A Comparative Study on Cybersecurity Act Implemented in the United States and China

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 신성호.The past decade in cyberspace witnessed state-mediated attack in pursuance of accomplishing ones political end. Once limited to opportunistic private criminal groups, the concept of cyberattack transformed into a countrys important means to bolster national security and further propagate national stance in cyberspace. Henceforth, cyberspace emerges as compelling security realm. When compared to traditional security environment, judging the situation is convoluted on account of the unique characteristics of cyberspace. Under the amorphous nature of cyberspace, if anything, nations become more nationalized. The nature of cyber realm characterized by innate openness and hyper-connectivity will trigger structural change in cybersecurity landscape. Thus the thesis argues that although nations will actively interact and engage in collective initiatives fueled by the rising voice of forming global governance for cybersecurity, the overriding state sovereignty in the end would breed discord in the cyber era. Every move in cyberspace rests upon a nations political end thereby taking account of geopolitical interests assumes greater importance since invisible borderline matters. Given the nations inclination to utilize cyber capabilities for political ends, what happens in conventional security realm can also occur in cyberspace. The thesis chooses the US and China, allegedly Group of Two (G2), to study how both country take governmental measures vis-à-vis cybersecurity. Two great powers, with no doubt, are the pioneers in this emerging security realm. Not only both actively engage in building up cyber capabilities but also actively engage in appealing for cooperation to its allies. By conducting a comparative study on Cybersecurity Act of 2015 in the US and Cybersecurity Law of the PRC in 2016, the thesis aims to demonstrate how G2 implement legal regulation to safeguard domestic information infrastructure amidst the rising cyber threats posed by both state and non-state actors. In doing so, the thesis will research how respective country exerts its national interests in cyberspace while cooperate with other countries to defend global security. The thesis will add a new dimension on current cybersecurity studies by filling the gaps in previous literature. The thesis will contribute in understanding Sino-US relation regarding hegemonic competition in cyberspace and further propose the prospects of nations in the cyber era.지난 십 년의 사이버환경은 정치적 목적을 이루기 위한 수단으로써 국가 주도의 사이버공격이 주를 이룬다. 한때 기회주의적 범죄집단에 국한된 사이버공격은 이제 한 국가의 정치적 목적 달성, 사이버 공간에서의 정치적 선전의 중요한 수단으로 이용된다. 이에 따라 사이버공간은 그 귀추가 주목되는 신(新)안보영역으로 급부상하고 있다. 전통적 안보 영역과 비교했을 때 사이버공간의 독특한 특성으로 말미암아 사이버안보 환경을 가늠하는 것은 훨씬 복잡하다. 개방성과 초연결성으로 특징되는 무정형의 사이버 공간에서 역설적이게도 국가는 더욱 국가주의적인 경향을 보인다. 안전한 사이버안보 환경 수립을 위해 글로벌거버넌스 구축의 필요성에 더해 각 국가들이 공동의 이니셔티브를 위해 협력함에도 불구하고 더 우선시되는 주권국가의 이익은 사이버공간이라는 신(新)안보 영역에서의 갈등을 초래할 것이다. 이는 궁극적으로 사이버안보 전망의 구조적 변화를 부추긴다. 사이버공간 하에 한 국가의 정치적 행위가 결국 특수한 목적에 달려있음에 기인해 이 신(新)안보 영역의 이해에 앞서 지정학적 이익관계의 이해가 요구된다. 사이버 역량을 한 국가의 정치적 목적 달성의 수단으로 이용하려는 지난 십 년의 경향은 전통적 안보영역 차원에서 발생하던 일이 사이버공간에 또한 발생할 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 논문은 미국과 중국이 사이버안보 관련 어떠한 정부차원의 조치를 취하는 지 연구함에 목적을 둔다. 양국은 사이버 역량 발전에 국가적 투자를 아끼지 않을 뿐 아니라 동맹국들에게도 협력을 촉구하며 사이버공간이라는 신(新)안보영역에 가장 적극성을 띠는 국가이다. 미국의 2015년 사이버안보법과 중국의 2016년 사이버보안법을 비교 연구해 본 논문은 양국이 국내의 정보 인프라 보호를 위해 어떠한 법적 규제를 마련했는지 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 각국이 사이버공간에서 어떻게 국익을 행사하며 동시에 범지구적 차원의 사이버안보를 위해 어떠한 협력 매커니즘을 추구하는지 연구한다. 본 논문은 사이버안보를 미∙중 경쟁구도의 관점에서 재해석하며 더 나아가 거시적으로 사이버안보를 전망한다는 점에서 현재의 사이버안보 연구에 기여한다.I. Introduction 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Argument Overview 3 3. Significance of the topic 5 4. Methodology 8 II. Literature Review 10 1. Sino-US relation and Cybersecurity 10 2. Previous studies on cybersecurity 16 3. Cybersecurity and relevant legal regulation 25 a. The United States 25 b. China 29 4. Limitations of prior research 32 III. The United States 34 1. An overview of national security and cyberspace 34 a. Cybersecurity environment 34 b. Cybersecurity strategy guideline 37 2. Information security and regulatory regime 41 a. Definition of Critical Information Infrastructure 41 b. The evolution of discussion on information security 45 3. Cybersecurity Act of 2015 48 IV. China 51 1. An overview of national security and network security 51 a. The development process of informatization 51 b. Cybersecurity strategy guideline 54 2. Network security and regulatory regime 57 a. Cybersecurity environment 57 b. Definition of Critical Information Infrastructure and regulatory regime 59 3. Cybersecurity Law of the PRC 62 V. Analysis 64 1. Thesis findings 64 a. The US model of protecting homeland cybersecurity 66 b. Chinese model of controlling mainland network security 68 2. Implications and prospects of nations in the cyber era 69 a. Cybersecurity as a shared problem 69 b. Race to cyber supremacy 72 VI. Conclusion 75 Bibliography 78 Abstract in Korean 91Maste

