An Experimental Study of the Effects of Acute and Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on the Gestation Patterns of Rat

Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most serious and popular noxious gas poisoning in Korea mostly due to the general public uses the anthracite coal briquettes asmain domestic fuel for heat and cooking The fact hat carbon monoxide can diffuse from maternal blood stream to fetal blood has been Confirmed by many investigators. It is known that in the pregnant women acute carbon monoxide poisoning may cause fetal death or congenital malformations whether mothers survive or not. Also there have been many reports on close relationship between the maternal smoking and low birthweight Autors designed this study to observe the efects of acute and chronic exposures to carbon monoxide on the gestation patterns of the rats. One hundred and two rats were divided into 5 groups one for the cont rol , two for the acute exposure to 0.45% of Co, and two for the chronic exposure to 500ppm 1£ Co The control rats and the exposed rats were laparo tomized at the 20th day of gestation and pregnancy interruption rate, litter size.weight of alive fetus and hemograms were observed. The findings obtained are as follows: 1. Pregnancy interruption rate increased in both acute and chronic exposure groups and the group which had simple acute exposure at the 13th day of gestation to 0.45% Corevealed the highest pregnancy interruption rate 2. There is no difference in litter size between the control and the expoxed groups, but the weight of alive fetus decreased in the exposed groups with stat isticaI significanc

The Effects of Chronic Exposure to CO-SO2 mixed gases on the Gestation Patterns of the Rats

Carbon Monoxide poisoning is one of the most freqtient cans싫 of accident in the World. tn Korea immessurable number of incidences of to poisoning occur annually due to the uses of the coal briquette as main domestic fue l. Many studies on acute poisoning have been reported by toxicologist, clinician and other specialist concerned. But on chronic poisoning, there has been many controversy on the entity itself. But some reported chronic effect of CO exposure on the pregnancy and neurological changes. Actually high pregnancy wastages was observed by animal experiment. Another major noxious gas contributing to air pollution is Sulfur•dioxide. S0, is a typical irritant gas in contray to asphyxiant nature of CO S0, is also produced during the burning of coal briquette. According to authors previous study, high degree of contamination by CO & S0, was found in kitchen, restaurantand Somf living room in Seoul area. Author designed this study to observe the effe cts of chronic exposure to CO-SO, mixed gases on the gestation patterns of the rats. 134 rats were divided into 3 groups, one for the control, the other for high concentration (CO, 1500 ppm , S0" 10 ppm , ) and the third for low concentration (CO, 750 ppm, S0" 5 ppm groups.) The experimental rats were exposed to CO-SO, mixed gas for 1 hour during 3 weeks gestation period. The findings obtained are as follows 1. High pregnancy wastages were observed both in high & low concentration group, 40.7% & 64.2 % each. 2. Pregnancy rate during gestation period was reduced in accordance with the elapse of gestation period. 3. Lit ter size & body weight were significantly reduced in high concentration group. 4. There is a strong evidence that S0, acts synergistically with the effect of CO inducing pregnan cy wastages of the experimental rats. In summarizing above mentioned results, more extensive studies should be continued to scrutinize the real mechanism of chronic effect of CO-SO, mixed gas. In the most of the large scale urban city throu ghout the world. Air pollution is one of the serious public health problem. Synergistic effects of various pollutants are att racting the Interest of environment scientist. Alii• ong these academic topics, chronic effect of COS0, mixed gas , especially in relation to the pregnancy, should not be overlooked in terms of the appalling results

A Study of the Incidence and Therapeutic Measures on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Seoul

Since the wide-spread usage of the anthracite coal briquette as a main domestic fuel for cooking and under-floor heating. a tremendous number of carbon monoxide poisoning has been reported, especially in the winter time. As long as we keep on the usage of this dangerous fuel , even though it is very beneficial to us in economic point of view. it is our urgent ne~ds to prevent and overcome this hazard to the public. Many studies of the prevention orieated approaches mostly failed to propose practical and effective preventive measure. So many socia-economic and environrnental parameters are intermingled in the tragic scene of carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning is non-reportable disease (accident) in Korea. That is one of the reason why we don t have a reliable incidence data. Even though the official statistics prepared by the National Police and the hospital statistics published are available, they have very much limited significance in terms of actual patterns of incidence. Authors designed this survey to estimate annual incidence rate in Seoul area. Thirty-three middle schools were selected as target institutions and around 50,OOO survey forms were distributed to 1st. and 2nd. year middle school students. In selecting schools, stratified random sampling technique was employed with consideration of population distribution of each administrative sector (Gu). Total numbers of population in habiting with students are 528,033 in 111,450 households. The incidence of carbon monoxide poiso ning was investigated during 1 year period. from Jan. 1977 to Dec. 1977. Also we reviewed all official and hospital statistics reported by many authors as a reference data. The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy was also briefly reviewed The general findings we obtained are follows: 1. The incidence rate of carbon monoxide poisoning in Seoul area is 306 per 10,000 population: the mild is 260, the grave (comatous) is 45, and the expired '5 2. The incidence was the highest in December and the lowest in August. 3. Among the patient, only 4.1% had hospital treatment and merely one fourth of the comatous patient received hospital care 4. The official statics compiled by National Police were found to be very much under-estimated one. because the police data relies on the report of the death of unknown causes. So it is very difficult to refer this data as the incidence rate

