9 research outputs found

    A Study on Personalization of Power in the French Presidentialism: Conversion of Right-Wing Populism under Neoliberalism in Crisis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ๊น€์„ธ๊ท .ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜ ์ „๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น ์ •์ฑ…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ๊ตญ์ •์šด์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ๋” ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์†Œํ†ต์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ์ •๋‹น ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ผ์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ •์น˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ณ€์— ๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์›์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์›์‹œ์ผœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€(ๅฐ) ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ๋‹น์„ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋“œ๊ณจ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์‹œํ‚จ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋ผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋“ค์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์œ ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ œ๋„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ž„๊ธฐ 5๋…„์ œ ๊ฐœํ—Œ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ24์ฐจ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •์น˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹น์„  ์งํ›„ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์ด ๊ธ‰๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ํƒˆ-์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ง‘์ค‘์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ขŒํŒŒ์™€ ์šฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ด์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ •์น˜์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€์˜์ •์น˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ „์„ (FN)์ด ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์šฐํŒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์„ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“œ๊ณจ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๊ณ  ๊ทน์šฐ์ •ํŒŒ์˜ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ขŒํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ง€์ „์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ •๋‹น ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณด์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ •๋‹น์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ขŒํŒŒ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค์€ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์šฐํŒŒ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ง€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ œ5๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๋“œ๊ณจ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ž„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์šด์˜์˜ ๋น„์ „์— ์•ˆ์ „ ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ์งˆ์„œ์œ ์ง€์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ž์œ ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ด€์ฒ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋„์ž-๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ณต์ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋Œ€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค.In the modern politics, politician images generated through the mass media are getting to be a more critical factor. Especially, candidates image becomes a crucial key as much as a political partys role in electionparty leaders competence to make use of media is regarded as a key indicator for solid leadership. Political images, which provoke emotions of people, come to replace consensus based on rational communication. In this study, personalization of power is defined that personal leadership substitutes political partys traditional roles and the institutional power is remarkably concentrated on politicians personality. The existing studies have been generally focused personalization of power on constitutional authority or changes of media circumstance, but shown a problem clearly to identify current political phenomenon from characteristics of authoritarian politics in the past. In turn, legitimating mechanism for the personalization of power in the current democratic society needs to be discussed in depth. In order to explain power centralization rather than image politics itself, this study examines the process of crisis strategy. The article aims at analyzing the personalization of power in France since 2000. President Sarkozy elected in 2007 was evaluated as who resurrected Gaullism on the decay for about two decades since the mid-1980s. However, he did seldom take constitutional authority for maintaining power as the former Presidents did. Rather he unified people by discourses and images, so this brought out continuous debates on how to personalize its power. The amendment of Quinquennat is referred to a critical leverage for presidential power, but the 24th constitution amendment, which limited power of President, was concurrently settled. Related studies on his image politics were not able to explain why his approval rating was sharply plunged right after the election. On the other hands, as an alternative approach, this study will focus political crisis that was caused by neo-liberal politics since 1980. The issues related to EU and open market split the left- and the right-wing each internally, and government ran by political elite was put in crisis. As FN is growing rapidly based on 'anti-globalization movement', the major right-wing political party was on the defensive, for they did not provide relevant solutions. Confronting crisis of the right-wing party Sarkozy took the populism by the far-right wing and went for war of position that actively reinterpret and absorb values of the left-wing. Sarkozys personalized leadership was a method that a political individual synthesizes contradicting values that party cannot guarantee. Moreover, he concentrated power in his hand by defining confronted crisis in an advantageous context and avoiding responsibility. Although the left parties on the personalized leadership shared easy target to criticize, they did not provide appropriate solutions and went to split, whereas the right wing party led by Sarkozy sustained solid base of support. In this context, the populism carried forward by Sarkozy has different meanings from the existing cases in the 5th Republic. His leadership is better understood in neo-liberalism, not in Gaullism. Former Presidents legitimized though Frances exceptionalism and state interventionism, but he gained public support by proposing effective vision of state affairs including positioning security issues. In other words, Sarkozy pieced contradicting values between authoritative maintenance of order and liberal market economy together, and accomplished neo-liberal policies. In this side, in order to analyze in depth, the phenomenon of personalized power in neo-liberal period should be approached in the relationship change between the leader and public, not in a leaders own competence. Personalization of power in the neo-liberalism shows the process about how to invert from public relation, nation vs. public to private relation, leader vs. voter. The leadership of Sarkozy significantly reflects the crisis of representative system and is a good example that democracy can be in retreat in the process of the neo-liberalism development.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ 1 2. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ 6 (1) ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 6 (2) ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์›์ธ 11 (3) ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 14 3. ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 20 (1) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ œ5๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ 20 (2) ์ œ5๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 25 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 28 1. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  28 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ถ„์„ 36 (1) ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€: ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ถ„์„ 36 (2) ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ: ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 40 โ…ข. ์ธ๋ฌผ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ: ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •์น˜ 49 1. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๋ถ€์นจ 49 (1) ๋“œ๊ณจ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ(1958-1986๋…„) 49 (2) ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด(1986-2007๋…„) 55 (3) 2007๋…„ ๋Œ€์„ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๋ถ€ํ™œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 57 2. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” 61 (1) ์ œ24์ฐจ ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ์˜ํšŒํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  61 (2) ์ž„๊ธฐ 5๋…„์ œ(quinquennat) ๊ฐœํ—Œ 65 (3) ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ œํ•œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 69 3. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •์น˜ 78 (1) ์–ธ๋ก  ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” 78 (2) ์ง€๋„์ž ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ 84 โ…ฃ. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ง‘์ค‘์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ: ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์ž…์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ 92 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐœ์ž…์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ 92 (1) ๋””๋ฆฌ์ง€์ฆ˜(dirigisme) ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ์™„ํ™”๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” 92 (2) ์‹ค์—…๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 96 2. ์ค‘๋„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ํ˜์˜ค 100 (1) ์ •์น˜ ์˜จ๊ฑดํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒ์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 100 (2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” 104 3. ์šฐํŒŒ ๋‚ด ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ 109 (1) ๋“œ๊ณจ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 109 (2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์Ÿ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทน์šฐ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ 113 (3) ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ 10๋…„ 117 โ…ค. ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ์šฐํŒŒ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 124 1. 2007๋…„ ๋Œ€์„ ๊ณผ ์šฐํŒŒ ์ง€์ง€์ธต ์žฌํŽธ 124 (1) ์ธ๋ฌผ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์šฐํŒŒ ์ง€์ง€์ธต ํ™•๋Œ€ 124 (2) ๊ทน์šฐ ์ง€์ง€์ธต์˜ ์žฌํŽธ 129 2. ํ˜์‹  ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ฑ…์ž„ํšŒํ”ผ 133 (1) ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ(rupture) ์ „๋žต 133 (2) ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” 136 3. ์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ๊ทน์šฐ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ 141 (1) ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ทœ์ •: ์•ˆ์ „ ์Ÿ์  ์„ ์  141 (2) ์ขŒํŒŒ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํฌ์„ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™” 147 โ…ฅ. ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ง‘์ค‘ 160 1. ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ฒ  160 (1) 2007๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” 160 (2) ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœํ˜์‚ฌ๋ก€: ๋…ธ๋™, ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์—ฐ๊ธˆ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ถ€์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ 166 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 179 (1) ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ข…์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋น„ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ฑ 179 (2) ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 184 โ…ฆ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  191 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 197 Abstract 227Docto

