글로벌가치사슬: 이론적 통합, 확장 및 실증적 분석

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 국제대학원 국제학과, 2017. 8. 문휘창.Despite the rise of global value chain (GVC) as an important global phenomenon, the theoretical understanding on GVC has been underdeveloped and narrow in scope. There have been different approaches from various disciplines to GVC, yet these studies are segmented and limited in capturing the entire mechanisms of GVC. In this respect, this study aims to integrate three different approaches – trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and non-equity modes (NEMs) – to investigate the strategic options of creating and transferring values in a more comprehensive and systematic way. As the first step, this study proposes the three possible extensions for each of the three approaches (trade, FDI, and NEMs). Specifically, for trade approach, this study extends the unit of analysis from national to regional level by incorporating the cluster theory and suggests that it is not the comparative advantage based on traditional trade theories, but the cluster competitiveness which is a more fundamental factor that determines the locations of fragmented value chain activities. Secondly, for FDI approach, this study provides two possible directions for complementing the limitations of the current transnationality index (TNI) developed by UNCTAD to better assess and measure the degree of multinational corporations (MNCs) globalization. Lastly, for the NEM approach, this study introduces a new framework to explain the conditions for firms externalization decision to complement and extend the preceding studies which mainly focus on general drivers of globalization or FDI-related factors. Among the three extensions of each approach, this study particularly goes in more detail on the third extension by proposing three conditions for firms externalization governance mode (e.g., NEM). The three conditions comprise fast-growing business, commercial best practices, and multiple competences. This study further argues that if firms satisfy at least one of the three conditions, they are more likely to choose the externalization mode or NEMs. In order to prove the explanatory power of the integrated approach and the conceptual framework of the three conditions for externalization, this study conducted rigorous case studies of Apple and Samsung Electronics, by focusing on their smartphone sector. The case study finds that although Apple and Samsung Electronics are well known for their high degrees of externalization and internalization across GVC, both firms perform many of the value chain activities by combining both internalization and externalization modes simultaneously. This proves the usefulness of the integrated approach. On the other hand, the three conditions can also well explain their externalization choices in many different value chain activities. In addition to the case study, this research conducts a quantitative test for further generalization by expanding the scope of the industries and the number of sample firms. To be specific, this study tested the effects of the three conditions for the R&D partnership choices by Koreas high growth firms. The results support all of the three hypotheses developed on the conceptual framework of three conditions.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL INTEGRATION 8 2.1. The Trade Approach 8 2.1.1. Literature on Trade Theories 9 2.1.2. Empirical Trade Literature 14 2.1.3. Limitations of the Trade Approach for GVC Analysis 17 2.2. The FDI Approach 19 2.2.1. Literature on Conventional FDI Theories 20 2.2.2. Literature on Unconventional FDI Theories 26 2.2.3. Limitations of FDI Approach for GVC Analysis 31 2.3. The NEM Approach 32 2.3.1. Business Network Theory 33 2.3.2. Global Commodity Chain 34 2.3.3. Global Supply Chain 36 2.3.4. Value Network 36 2.3.5. Activities to Be Outsourced 37 2.3.6. Limitations of NEM Approach for GVC Analysis 38 2.4. Implications for Theoretical Integration 39 2.4.1. Combination of Various Options for Value Maximization 41 2.4.2. Shift in the Strategic Option from Trade to FDI Approach 42 2.4.3. Shift in the Strategic Option from FDI to NEM Approach 44 CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL EXTENSION 46 3.1. Trade Approach: From National to Regional Level 47 3.1.1. Two Important Scholars in Cluster Theory 47 3.1.2. Extension of Porters Cluster Theory 51 3.1.3. The Competitiveness Determinants of Clusters in GVC 54 3.2. FDI Approach: From TNI to GVC Index 60 3.2.1 Different Types of MNCs Global Strategy 60 3.2.2 Measurement for MNCs Globalization 66 3.2.3 Limitations and Improvement of TNI 67 3.3. The NEM Approach: From Traditional to Three Conditions for MNCs Externalization Choice 73 3.3.1 Externalization: Definition 75 3.3.2 Literature Review on Externalization 77 3.3.3 A New Framework for MNCs Externalization Choice 81 3.3.4 Discussions on the Three Conditions 87 CHAPTER 4. CASES AND EXAMPLES FOR EXTENSIONS OF TRADE AND FDI APPROACHES 90 4.1. Cluster Effects for Location Choice 91 4.1.1 Samsung Electronics in Vietnam 91 4.1.2 The Growing Concentration of Korean FDI in Vietnam 93 4.1.3 Guangdong Province in China: The Cluster Effects and Sustainable Growth 101 4.1.4 The Performance of Korean Clusters in Attracting FDI 107 4.2. Korean MNCs Globalization and FDI in ASEAN 109 4.2.1 The Degree of Globalization of Koreas Top 20 MNCs 109 4.2.2 Koreas FDI in ASEAN 112 CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY: APPLE AND SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS 127 5.1. Methodology 127 5.2. Apple and Samsung Electronics: Company Profile 129 5.2.1 Apple 129 5.2.2 Samsung Electronics 131 5.3. The GVC Strategy of Apple and Samsung Electronics 133 5.3.1 Apples Global Value Chain 133 5.3.2 Samsung Electronics Global Value Chain 145 5.3.3 Findings and Discussions 158 5.4. Three Conditions for Externalization by Apple and Samsung Electronics 161 5.4.1 Fast-Growing Business 162 5.4.2 Commercial Best-Practices 164 5.4.3 Multiple Competences 165 5.5. Conclusions 166 CHAPTER 6. EMPIRICAL TEST: THREE CONDITIONS 168 6.1. Hypotheses 169 6.2. Methodology 169 6.2.1 Sample and Data 169 6.2.2 Dependent Variable 171 6.2.3 Independent and Control Variables 172 6.2.4 Model 173 6.3. Results 174 6.4. Discussions and Conclusions 178 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS 180 REFERENCES 183 APPENDIX 207 국문초록 223Docto

