12 research outputs found

    Estimating Comprehensive Income and Its Policy Implications

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋…์ผ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋“ฑ 6๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์„ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ``์‹ค์ œ ์†Œ๋“``๊ณผ ``์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ``์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์žฌ์ •์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ๋ก ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. 6๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋“, ์ €์ถ•, ์ž์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณต์ง€ํŒจ๋„ ๊ณผ Luxemburg Wealth Study ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 1์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์™ธ์— 5๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์†Œ๋“์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. The main purpose of this study is estimating the comprehensive income of six countries, including Korea, the Unites States, England, Japan, Germany, and Sweden. Comparing the difference between disposable income and comprehensive income, it is possible to figure the potential ability of each country to pay. Comprehensive income was also broken into two parts: income accrued from financial assets and real estate. The Luxembourg Income Study was used to do work such as this. The contribution of this study includes an estimate of comprehensive income directly from raw household-level data as well as a comparison of the comprehensive income of six countries. This study is the first attempt to do this kind of work.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2010๋…„๋„ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ : ๋ธŒ์™€์ด์— ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Maste

    An Empirical Study of the Organizational Effectiveness of Leadership: Ordinary Least Squares and Ordered Probit Model

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์กฐ์งํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌํ•ญ์‹œ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” 9๊ธ‰ ์ด์ƒ 4๊ธ‰ ์ดํ•˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ, ํ˜์‹ ์  ํ–‰๋™, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ง„์„ฑ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ˆœ์œ„ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์—„๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋“  ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์กฐ์งํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง„์„ฑ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์—, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง„์„ฑ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์œ„ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง„์„ฑ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์  ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ปธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด 1์  ์ƒ์Šนํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜์‹ ์  ํ–‰๋™์ด 5์  ์ด์ƒ์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์€ 6์  ์ด์ƒ์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์กฐ์ง์‹œ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The aim of this paper is twofold. One is to figure out the leadership type of the mayor of PohangCity. The other is to examine the causality of leadership and organizational effectiveness(OE) in Pohang. This study collected data from surveys and tested a couple of hypotheses by ordinary least squares and an ordered probit model. The main results follow. First, all three types of leadership raise the degree of organizational effectiveness. Authentic, innovative, and transactional leadership have positive effects on job satisfaction, innovative behavior, and organizational citizen behavior. Second, innovative leadership has the largest effect on organizational effectiveness. The effect of authentic leadership is the smallest. Third, the effect of leadership on organizational effectiveness is different in the two models. It is necessary to estimate ordinary least squares and ordered probit model in other similar studies. Finally, it was found that the mayors desire to be re-elected and tough competition for advancement within Pohang make transactional leadership popular

    An Empirical Study on Appeal-Review Committee Decisions: The Case of North Gyeongsang

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์–‘์ • ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 2008~2016๋…„์˜ 9๋…„, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์–‘์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋œ 303๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ์™€ ์†Œ์ฒญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ฒญ์ธ์˜ ์ง๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒํ›„ํ•˜๋ฐ•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋ณด๋„๋˜๋ฉด ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋น„์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œ์„ฑ ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋ฉด ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ–์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์–‘์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—, ์ง•๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง•๊ณ„๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ธˆ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์ง•๊ณ„๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ธˆ์ด ๋ณด์™„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™• ์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ์„ฑ์‹ค์˜๋ฌด ์œ„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ํ’ˆ์œ„์œ ์ง€์˜๋ฌด ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ์œ„์œ ์ง€์˜๋ฌด ์œ„๋ฐ˜์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง๊ธ‰์ด ์–‘์ • ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์†Œ์ฒญ์ธ์ด ํ–‰์ •์ง์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„์ฒญ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง•๊ณ„์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–‘์ • ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์˜จ์ •์ฃผ์˜์  ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.The main purpose of this paper is to figure out the decision pattern of appeal-review committees (ARC) that impose final disciplinary action on civil servants. Another contribution is to find meaningful policy implications and propose better alternatives than current appeal-review committees. Micro-level data was gathered from appeal application/review documents of the North ARC for the period 2008-2016. The sample size is 303. The estimated OLS and ordered probit model results are summarized below. First, the punishment level is lowered when the appellant is a highly-ranked civil servant, which may be called "generous to the high, strict to the low." Second, the environmental factors surrounding the administrative agency have significant effects on the appeal-review committee decisions. The punishment level increases when wrongdoing is being pressed or publicly criticized. Third, an appellant with prior punishment receives stricter disciplinary action than a first offender does. Fourth, the greater the fine imposed, the more severe the punishment realized. Fines are complementary to disciplinary action
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