์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ์ •๋ถ€์ œ์ถœ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ , Lowi์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์ œ์ถœ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„, ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ์ด๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •์ž‘์—…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ €ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์‹œํ‚ค๋”๋ผ๋„ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ‰ํŒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์„ ์ค‘๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜๋Š” ๋“ํ‘œ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์—ญ์‹œ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์˜์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์ด ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์€ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ์žฌ์„  ์ถ”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 5 ์ œ2์žฅ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์–‘์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ €ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 โ… . ์ž…๋ฒ• ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 9 โ…ก. ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 17 โ…ข. ์ž…๋ฒ•์ง€์›์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 19 โ…ฃ. ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ์—์„œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 20 โ…ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ 22 โ…ฅ. ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 23 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์˜์›๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 โ… . ๊ตญํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 25 โ…ก. ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ 28 ์ œ5์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 29 โ… . ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 29 โ…ก. ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋ฅ  ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•จ์ • 30 โ…ข. ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 32 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 35 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 39 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43 โ… . ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 โ…ก. ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 45 โ…ข. ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 47 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 49 ์ œ4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 51 โ… . ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ 51 โ…ก. ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ ๊ฐœ์ • ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ 55 โ…ข. ์ œ์•ˆ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ 59 ์ œ2์ ˆ Lowi์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 68 โ… . ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 68 โ…ก. ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์œจ 68 โ…ข. ์ •์ฑ…์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 71 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  73 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ฆฌ 73 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ „๋ง 79 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 83 ๋ถ€๋ก 86 1. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 86 2. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ค‘ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ 142 3. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ทœ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ 146 4. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ค‘ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ 150 5. ์ œ18๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ 154 Abstract 157Maste

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