리찌와 라쏘 회귀분석법의 비교와 신용 점수화에의 적용

Thesis(master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :통계학과,2005.Maste

유해공생세균에 의한 장내 면역 조절기작에 대한 연구

DoctorInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifaceted immune disorder caused by dysregulated immune responses against gut microbiota and associated with the surge of commensal microbial species with pathogenic potential, thus termed as pathobiont species. However, how immune homeostasis to pathobiont species can be established under steady state condition and how these pathobiont species provoke colonic inflammation remain elusive. In this study, I aim to identify the pathobiont species involved in the pathogenesis of different experimental colitis and determine their behaviors during the onset of colitis. I also investigate the underlying mechanisms that permit the expansion of pathobiont species during the onset of T cell-induced colitis. I revealed that delayed contact of gut microbiota, i.e. microbial colonization of adult germ-free (GF) mice (conventionalized GF mice), could induce pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses that were associated with the overgrowth of pathobiont Helicobacter species. The induction of colitogenic responses against Helicobacter species were tightly regulated in pre-weaned GF mice, indicating that the weaning period is critical time window for establishing immune tolerance to these pathobiont species. The overwhelming expansion of Helicobacter species in conventionalized GF mice was dependent on its capacity to use fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration. Hence, while the precision editing of gut microbiota specifically targeting nitrate-dependent anaerobic respiration effectively suppressed dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, this strategy was not applicable to T cell-induced colitis. Alternatively, fumarate reductase inhibitors could ameliorate colitogenic T cell responses by inhibiting the surge of pathobiont species. Therefore, fumarate reductase inhibitors can be a promising therapeutics for treating IBD. These data emphasize that microbiota-targeted therapeutics should be applied based on the characteristics of IBD and the types of pathobiont species that can vary among IBD patients.염증성 장질환은 장내 공생 세균 및 유해 공생 세균의 증가에 의해 유도되어지는 비정상적인 면역반응에 대한 질환이다. 정상상태에서는 유해 공생 세균에 대한 면역 항상성이 유지되지만, 장내 염증이 유도된 상태에서 어떻게 유해 공생 세균이 면역 반응을 활성화시키는가에 대한 연구는 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 다양한 염증성 장질환 모델과 관련된 병원균을 확인하고 T 세포를 매개로 한 염증성 장질환 초기에 나타나는 병원균 증식에 관련된 작용기전을 연구하고자 한다. 다자란 무균 쥐에 장내 박테리아를 주입하게 되면 (conventionalized 무균 쥐) 염증성 Th1과 Th17 세포의 면역반응이 유도되는데 이와 같은 현상이 병원균인 헬리코박터균의 증식과 연관이 있음을 밝혀냈다. 헬리코박터균에 대한 이러한 염증 반응이 이유 시키기 전의 어린 마우스에서는 엄격하게 제한됨을 확인함으로써 이유 시기가 병원균에 대한 면역반응의 내성에 있어 중요한 시기임을 확인할 수 있었다. Conventionalized 무균 쥐에서 나타나는 헬리코박터균의 증가는 박테리아의 무산소 호흡 동안에 최종 전자 수용체인 푸마르산염을 사용하는 정도에 따라 달라질 수 있다. DSS에 의해 유도된 염증성 장질환에서는 박테리아의 무산소 호흡에서 최종 전자 수용체로 질산염을 사용하는 병원균을 타겟으로 하여 증상 완화 효과를 확인하였으나, 이러한 방법은 T 세포를 매개로 한 염증성 장질환에는 전혀 효과를 보이지 않았다. 반면에, 푸마르산 환원 억제제는 특정 병원균의 증식을 선택적으로 억제하여 T 세포를 매개로 한 염증 면역 반응을 완화시킬 수 있었다. 따라서 푸마르산 환원 억제제가 염증성 장질환을 치료하는 치료방법으로 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 특정 장내 병원균을 타겟으로 한 치료 방법은 다양한 염증성 장질환의 특성뿐만 아니라 더불어 환자가 가지고 있는 병원균의 종류에 맞춰 적용되어야 함을 제안하고 있다

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Long Acting Peptide - Hyaluronate Conjugate

