正祖代 端宗 事蹟 정비와 '君臣分義'의 확립

King Jeongjo's decision to renovate the historical vestiges of the late King Danjong was based upon his intention to demonstrate his succession and enlargemant('繼述') of the teachings and achievements of Kings Sukjong and Yeongjo, and it was also an act of demonstrating his own political intentions. Prime examples of his intentions were the renovation of the Jagyu-ru/子規樓 tower and the construction of the Baeshik-dan/配食壇 stand(a attached stand for food-offering) at the Jangreung mausoleum. Both projects were executed in 1791, 15th year of his own reign. King Jeongjo also revised(改撰) the 『Jangreung-ji/莊陵誌(A Document regarding facts related to the Jangreung Mausoleum)』and based upon that revision newly published the 『Jangreung Sabo/莊陵史補(Supplementary comments for the History of Jangreung Mausoleum)』, in order to reorganize and publicly certificate necessary materials for honoring('褒蘚') the late King Danjong. The first draft of this document is currently in custody of the Gyujanggak Archives of the Seoul National University. King Jeongjo's philosophy of succeeding Kings Sukjong and Yeongjo was well described in the publication of the 『Gukjo Bogam/國朝寶鑑』The objective of this publication was indicated inside as 'finally performing an honorable task(志事) which have not been performed for many reigns of many Kings'. And this was the intention behind renovating historical vestiges related to the late King Danjong as well. After a long waiting King Jeongjo finally had a son, and even if it meant the delay of naming연 him the crown-prince, King Jeongjo needed a rightful cause to support and consolidate the prince's position, which would in turn ensure lasting prosperity of the Kingdom. The establishment of the Baeshik-dan stand was an action derived from such hope. It was also an act of defining the vassals' loyalty to the King as an absolute moral code. King Jeongjo had the honor of Yu Mong In/柳夢寅 restored, as that man had maintained his loyalty to King Gwanghae-gun in the past. So, in the end the renovation of historical vestiges related to the late King Danjong served as the King's requirement of the vassals, urging them to maintain their absolute loyalty to the King no matter what kind of personal qualities the King happened to bear. It was also an act of bringing an ultimate definition to the concept of "Gun-Shin Buneui/君臣分義(The proper righteousness between A king and Subjects)", which was first suggested during the reign of King Sukjong and reinforced during the reign of King Yeongjo

남성의 흡연과 활성산소 수준과의 연관성

배경: 본 연구의 목적은 생체에 손상을 가하는 활성산소의 영향요인을 흡연과 일상적인 건강행위와의 관계에서 실증적으로 파악하기 위함이다. 방법: 본 연구에서는 2008년부터 2010년까지 수원시 소재 대학병원을 방문한 종합검진 수검자들을 대상자 중에서 활성산소검사에 응한 성인 남성을 대상자로 한 단면연구이다. 총 497명의 데이터를 분석에 사용하였다. 활성산소 수준을 종속변수로 하여 대상자의 연령, 흡연행위, 비만도, 기타 건강행위와의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다. 결과: 분석 결과 연령대가 높을수록 활성산소 수준이 0.164만큼 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며(P<0.05). 흡연을 할수록 활성산소 수준이 0.547만큼 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.001). 또한 작업장 유해요인에 노출될수록 활성산소 수준이 0.087만큼 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론: 일상의 건강행위 중 무엇보다 흡연행위가 체내활성산소의 증가에 많은 연관성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 그러나 단면연구의 한계로 인하여 활성산소와 흡연 및 건강행위와의 인과관계를 규명하지는 못하였는데, 향후 전향적 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.Background: This study aimed to empirically investigate the determinants on oxygen free radical degree which causes biological damage focusing on smoking habit and health behaviors in daily life. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the subjects were adult males who submitted free radical tests among the examinees of the comprehensive medical testings at an university hospital in Suwon from 2008 to 2010. Total 497 samples were used in analyses for clarifying the relations of free radical degree to age, smoking, obesity, and other health behaviors. Results: First, the degree of oxygen free radical increases by 0.164 as the age group increases (P<0.05). Second, the degree of oxygen free radical increases by 0.547 as the smoking habit increases (P<0.001). Third, the degree of oxygen free radical increases by 0.087 as the exposure to hazardous factors in workplace increases (P<0.001). Conclusions: The findings of the study imply that the smoking habit has more great influence on the increase of oxygen free radical in body than any other health behaviors. The causality of free radical to smoking and health behavior was not identified due to the limit of the cross-sectional study so it needs to be studied prospectively in the future