Carboxyhemoglobin Levels of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisonings

Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in 201 patients admitted to the Seoul National University Hospital between Jan. 1, 1980 and Dec. 31, 1982 with a diagnosis of acute carbon monoxide poisoning were determined with IL-282 CO-Oximeter (Instrumentation Laboratories Co.). Mean value of carboxyhemoglobin concentration at admission was 34. 896 and it increased significantly with the severity of consciousness deterioration. Using the mathematical model of Jack E. Peterson et al (Arch Environ Health, 21: 165-171, 1970) for use in estimating carboxyhemoglobin, the concentra tion of carbon monoxide to which the patients were exposed was predicted. Over 75% of patients were exposed to carbon monoxide at concentrations between 200ppm and 800ppm for 3 to 9 hour

An Experimental Study on the Effects of Chronic Briquette Gas Exposure to the Gestation Patterns of the Rats.

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most prevalent noxious gas poisonings throughout world. Especially high incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning due to the use of the anthracite coal briquette as the main domestic fuel has raised many serious medical problems in Korea. Author designed this study to observe the effects of chronic exposure to relatively low concentration of coal briquette gas on the gestation patterns of the rats. Ninety rats divided into 3 groups. one for the control. the other high concentration (CO, 1. 500 ppm, SO,. 5ppm) and the third low concentration (CO, 750 ppm, S02, 2.5ppm) groups. The rats in experimental group were exposed to briguette gas 30 minutes daily during the gestational period. The pregnancy wastage. gestation rate by the period. the size and body weight of the litters and congenital amomalies of the litters were observed. The findings obtained are as follows; 1. Higher incidence of pregnancy wastages was found in the briquette gas exposure group compared to the control group. The high concentration group showed the highest rate of pregnancy wastages. 2. In the high concentration group. one-third of the pregnancy wastage was obserbed at the end of the 2nd week of the gestation and two-third of them in the Srd week of the gestation. 3. The reduction in the size and the body weight of the litters was "found in the gas exposure group and this tendency was manifested in the high concentration group. 4. One case of ectromelia was observed in the low concentration group and two cases in the high concentration group. The teratogenic effect of hypoxia induced by carbon monoxide poisoning: might be regarded as one of the factors in the genesis of this type of congenital melformation

Histopathologic and Enzyme Histochemical Studies on Effects of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rat Liver

An experimental study was performed to observe the acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the liver of rats by means of histopathologic and enzyme histoch emical methods, attempting to explore the mechanism behind the process of the acute anoxic necrosis of liver Experimental animals(65 Sprague-Dawley rats , 210 ~280gm_) were devided into four groups by the duration of exposure and the concentration of carbon monoxide: Control (15 rats , unexposures) , 1% CO exp.(30 rats, 30 min.) , 0.7% CO exp. (12 rats,60 min.) and 0.4% CO expo (8 rats , 120 mip.). Histop hological investigation and the enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) , NADH diaphorase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) , alkaline phosphatase (alk. P.) and acid phosphatase(acid P.) in liver were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and appropriate enzyme histochemical stainings. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Histologic sections of rat liver in groups of acute poisoning with carbon monoxide revealed mild to moderate congestion of central vein and sinusoidal spaces, accompanied by acidophilic degeneration of hepatocytes, pyknosis, fatty changes and focal necrosisy. Central zone was more severely affected than portal zone and the reactions were more marked in higherconcentration and shott duration groups. 2. SDH and NADH diaphorase activities in all experimental group were significantly decreased in mild to moderate degrees, especially in central and miclzonal area. 3. LDH activities in all experimental rousps generally decreased in mild degree in the central and midzone in contrast to the increase in mild to moderate degree of portal zone. 4. Changes of alk. P. activities were not noticed. Acid phosphatase activities in all experimental groups were significantly incre-ased in 60 to 120 min. expo sures. 5. Above histopathologic and histochemical findings seemed to support that acute anoxic necrosis of liver could be included by acute carbon monoxide poisoning preceded by hepatic enzymeatic changes and the most vulnerable portion of hepatic parenchyme was to be central zone of hepatic lobule

The Histo-pathological and Histo-chemical Studies on the Effects of Acute and Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Gestated Rat Uterus

