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    Lagged Effect Estimation of Financial Investment on Highway Safety Improvement Programs

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 8. ๊ณ ์Šน์˜.๋งค๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ƒ๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์žฅ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ์†์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ํˆฌ์žํšจ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜, ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?, ๋‹นํ•ด ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด ์—ฐ๋„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๋„์—๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฐ€?, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€์†ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ณ„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์žํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€์†ํšจ๊ณผ ์ธก์ • ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์žฆ์€ ๊ณณ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๋…ธ์„ ๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์žฆ์€ ๊ณณ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๊ตญ 232๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์  ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋Œ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋„๋กœ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ HSIP(Highway Safety Improvement Program)์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ •์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„, ์ธ๋‹น GRDP๊ณผ ๊ด‘์—ญ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ด์‚ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋นˆ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์นด์šดํŠธ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์ „์‚ฌ์—… ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ์ง€์†ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์ธก ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ด์งˆ์  ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋นˆ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์ดํ•ญ ํŒจ๋„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์€ 232๊ฐœ ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ 1์ธ๋‹น ์•ˆ์ „๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…๋น„๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋ณ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํŠน์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ํŒจ๋„๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ํŒจ๋„๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ณ„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹คํ•ญ ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ ์Œ์ดํ•ญ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ตœ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋„๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์žฆ์€ ๊ณณ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ 1์ธ๋‹น ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž์•ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋นˆ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด์—ฐ๋„์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ํˆฌ์ž ํ›„ 1~2๋…„ ํ›„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ํ›„ 7๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ์†์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํšจ์œจ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํˆฌ์žํ•œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.It is accident reduction benefit for selected citizens with national fund investment of road safety improvement program. The economical investment decision of national highway safety improvement program that is conducted by every year can leave long-lasting influence on the pertinent region and such influence is distributed over time and the effects can be manifested according to the differences of the regions inherent traffic safety character and the risks of investment effect. Accordingly, this research set the research problems of Does road safety program investment reduce pertinent regions accidents and fatalities?, Does this years road safety improvement investment show effects in the future as well?, When taking local road safety characteristics into consideration, does investment effect show to be more fitted?, Does taking into consideration the interrelationship of local road safety program effects show better accident reduction effects? and Does taking into consideration the probability of local road safety program show better investment effects?. In order to prove these, this study quantitatively verified the lagged effects of the highway safety investment and sought to measure the investment effects of traffic safety improvement programs that is more fitted for reality and develop lagged effects measurement model. For analysis materials, national financial investment data of High Risk Rural Roads improvement program during 2004~2012 and Hot Spot Roads improvement program during 1995~2012 were panelized based on the every 232 local governments in Republic of Korea, and vehicle registrations and road extension were set as exposure variables in order to standardize accident reduction effects of local governments. The social economy control factors that affect accident reduction were used population density, GRDP per capita and unemployment rate. The model specification was based on Count Model in order to consider the heteroscedasticity for the discrete accident frequency data, used the Distributed Lag model so as to consider the lagged effects of safety program financial investment, and selected Negative Binomial Panel Model that reflected the over-dispersion of the disparate traffic safety characteristics and traffic accident frequency data. The application of the model set overall program cost as investment variable to separate accident occurrence reduction effect model and fatality reduction effect model, and Fixed Parameter Panel Model that assumes individual characteristic effects as potential factors and Random Parameter Panel Model, which assumes it as probabilistic factors were applied