DoctorBioconjugation technology using synthetic and natural polymers like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hyaluronic acid (HA) has been widely exploited for the development of long-acting biopharmaceuticals. The chemical attachment of polymers with the biopharmaceuticals, such as protein and peptide drugs, has been reported to increase the drug efficacy by reducing renal clearance, decreasing the immuno-response and alleviating the enzymatic degradation in the body. Recently, HA has been widely investigated as a novel drug carrier of various chemical and biopharmaceutical therapeutics. As a natural linear polysaccharide in the body, HA has several advantageous properties for biomedical applications, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and non-toxicity. HA has been regarded as one of the best biomaterials in terms of safety issues. However, the short half life of HA should be overcome for long-term clinical applications. One of the main objectives in this study was to develop how to control the molecular degradation of HA derivatives for drug delivery applications. In Chapter 1, the characteristics of HA was introduced focusing on the biological functions and unique physico-chemical properties. In addition, the chemical modification of HA and the application of HA derivatives to drug delivery were described. In Chapter 2, a novel protocol to control the molecular degradation of HA was successfully developed for drug delivery applications. HA has a different conformational structure in water and in organic solvent. The carboxyl group of HA is known to be the recognition site of hyaluronidase and HA receptors. Based on these findings, HA was chemically modified by grafting adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) to the carboxyl group of HA in the water to prepare HA-ADH_WATER and in the mixed solvent of water and ethanol to prepare degradation controlled HA-ADH_WATER/ETHANOL. To compare the degradation rate of the samples, three kinds of HA hydrogels were prepared by the crosslinking of HA-ADH_WATER or HA-ADH_WATER/ETHANOL with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3), and by the crosslinking of HA-OH with divinyl sulfone (DVS). In vitro and in vivo degradation tests showed that HA-DVS hydrogels were degraded the most rapidly, followed by HA-ADH_WATER hydrogels and HA-ADH_WATER/ETHANOL hydrogels. There was no adverse effect during and after the in vivo degradation tests. All of the HA hydrogel samples appeared to be biocompatible according to the histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and alcian blue staining. Based on these results, long acting HA - biopharmaceutical conjugates were developed after chemical modification of carboxyl groups of HA in the following studies. In Chapter 3, a new protocol for the synthesis of HA - peptide (CWRYMVm) conjugate for FPRL1 receptor was successfully developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis. Aminoethyl methacrylated HA (HA-AEMA) was synthesized by the coupling reaction of tetrabutyl ammonium salt of HA (HA-TBA) and AEMA using benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluoro-phosphate (BOP) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Then, HA-AEMA was conjugated with CWRYMVm in water via Michael addition reaction between methacryloyl group of HA-AEMA and thiol group of cysteine in CWRYMVm. The formation of HA-peptide conjugate was confirmed by 1H-NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The average number of conjugated peptide molecules could be controlled from 5 to 23 per single HA chain. The HA-peptide conjugate showed serum stability longer than four days. In vitro signal transduction activity of HA-peptide conjugate for FPRL1 receptor was confirmed from the elevated levels of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and calcium ion in FPRL1 over-expressing RBL-2H3 cells. The partially decreased biological activity of HA-peptide conjugates by the steric hindrance of HA was recovered after its degradation by hyaluronidase treatment. In vivo tests of HA-peptide conjugate in murine model of sepsis confirmed the increased therapeutic effect after conjugation to HA. In Chapter 4, a novel protocol to synthesize anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate was successfully developed for the treatment of ocular neovascularization. Using HA-TBA, water-insoluble anti-Flt1 peptide could be conjugated with HA in DMSO by the amide bond formation between carboxyl groups of HA and N-terminal amine groups of GGNQWFI. The formation of anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate was confirmed by 1H-NMR and fluorometric analyses. The average number of grafted peptide molecules in anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugates could be controlled from 3 to 30 per single HA chain by changing the feeding amount of peptide for the conjugation reaction. The resulting HA - GGNQWFI conjugate self-assembled to form micelles in aqueous solution, as confirmed and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to in vitro biological activity tests, HA - GGNQWFI conjugate exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition effect on the binding of Flt1-Fc to VEGF165 coated on the well. Furthermore, in vivo biological activity of anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate was confirmed from the inhibitory effect on corneal neovascularization in SD rats. VEGF receptor 2 expression in silver nitrate cauterized cornea was also reduced after treatment with anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate. In addition, anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate effectively inhibited retinal choroidal neovascuarization (CNV) in laser induced CNV model rats. In the diabetic retinopathy model rats, the retinal vascular permeability and the deformation of retinal vascular structure were significantly reduced after treatment with anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugates. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed the increased mean residence time of anti-Flt1 peptide after conjugation to HA longer than 2 weeks. In addition, anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate also showed therapeutic effect on asthma reducing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity. Moreover, anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate having a micelle structure in aqueous solution was developed as a novel drug carrier of various hydrophobic drugs such as genistein, dexamethasone, and doxorubicin. The hydrophobic drug - loaded micelles had a spherical shape with a diameter in the range of 100 ~ 300 nm, as characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM analyses. Anti-Flt1 peptide - HA conjugate capable of encapsulating hydrophobic drugs would be successfully exploited as a novel drug carrier for an anti-angiogenic cocktail therapy