Carbon monoxide poisoning is very common home accident and one of the main health hazards in Korea, since Koreans use anthracite coal briquette as domestic fuel. Among the many harmful effects of CO poisoning, it is noteworthy that it increases the pregnancy wastage rate and, in milder cases, impedes the fetal development. But, in spite of the importance of the CO poisoning in pregnancy, there have been very few reports on the histo-pathological changes. which happen in the uterus of pregnant woman. This study was designed to investigate the histo-pathological and histo-chemical changes of CO poisoning in gestated uterus. Gestated rats exposed to carbon monoxide gas of 4, 500~5, OOOppm for 20 minutes at the 16th Gestation day comprise acute CO poisoning group. Chronic poisoning group were exposed to CO· gas of 400ppm for 8 hours from 13th to 16th day of the Gestation, therefore the total duration of exposure was 32 hours. Among twenty three rats in each group, eight were sacrificed at the end of the exposure to observe the changes at the moment. The rest fifteen were observed at the 20th gestation day that is just before the spontaneous delivery. And, as control groups, eight gestated rats were observed at the 16th day and thirty at the 20th day of the gestation. The plain H&E staining and also histo-chemical' staining were made to observe the extracted rat uteri. Investigated enzymes were NADH diaphorase, SDH,_ LIm, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase. Following results were observed: 1. In acute poisoning group sacrificed at the 16th day, fibrinoid necrosis and infiltration of lymphatic cells were observed in subplacental myometrium, and the congestion was found in the inner myometrium. In chronic exposure group, the common finding wasmild congestion. In acute exposure group observed at the 20th day, myometrium showed mild congestion and lymphatic infiltration, but in chronic exposure group, there was no difference from normal control group of the same date. 2. The activity of NADH diaphorase was reduced in both acute and chronic groups at the 16th day. It regained the normal value at the 20th day. 3. The activity of SDH was reduced in both acute and chronic exposure groups at the 16th day, but it returned to the level of normal control group at the 20th day. 4. The activity of LDH was reduced in acute ex' posure group at the 16th day, but increased in chronic exposure group of the same date. At the 20th day, both showed no difference from normal control group. 5. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was redu-ced in both groups at the 16th day. At the 20th day there was no difference between poisoning groups .and control group. 6. The activity of acid phosphatase was low at the 16th day, but it showed almost same level with normal control group at 20th day

A Histochemical Study ou the Myocardium of the Rat iu Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon monoxide poisoning has been one of the seriM ous health problems last 20 years. The high incidence of accidents is mainly due to the public uses of anthracite coal briquettes as main domestic fuel for heating and cooking. Authour designed this study to elucidate the effects of the acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the myocardial tissue by histochemical approach and some of 105 rats were exposed to 1%, 0.7% and 0.4%CO gas mixture. The half lethal times were 30 min., 60min., and 120min. respectively. The control rats and lethal rats among 3 experimental groups were dissected immediately and the enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), diphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced form (DPNH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed by histochemical staining method. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was made simultaneously and serum LDH. carboxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red cell count were measured. The findings obtained are as follows; 1. The average survival time of the I%CO, 0.796 CO and 0.4% CO exposure groups were 25min., 53 min. and 135min respectively. 2. The histological sections from rat after 30 min., 50 min. and 120 min. acute poisoning with 1%. 0.7% and 0.4% carbon monoxide revealed mild to moderate congestion and focal extravasation of erythrocytes in the cardiac muscles without necrotic changes. 3. The values of hemoglobin. hematocrit and red cell count showed marked increase in the experimental groups compared to the control group, but the difference among the experimental groups were found insignificant statistically. 4. The activity levels of SDH and DPNH were redused proportionally to the CO concentration and the exposure time. The activity level of LDH was slightly increased. These changes are statistically significant. The serum level of LDH decreased in the 120min. exposed group, but was not changed in the other exposure groups

An Experimental Study on the Therapeutic Effects of 2-Pyrrolidone acetamide in acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

This experiment is to ascertain the therapeutic effectiveness of the administration of 2-Pyrrolidone acetamide in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning using rats. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The administraction of 2-Pyrrolidone acetamide by subcutaneous injection (1. 5Gm/KG) , to the rats poisoned with 1% CO for 30 minutes and 60 minutes to observe the recovery time. ensued in the 'rapid recovery highly significantly compared with the control group. 2. Although no significance was found statistically, 2-Pyrrolidone acetamide administered group showed 56% and control group 44%; and this resulted 12% lowering of the fatality rate. 3. In the each experimental group administered 2Pyrrolidone acetamide by dose of 1. 5Gm/KG, 3.0 Gm/KG and 6,OGm/KG respectively before the exposure to 1% CO environment to observe the half fatality time, the moat significantly prolonged half fatality time was observed especially in the group of 3.0Gm/KG, dose although each of the experimental group revealed the significantly prolonged half fatality time compared to the control group. 4. However, more experimental and clinical studies have to be done to attain the definite conclusion on the therapeutic effectiveness of 2-Pyrrolidone acetamide administration combined with the hyperbaric oxygenation therapy in acute carbon monoxide poisoning

An Experimental Study on the Pathological Changes of Brain in Acute CO Poisoning

There is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in acute or chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Although it is well known that bilateral pallidal necrosis in acute CO poisoning, we know very little about the diffuse cortical cell damage or subsequent effects of the acute bouts of cell injuries by CO exposure This experiment was carried out to elucidate the changes at various time intervals after recovery from acute CO intoxication. Using rats , experimental groups were divided into control, acute exposure and chroni