to compare the estimation results. As the result, Mixed Effect Random Coefficient Negative Binomial Regression Model with Polynomial Distributed Lag, which reflects that probabilistic investment effects per local governments, was set as the optimal model to fit analysis goal. As the result of final model estimation, although accident frequency decrease following increase in investment per capita, it was observed that meaningful effects showed 1~2 years later and those effects were shown to last up to 7 years after the investment. Also, road safety policys undertone was deduced through probable road safety characteristics and investment efficiency calculation. This research is expected to contribute to establishment of more reasonable national highway safety investment strategy that considers uncertainty of investment effects and an invested citys own underlying traffic safety characteristics and long-term effects of highway safety improvement program financial investment.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 4 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ •์˜ 6 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 8 ์ œ2์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 11 2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 11 2.1.1 ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 11 2.1.2 ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 14 2.1.3 ์•ˆ์ „ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€์†ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… 17 2.2 ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 18 2.2.1 ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 2.2.2 ๋„๋กœ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ์—… ์žฌ์ •ํˆฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 2.3 ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์„ค์ • 31 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 33 3.1 ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ชจํ˜• 33 3.1.1 ํฌ์•„์†ก ๋ชจํ˜• 33 3.1.2 ์Œ์ดํ•ญ ๋ชจํ˜• 34 3.1.3 ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 36 3.2 ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 38 3.2.1 ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 38 3.2.2 ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 3.3 ํŒจ๋„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜• 43 3.3.1 ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ์š” 43 3.3.2 ํ’€๋งํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜• 44 3.3.3 ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ ํŒจ๋„๋ชจํ˜• 46 3.3.4 ํŒจ๋„ ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ชจํ˜• 47 3.3.5 ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 49 3.4 ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜• 53 3.4.1 ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋ชจํ˜• 53 3.4.2 ํ˜ผํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜• 53 3.4.3 ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 55 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ถ„์„ 59 4.1 ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ตฌ์ถ• 59 4.1.1 ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 59 4.1.2 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋‚ด์—ญ 61 4.2 ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ฒ€์ • 64 4.2.1 ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •๊ทœ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 64 4.2.2 ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 65 4.2.3 ๋ถ„์„๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ํŒจ๋„ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ทผ ๊ฒ€์ • 67 4.3 ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„ 67 4.3.1 ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„ 67 4.3.2 ํˆฌ์ž๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„ 68 4.3.3 ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 69 4.4 ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ์ • 70 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์ถ• 71 5.1 ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ •์˜ 71 5.2 ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ‘๊ทผ 72 5.2.1 ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ‘๊ทผ์ ˆ์ฐจ 72 5.2.2 ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 74 5.3 ๋ชจํ˜•์‹ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 75 5.3.1 ํ’€๋ง ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ชจํ˜• 75 5.3.2 ํŒจ๋„ ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ชจํ˜• 76 5.3.3 ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํšจ๊ณผ ์นด์šดํŠธ ๋ชจํ˜• 78 5.4 ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ •์‹ ์ •๋ฆฌ 80 ์ œ6์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ์šฉ 81 6.1. ์ „๊ตญ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 81 6.1.1 ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 81 6.1.2 ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 82 6.1.3 ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 83 6.1.4 ME ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 84 6.2 ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ํ•ด์„ 85 6.2.1 ์ ์ • PDL ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 85 6.2.2 ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ ํƒ 86 6.2.3 ์ตœ์ข…๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 88 6.2.4 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 92 6.3 ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํ›„์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 93 6.3.1 ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 93 6.3.2 ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 95 6.4 ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 98 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 100 7.1 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  100 7.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 103 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ 104 ๋ถ€๋ก 117 Abstract 149Docto

    ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ ์ „์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์‹ ๋™ํ›ˆ.Introduction: The purpose of ancient DNA (aDNA) study is to provide scientific clues to the solution of various problems that have not been resolved through analysis of DNA extracted from living organisms. However, since the soil of Korea is constituted such that bodies are likely to decay rapidly, aDNA extracted from bodies long-buried in tombs is usually considered to be in a poor preservation statethus, it is likely that failure will be the result if the aDNA is used for genetic analysis. In this study, therefore, I tried to establish a method of aDNA analysis on human remains buried during the Joseon Dynasty. Also, I applied the established method to archeological samples for confirmation of whether or not aDNA analyses could be useful in the field of archaeological science. Methods: The samples used for this study were ancient skeletal remains, teeth or mummified brains found in lime-soil mixture barrier (LSMB) tombs constructed during the Joseon Dynasty in Korea. All of the samples were subjected to sex determination using archaeological, anatomical, or genetic methods. aDNA from the archaeological human remain samples was isolated using a phenol extraction method and quantified by spectrophotometry or the real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) method. After PCR, cloning and sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region (HVR) or short tandem repeat (STR) analyses of nuclear DNA were performed for determination of the preservation state of the aDNA, sex determination, human identification, and contamination control. Results: The preservation state of the aDNA was analyzed with the AmpFlSTRยฎ Identifilerยฎ PCR Amplification Kit (Identifiler kit) and AmpFlSTRยฎ MiniFilerโ„ข PCR Amplification Kit (Minifiler kit) using DNA extracted from femur samples from eight sets of Joseon skeletal remains. In the analysis using the Identifiler kit, the extracted aDNA showed such a poor preservation state that the subsequent STR analysis failed in most of the loci. However, in the STR analysis with the Minifiler kit, which was designed to reduce the amplicon size on the eight largest loci in the Identifiler kit, the success rate of the locus analysis was more than twice as high. Also, I investigated whether morphologically well-preserved mummified brain tissue is more valuable as a sample for aDNA analysis than the femur samples that are commonly used as compact bone in aDNA analysis. The Minifiler kit analysis confirmed that the success rate of STR locus analysis using mummified brain samples was higher than that using femur samples. In addition, I found that, in the mtDNA analysis, the aDNA extracted from the mummified brain tissue could allow for larger-sized PCR amplicons than could the femur. Given these results, mummified brain tissue could indeed be a valuable material for aDNA analysis. Next, I examined whether aDNA analysis could be helpful in sex determination of controversial archaeological samples. Using archaeological or anatomical methods for a total of 34 individuals buried during the Joseon Dynasty, the sex of five individuals could not be determined anatomically, while another two individuals showed discordant results between the archaeological and anatomical methods. In the results of amelogenin gene analysis on the samples, four of the five individuals for whom the sex could not be determined were confirmed, as three women and one man. Meanwhile, the sexes of the two individuals for whom the results by the two methods were discordant also were confirmed (i.e., the anatomical sex determination had been correct). Finally, I conducted an investigation to determine whether teeth found in a pocket were those of the individual found in that coffin or another persons. The aDNA techniques used in my thesis were applied to solve this problem. The Minifiler kit was used for analyzing eight STR loci and sex determination based on mummified brain and femur samples obtained from the mummified human remain. Then, those STR analysis results were compared with the results for the teeth. In fact, the alleles analyzed in the mummified brain, femur, and tooth samples were quite similar to each other. Additionally, the results of a sequence analysis of mtDNA HVR1 confirmed that all of the nucleotide sequences analyzed from the mummified brain, femur and teeth were 100% identical to each other. Considering these genetic analysis results, it is almost certain that the owner of the teeth found in the pocket was most likely to be the mummified human remain buried in that same coffin. Conclusions: Through this study, I was able to investigate the preservation state of aDNA extracted from archaeological human remains buried in LSMB tombs constructed during the Joseon Dynasty and to establish a research method for analysis of aDNA. And, I confirmed that morphologically well-preserved mummified brain tissue can be a useful material for aDNA analysis. Next, I showed that sex determination and individual identification on archaeological human remains could be successfully accomplished using aDNA analysis methods. Considering that aDNA analysis is still relatively novel in Korea, I hope that my thesis will be helpful to archaeological scientists who are interested in aDNA studies.Abstract Introduction Chapter 1. A study on the preservation state of aDNA extracted from skeletal remains buried during Joseon Dynasty Chapter 2. A comparative study on the preservation state of aDNA extracted from the femur and mummified brain found in the tomb of Joseon Dynasty Chapter 3. A study on the usefulness of aDNA analysis in sex determination of ancient human remains Chapter 4. A study on the funeral rites of Joseon society using the aDNA analysis to bone and teeth found in the same coffin Conclusion Bibliography Abstract in Korean 156Docto

    Distributed Generation deployment planning considering distribution charging

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Maste

    ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ „์ž์  ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    ์น˜์€ ๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ E-cadherin ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D์˜ ์—ญํ• 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊น€ํ˜„๋งŒ.Despite the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in periodontal health, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D on strengthening E-cadherin junctions (ECJs) was explored in human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). ECJs are the major type of intercellular junction within the junctional epithelium, where loose intercellular junctions develop and microbial invasion primarily occurs. HOK-16B cells, an immortalized normal human gingival cell line, were used for the study. To mimic the inflammatory environment, cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ฮฑ). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the culture medium were assessed by an MMP antibody microarray and gelatin zymography. The expression of various molecules was investigated using western blotting. The extent of ECJ development was evaluated by comparing the average relative extent of the ECJs around the periphery of each cell after immunocytochemical E-cadherin staining. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression was examined via immunohistochemical analysis. TNF-ฮฑ downregulated the development of the ECJs of the HGKs. Dissociation of the ECJs by TNF-ฮฑ was accompanied by upregulation of MMP-9 production and was suppressed by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor. Exogenous MMP-9 decreased the development of ECJs. Vitamin D reduced the production of MMP-9 and attenuated the breakdown of ECJs in the HGKs treated with TNF-ฮฑ. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ฮบB) signaling attenuated the lowered development of ECJs in the HGKs treated with TNF-ฮฑ. Vitamin D also downregulated TNF-ฮฑ-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ฮบB) signaling in the HGKs. VDR was expressed in the gingival epithelium, including the junctional epithelium. These results suggest that vitamin D may avert TNF-ฮฑ-induced downregulation of the development of ECJs in HGKs by decreasing the production of MMP-9, which was upregulated by TNF-ฮฑ. Vitamin D may reinforce ECJs by downregulating NF-ฮบB signaling, which is upregulated by TNF-ฮฑ. Vitamin D may protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion by strengthening the epithelial barrier.์น˜์ฃผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D์˜ ํ•ญ ์—ผ์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜์€๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ƒํ”ผ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…์†Œ์˜ ์นจ์ž…์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์น˜์€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ƒํ”ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋Š์Šจํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ƒํ”ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฉธํ™”๋œ ์ •์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์น˜์€ ๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ผ์ฆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ TNF-ฮฑ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ MMP-9์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ํ™•์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ MMP antibody microarray ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ zymography ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ถ„์„์€ immunoblotting ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ E-cadherin์„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜์€์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ TNF-ฮฑ๋Š” ์น˜์€๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•ด๋Š” MMP-9 ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ MMP-9์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•จ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์–ต์ œ๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์™ธ์ธ์„ฑ์˜ MMP-9์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋Š” TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ MMP-9์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์น˜์€๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋Š” nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ฮบB) ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ NF-ฮบB ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ƒํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜์€์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” TNF-ฮฑ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์น˜์€๊ฐํ™”์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ MMP-9 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๋Š” TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ MMP-9์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ E-cadherin ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” TNF-ฮฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ NF-ฮบB ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ D๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ”ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์นจ์ž…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์น˜์ฃผ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1-1. Junctional epithelium in periodontal disease 1 1-2. E-cadherin 2 1-3. Matrix metalloproteinase & Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases- 4 1-4. MMP-9 5 1-5. NF-ฮบB signaling as pro-inflammation signaling 7 1-6. Vitamin D as an anti-inflammatory agent 8 1-7. Vitamin D in periodontal health 10 1-8. Vitamin D protecting the gingival epithelium including JE 11 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 12 3. MATERIALS & METHODS 14 3-1. HGK cultures 14 3-2. Immunoblotting 15 3-3. Antibody microarray analysis of MMPs 16 3-4. Zymogram analysis 16 3-5. Immunocytochemistry and measurement of ECJs 17 3-6. Immunocytochemistry for NF-ฮบB translocation to nucleus 18 3-7. Immunohistochemistry of vitamin D receptor (VDR) 19 3-8. Statistical analysis 20 4. RESULTS 22 4-1. ECJs with TNF-ฮฑ & Vitamin D 22 4-2. Disruption of ECJs by MMP-9 22 4-3. Reinforcement of ECJs by vitamin D 23 5. DISCUSSION 26 6. CONCLUSION 31 REFERENCES 32 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 68Docto

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