요근 농양의 임상적 특징 및 결과 고찰

Background: Psoas abscess is a rare condition with vague clinical presentations, therefore misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis is often made. We have reviewed the characteristics of the clinical presentation, microbiology, and treatment of 24 patients with psoas abscess. Methods: The records of all patients treated with psoas abscess at Ajou University Hospital between March, 1-996 and May, 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total of 24 cases of psoas abscess were reviewed: among these 17 cases were due to secondary cases and seven cases were diagnosed as primary psoas abscess. The right side was affected in 11 cases, the left side in. nine, and both sides in four. Methicillin-susceptible Staphvlococcus aureus was the most frequent (7/24 cases) pathogen, which were detected in cultures from five of seven patients with primary abscesses, whereas Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6/17 eases) and mixed enteric flora were detected in secondary abscesses. Three of the patients with prmai T psoas abscess expired from septic shock. The mortality rate was 12.5%. Conclusion: A psoas abscess should be considered when any patient presents with nonspecific abdominal pain, back pain and fever. This condition may be diagnosed promptly with computed tomography. Treatment involves use of appropriate antibiotics, as well as drainage of the abscess. Antibiotic: coverage must include S. aureus and enteric bacteria. However, in endemic areas (such as Korea), tuberculous infection should be also considered

뇌동맥류 환자에서 기관내삽관 시 광봉 또는 직접후두경의 사용에 따른 혈역학적 변화

Background: Tracheal intubation with a lightwand intubating device (Trachlight) attenuates the hemodynamic stress response to tracheal intubation compared with a direct laryngoscope approach. We compared the effects of the direct laryngoscope (Macintosh blade) and lightwand for intubation in patients with cerebral aneurysm. Methods: Twenty-four patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm clipping surgery were randomly divided to either the lightwand (Group 1, n = 12) or the laryngoscope (Group 2, n = 12) Group. All patients received fentanyl (2?3?g/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and thiopental sodium (2?3?g/kg) followed by vecuronium (0.1? 0.15?g/kg).The lungs were ventilated with 3?4% isoflurane in oxygen, with 1% lidocaine (1?1.5?g/kg) administered before intubation with either the lightwand or the laryngoscope.Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures and heart rate were recorded continuously before and for 5 min after intubation. Results: Systolic and mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05) 1 minute after intubation, but then returned to normal within the next minute.There were no differences in hemodynamic changes between the two groups, and no complications. Conclusions: Intubation technique did not affect hemodynamic changes in patients with cerebral aneurysm.In patients with aneurysms, appropriate anesthetic levels and pharmacologic manipulation will attenuate the hemodynamic stress response associated with tracheal intubation

한국인에게서 당뇨병성 말초 신경병증을 선별하기 위한 문진표의 유용성

Background: Discrepancies exist in the currently available data on the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy. Variations in the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy have reflected the different criteria used to form its diagnosis. The majority of diagnostic criteria are less practical in many routine clinical settings where there is a need for a simple assessment using widely available techniques to rapidly screen large numbers of patients. We already reported that the questionnaire of Feldman's two-step assessment was less useful in Koreans, because of the different expression of neuropathic symptoms. We proposed a representative questionnaire which was based on patients' own complaints, and assessed its clinical availability. Methods : Ninety diabetic patients(45 cases with diabetic neuropathy, 45 cases without neuropathy) were included in this study. Diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed by neurologic examination and nerve conduction velocity. The questionnaire consisted of 7 questions on foot sensation (prickling, lancinating, burning, numb), which are frequent complaints of diabetic patients. All subjects were assessed with the questionnaire. Results : 1. The most sensitive symptom was tingling sensation (75.6%) and the least sensitive one was numbness(28.9%). 2. The most specific symptom was numbness(82.2%) and the least specific one was tingling sensation(33.3%). 3. If we would assume that three or more of symptoms were diagnostic, the sensitivity and specificity were 66.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Conclusion : Our new questionnaire can be used as a screening test or a follow-up tool for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Koreans

인체의 폐암과 정상 폐조직에서 Peroxiredoxin 및 Thioredoxin의 발현 양상

Background : Continuous growth stimulation by various factors, as well as chronic oxidative stress, may co-exist in many solid tumors, such as lung cancer. A new family of antioxidant proteins, the peroxiredoxins (Prxs), have been implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, a real pathophysiological significance of Prx proteins, especially in lung disease, has not been sufficiently defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the distribution and expression of various Prx isoforms in lung cancer and other pulmonary conditions. Materials and Methods : Patients diagnosed with lung cancer, and who underwent surgery at the Ajou Medical Center, were enrolled. The expressions of Prxs, Thioredoxin (Trx) and Thioredoxin reductase (TR) were analyzed using proteomic techniques and the subcellular localization of Prx proteins was studied using immunohistochemistry on normal mouse lung tissue. Results : Immunohistochemical staining has shown the isoforms of Prx I, II, III and V are predominantly expressed in bronchial and alveolar lining epithelia, as well as in the alveolar macrophages of the normal mouse lung.　The isoforms of Prx I and III, and thioredoxin were also found to be over-expressed in the lung cancer tissues compared to their paired normal lung controls. There was also an increased amount of the oxidized form of Prx I, as well as a putative truncated form of Prx III, in the lung cancer samples when analyzed using 2-dimensional electrophoresis. In addition, a 43 kDa intermediate molecular weight protein band, and other high molecular weight bands of over 20 kDa, recognized by the anti-Prx I antibody, were present in the tissue extracts of　lung cancer patients on 1-Dimensional electrophoresis, which require further investigation. Conclusion : The over-expressions of Prx I and III, and Trx in human lung cancer tissue, as well as their possible chaperoning function, may represent an attempt by tumor cells to adjust to their microenvironment in a manner advantageous to their survival and proliferation, while maintaining their malignant potential