    1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น์˜ ์ž์ฃผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2004.Maste

    Image Politics in Crisis Leadership: The Case of President Nicolas Sarkozy

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์†๋„๊ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋ณด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ€์„ ์— ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฆ์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋…์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์น˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋น„ํŒ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ช…์‹œํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ถŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ •์น˜์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ต ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฅด์ฝ”์ง€์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ†ตํ•ฉ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ๋ถ„์—ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. This article examines the effects of image politics of Nicolas Sarkozy in focusing on the aspect of crisis leadership. After Sarkozy won the Presidential Election, he was frequently present in the media with a clear and decisive speech style and could form the strong image that he was determinative in protecting law and order and delivered the values for development and efficiency well. However, to be ironical, during his presidency, he came to face the critics against his frequent media exposure and dogmatic style of ruling in overall national politics, which finally led to the return of authoritarianism. The existing studies do not effectively provide the clear criterion on the criticism, except his style of politics, for Sarkozy was different from the Presidents in history who did abuse the power based on the constitution and push ahead to prolong his own presidency by force. This study focuses on that he tried to rid himself of public responsibility on existing crisis by using the guardian image of the national interest, in order to take advantages to restructure the political agenda. His leadership of crisis was developed by dividing public opinions without the duty on social integration, which is generally expected to a president. When the crisis leadership is connected to the abuse of power through the media, the values of democracy can seldom be protected
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