New patterns of chinese outward foreign direct investment : a framework of investment motivation and empirical analysis

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 국제대학원 :국제학과(국제통상전공),2008. 8.Maste

An Integration of Different Approaches to Global Value Chain

이 논문은 저자의 박사논문 글로벌가치사슬: 이론적 통합, 확장 및 실증적 분석의 일부분 내용을 발췌 및 발전시킨 것임.글로벌가치사슬(Global Value Chain, GVC)이 빠른 속도로 확장되고 있는 가운데 이에 대한 다양한 접근법에서 연구가 진행되고 있으며 이들은 공통적으로 기업의 다양한 가치창출 방식이 대체관계에 있다는 것을 설명하고 있다. 그러나 실제로 다국적기업은 특정 가치활동을 효과적으로 수행하기 위해 다양한 방식을 적용하므로 기존 연구에서 적용하는 단일 접근법만으로는 글로벌가치사슬의 전체적 그림에 대한 설명력이 부족하다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구는 무역(trade), 해외직접투자(foreign direct investment), 비자본 참여방식(non-equity mode) 등 세 가지 접근법을 통합함으로써 이론적으로 각 접근법의 한계점을 보완하고 기업의 GVC전략을 보다 포괄적으로 분석하였다. 또한 본 연구는 이러한 종합적 접근법을 스마트폰 사업의 선두기업인 애플과 삼성전자에 적용하여 이들의 GVC전략을 비교 및 분석하였다. 두 기업의 글로벌 경영전략에서 서로 다른 점을 강조하는 기존연구와 달리, 본 연구에서는 GVC 측면에서 두 기업의 유사한 점을 보여주었다. 두 기업은 모두 다양한 가치창출 방식을 적용함으로써, 빠르게 변화하는 경쟁 환경에 보다 효과적으로 대응하고 경쟁력을 더욱 향상할 수 있음을 입증하였다. 이러한 이론과 실증 분석을 통해 본 연구에서는 다국적기업과 정부의 정책 입안자에게 유용한 시사점을 제시하였다.Along with the rise of global value chain (GVC) as an important phenomenon, earlier studies from various approaches to GVC consider various modes of value creation as substitutes with each other. However, in reality multinational corporations (MNCs) are employing different modes for implementing value activities more efficiently. Hence, preceding studies relying on a single approach are limited in capturing the entire picture of GVC. In this respect, this study integrates three different approaches―trade, foreign direct investment, and non-equity mode (NEM)―thereby complementing the limitations of each approach and investigating GVC in a more comprehensive way. In addition, the paper applies the integrated approach to the smartphone business of Apple and Samsung Electronics and compares their GVC strategies. Unlike preceding studies that stressed the differences in their global strategy, this paper shows the similarities from the GVC perspective. This paper demonstrates that both companies utilize various modes of value creation in the GVC for better adapting to the fast-changing business environment and enhancing their competitiveness. Based on the theoretical and empirical analysis, useful implications are provided for both MNCs and policy makers

Types of Nations Operating System and a New Economic Development Model: A Case Study of Koreas Economic Development

기존 연구들이 국가 간 서로 다른 국가운영체제의 차이점을 구분하지 않고, 주로 선진국 학자들에 의해서 개발된 경제발전 모델을 일반화하여 개발도상국의 발전에 적용해왔으나 그 효과가 기대에 크게 못 미쳤다. 본 연구에서는 국가와 시장의 기능에 따라 국가운영체제를 크게 4가지 범주로 구분하여 더 포괄적이면서도 체계적인 국가운영체제 분류법을 제시하였다. 이 틀을 활용하여 많은 개발도상국들에게 경제발전 모델국가가 선진국보다는 한국이나 싱가포르와 같은 동아시아 신흥산업국임을 제시하였다. 또한, 경제발전을 이룬 동아시아 국가들 중 특히 한국경제발전의 원동력은 기존의 경제이론들이 주장하는 우위를 강화하는 전략이 아닌 열위를 극복하고 우위를 창출해 내는 새로운 패러다임이라는 것을 POSCO, 삼성전자 및 현대자동차와 같은 기업적 측면과 각 시대별 연구를 통한 국가적 측면으로 나누어서 살펴보았다. 이러한 한국의 경제발전 모델은 특히 개발도상국의 경제발전에 있어서 매우 중요한 시사점을 줄 것이다. Existing studies, mostly introduced by the scholars from advanced countries, have not distinguished the differences in nations operating system between developed and developing countries, and tried to generalize the models regardless of national characteristics. When these models are applied to developing countries, therefore, the policy implications may be misleading. To solve this problem, this paper, firstly, provides a new framework of four types of nations operating system-capitalistic democracy, socialistic democracy, capitalistic authoritarianism, and socialistic authoritarianism―categorized in terms of the function of market and the mechanism of policy making. This typology proves that East Asian countries such as Korea, rather than other advanced countries, can be a role model for developing countries in their efforts to achieve economic success. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that the driving force of East Asian economic success cannot be adequately explained by existing theories that are mostly based on exploiting advantages, but by a new paradigm that is based on overcoming disadvantages. This new development model is supported by case studies on Korean companies including POSCO, Samsung Electronics, and Hyundai Motors. The macro perspective of this new theory is also proven by case studies on Koreas economic development patterns of the past decades. Koreas economic development model can provide very useful implications for developing countries economic achievement