Studies of the Kings Munchi(文治) Philosophy in the 18th century : Reevaluation of the Past events(祖宗事蹟) and the Realization of Gyaeji Sulsa(繼志述事)

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국사학과,2007.Docto

여말선초 세자 조현의 추이와 그 의미: 창왕의 친조요청과 공양왕 세자의 조현

Examined in this article is King Gongyang-wang(恭讓王)s dispatching[朝見] of his son and crown prince(世子) to China, and how such sending was related to the earlier attempt to arrange King Chang-wang(昌王)s Chinjo(親朝) visit to Ming(明). Even after Yi Seong-gye(李成桂) turned his troops around at Wihwa-do(威化島), King Wu-wang(禑王)s legitimacy was not officially challenged, and therefore his son Chang-wang was allowed to be enthroned. But Ming emperor Hongmu-je(洪武帝), under the name of not recognizing the person in throne apparently erected by vassals who killed the former king, denied the Goryeo kings request. In response, Yi Seong-gye raised the notion of both Wu-wang and Chang-wang being the son of Shin Don(辛禑辛昌論), and under the name of reviving the country, replaced Chang-wang with a new King Gongyang-wang. He then arranged the son of Gongyang-wang, now newly established as the crown prince himself, to visit China and pay respect to the Ming court(朝見). The plan was also set in motion due to the new stance of the Ming emperor who intended to strengthen its control over Goryeo by recognizing the new king and government on the Korean peninsula. Yi and other leaders of Goryeo wanted to stabilize their footing and not to mention their regime by securing Mings authorization of Gongyang-wangs enthronement which would hopefully be accomplished through the meeting between the Ming emperor and the Crown prince of Goryeo. But by the time the envoy arrived at Sukju(肅州), Gongyang-wang too was kicked out of the throne, so the request for the authorization was effectively nullified. But the attempt itself, arranging a crown princes visit to China in order to legitimize a weak kings enthronement as well as his naming of his own successor, remained in the minds of the Goryeo people as an effective way of bringing a fixation upon the supposed line of succession. The attempt was repeated in the early days of Joseon too, as we can see from the example of Joseon King Taejongs reign, when a crown prince was sent to China for a similar purpose.이 논문은 2015년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임 (NRF-2015S1A5A801155

위장관암환자의 항암화학요법 부작용에 대한 증상관리행위와 삶의 질

본 연구는 위장관암환자의 항암화학요법 부작용에 대한 증상관리행위와 삶의 질을 파악하여 효과적인 중재방안 마련을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 시도된 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상은 2011년 11월부터 2012년 2월까지 경기도에 소재한 A대학병원에서 항암화학요법을 받기 위해 입원한 위장관암환자 88명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 연구도구 중 부작용과 증상관리행위 측정도구는 Dodd(1984)의 항암요법일지를 번역하여 수정∙보완한 조영수(2002)의 도구를 사용하였고, 삶의 질 측정도구는 EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3.0을 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 이용하여 대상자의 일반적 특성은 빈도와 백분율로, 부작용, 증상관리행위, 삶의 질 정도는 평균, 표준편차로, 증상관리행위와 삶의 질의 관계는 pearson correlation coefficient로, 일반적 특성에 따른 증상관리행위, 삶의 질의 정도 차이는 t-test와 ANOVA로 분석하였고, ANOVA 분석에서 차이가 있는 경우 사후 검증은 Duncan방법으로 통계 처리하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 항암화학요법의 부작용 정도 평균은 0.64±.63이며, 부작용이 가장 심한 증상은 피로이며 1.84±.90점이었고, 그 다음으로는 식욕부진 1.65±.87점, 오심과 구토 1.15±.65점, 심리적 문제 0.76±.63점 순으로 나타났다. 증상관리행위 정도 평균은 2.00±.87점이며, 가장 증상관리행위가 높았던 증상은 피로이며 2.57±.97점이었고, 그 다음으로는 오심과 구토 2.56±.95점, 변비 2.33±1.19점, 식욕부진2.10±1.01점 순으로 나타났다. 2. 삶의 질 정도는 전반적 삶의 질 영역이 평균 46.49±17.21점으로 나타났다. 기능영역 평균은 77.37±11.43점이었고, 하부영역으로 인지기능이 86.36±16.28점으로 가장 높았고 그 다음으로는 감정기능 79.54±14.62점, 신체기능 77.65±14.79점, 역할기능 77.27±17.90점, 사회기능 56.06±17.72점 순으로 나타났다. 증상영역에서는 평균 18.18±9.96점이었고, 하부영역으로 재정문제가 45.08±27.24점으로 가장 높았으며 그 다음으로는 피로 39.27±17.01점, 식욕저하 32.57±18.20점 순으로 나타났다. 그 외 증상은 심하지 않았다. 3. 증상관리행위와 전반적 삶의 질 영역 및 기능영역과는 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았으나 증상영역과는 순 상관관계를 보였다(r=.289, p=.006). 4. 일반적 특성에 따른 삶의 질은 전반적 삶의 질 영역이 직업(t=2.41, p=.018), 기능영역은 성별 (t=2.789, p=.007), 증상영역은 직업(t=-2.007, p=.048), 월수입(F=5.661, p=.005), 전이유무(F=2.133, p=.036)에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 그러나 일반적 특성에 따른 증상관리행위는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해서 항암화학요법의 부작용 정도가 심할수록 증상관리행위 정도가 높았고, 증상관리행위가 높을수록 증상 불편감을 더 경험함을 확인하였다. 따라서 위장관암환자들이 경험하는 부작용 정도를 파악하여 치료에 대한 불안과 부담을 이겨내도록 지지해 주고, 증상관리행위를 증진시키기 위한 체계적인 교육중재 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. 또한 부작용에 적절하게 대처할 수 있고 스스로 부작용을 관리할 수 있도록 도와주는 것이 삶의 질을 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.국문요약 ⅰ 차례 ⅲ 표 차례 ⅴ 부록차례 ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 1 A. 연구의 필요성 1 B. 연구의 목적 3 C. 용어의 정의 3 Ⅱ. 문헌고찰 5 A. 항암화학요법 부작용과 증상관리행위 5 B. 삶의 질 10 Ⅲ. 연구방법 14 A. 연구설계 14 B. 연구대상자 및 표집방법 14 C. 연구도구 14 D. 자료수집방법 및 절차 16 E. 자료 분석방법 16 F. 연구의 제한점 17 Ⅳ. 연구결과 18 A. 대상자의 일반적 특성 18 B. 대상자의 부작용에 대한 증상관리행위 정도, 삶의 질 정도22 C. 대상자의 증상관리행위와 삶의 질의 관계 27 D. 일반적 특성에 따른 증상관리행위 정도의 차이 27 E. 일반적 특성에 따른 삶의 질 정도의 차이 30 Ⅴ. 논의 34 A. 부작용에 대한 증상관리행위 정도와 삶의 질 정도 34 B. 일반적 특성에 따른 증상관리행위 정도와 삶의 질 정도의 차이 38 Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 41 참고문헌 43 부록 ·50 ABSTRACT 63Maste

The Ideology of 'Gunsa/(Master King)', mirrored in the Investiture ceremony held for the crown prince of King Jeongjo

King jeongjo kept delaying the crown prince's ceremony of investiture, until January the 24th year of his reign when he decided to hold the ceremony for the crown prince who became 11 that year. jeongjo cited the instruction from the ancestors as the one which prompted his decision to hold the ceremony, and cited the necessity of 'unity, in order to secure the consent of the vassals. Jeongjo decided to hold the investiture ceremony, along with the coming-of-age ceremony and the 'auspicious' ceremony. The decision was a fairly intentional one, and it was basically to remove the ceremony of 'entrance to school' from the entire process. It was also the reason why the investiture ceremony was delayed for such a long time. The ceremony of school entrance and education of the crown prince, were all handled by the Ganghak-cheong office for the time being. In the time before, the ceremony of entrance to school was perceived as a ceremony which officialized the status of the person who was going to be named as successor to the throne, and it had the meaning of that entity, as part of the royal family, going through necessary steps of studying the teachings of noble saints, which was required of the successor to the throne, by the vassals. In response to such notion, King Jeongjo considered taking such step as having the royal authority of the King defined by the vassals(who were basically subjects of the King), so he decided to eliminate the ceremonial occasion based upon such notion from the entire ceremonial process that involved the crown prince. And in doing so, King Jeongjo made it clear that he considered the King's authority more important than the order of steps that should be taken in educating the crown prince. All these efforts basically signaled the fact that the King and the successor were going to promote themselves as Master Kings(Gunsa), and take the leading role in realizing the cause of righteousness in the relationship between the King and the vassals