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    ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํšจ์†Œ GPD2์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ง€์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ด‰์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์„ฑํ˜.Despite growing evidence for mitochondrias involvement in cancer, the roles of specific metabolic components outside the respiratory complex have been little explored. We conducted metabolomic studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-deficient (ฯ0) cancer cells with lower proliferation rates to clarify the undefined roles of mitochondria in cancer growth. Despite extensive metabolic downregulation, ฯ0 cells exhibited high glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) level, due to low activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2). Knockout (KO) of GPD2 resulted in cell growth suppression as well as inhibition of tumor progression in vivo. Surprisingly, this was unrelated to the conventional bioenergetic function of GPD2. Instead, multi-omics results suggested major changes in ether lipid metabolism, for which GPD2 provides dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in ether lipid biosynthesis. GPD2 KO cells exhibited significantly lower ether lipid level, and their slower growth was rescued by supplementation of a DHAP precursor or ether lipids. Mechanistically, ether lipid metabolism was associated with Akt pathway, and the downregulation of Akt/mTORC1 pathway due to GPD2 KO was rescued by DHAP supplementation. Overall, the GPD2-ether lipid-Akt axis is newly described for the control of cancer growth. DHAP supply, a non-bioenergetic process, may constitute an important role of mitochondria in cancer.ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š”, ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ˜ธํก ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์—ญํ•  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์•” ์ƒ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์•„์ง ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ DNA (mtDNA)๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค๋œ ฯ0 ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ฯ0 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํšจ์†Œ์ธ mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2)์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4T1 wildtype (WT) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ GPD2์˜ knockout (KO)๋Š”, in vitro์—์„œ์˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ in vivo ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ GPD2์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•” ์–ต์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€, ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ GPD2์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ ์—, ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋ฏน์Šค ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”, GPD2๊ฐ€ dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ง€์งˆ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. GPD2 KO ์•”์„ธํฌ๋Š” DHAP ๋ฐ ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ , DHAP ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์€ GPD2 KO ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ์ง€์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” PI3K/Akt ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•” ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋น„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ๋™ํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ์ธ GPD2-ether lipid-Akt ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ GPD2๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Mitochondria's role in cancer 1 1.2 Characteristic of GPD2 2 1.3 Characteristic of ether lipids 4 1.4 Objective 5 2. Materials and Methods 6 2.1 Cell preparation 6 2.2 Cell proliferation assay 8 2.3 Clonogenic assay 10 2.4 Wound healing assay 10 2.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 11 2.6 LC-MS analysis 12 2.7 Western blot analysis 15 2.8 GPD2 enzyme activity test 17 2.9 Animal experiment 18 2.10 CCK-8 assay 19 2.11 Respiration measurement 19 2.12 Mitochondrial ATP measurement 20 2.13 ROS measurement 21 2.14 RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis 22 2.15 DHAP supplementation 23 2.16 Lipid rafts isolation 24 2.17 Cell cycle analysis 24 2.18 Bioinformatics analysis 25 2.19 Statistical analysis 26 3. Results 27 3.1 Mitochondrial damage causes loss of GPD2 activity leading to decreased DHAP/G3P ratio 27 3.1.1 Different phenotype and metabolic profile in ฯ0 cells 27 3.1.2 Alteration of DHAP/G3P ratio in ฯ0 cell 30 3.1.3 Decreased GPD2 expression and activity in ฯ0 cells 33 3.2 GPD2 deletion affects cancer cell growth and tumor progression 37 3.2.1 Effect of GPD2 inhibition on cancer cell growth 37 3.2.2 Changed cellular functions and tumor growth by GPD2 KO 40 3.3 Mitochondrial bioenergetics is not involved in the role of GPD2 in tumor progression 43 3.3.1 Mitochondrial bioenergetics status upon GPD2 KO 43 3.3.2 Mitochondrial activity and ATP production upon GPD2 KO 46 3.3.3 ROS status upon GPD2 KO 50 3.4 GPD2 regulates ether lipid synthesis to control cancer growth 53 3.4.1 Screening of altered metabolic pathways in 4T1 GPD2 KO cells by RNA-Seq 53 3.4.2 Ether lipid biosynthetic pathway 55 3.4.3 Changes in DHAP/G3P ratio upon GPD2 modulation 57 3.4.4 Changes in ether lipid synthetic pathway upon GPD2 KO 60 3.4.5 Difference in lipid species between 4T1 and 4T1 GPD2 KO cells 62 3.4.6 Quantitative level of ether lipid and the effect of plasmalogen supplementation in 4T1 GPD2 KO cells 65 3.4.7 Effect of DHAP supplementation on ether lipid synthesis and cell growth of 4T1 GPD2 KO cells 68 3.5 Ether lipid metabolism is linked to PI3K/Akt pathway 72 3.5.1 Profiling of pathways altered by GPD2 KO by GSEA 72 3.5.2 Different Akt phosphorylation by GPD2 KO 74 3.5.3 Recovery of Akt phosphorylation by DHAP supplementation 76 3.5.4 GPD2-ether lipid-Akt axis in in vivo 79 3.6 Involvement of GPD2 in different types of cancer 82 3.6.1 GPD2 expression and survival in human cancer 82 3.6.2 GPD2 expression and survival in individual human cancer types 85 3.6.3 Effect of GPD2 inhibition on the growth of different types of human cancer cell lines 88 4. Discussion 90 5. Conclusions 98 References 100 Abstract (Korean) 111๋ฐ•

    The research of the publication of Kyujanggaks < Taekdangjip(ๆพคๅ ‚้›†) > and various different version

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    ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์„œ์ธ ้“็ตฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ์ธ ๅญธ{็ตฑ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ์— ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๏งกๆค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ์„ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์žฅ๊ฐ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์ง‘ ๆพคๅ ‚้บ็จฟๅ…จ้›†๊ณผ ๆพคๅ ‚้บ็จฟๅˆŠ้ค˜์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ๋‹น์œ ๊ณ ์ „์ง‘๊ณผ ํƒ๋‹น์œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ„์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด์‹์˜ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋˜ ๋ชฉํŒ๋ณธ ํƒ๋‹น์ง‘๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ •์น˜์ , ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ , ์ž๋ฃŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.The middle period of the Joseon dynasty had been set up a Neo-Confucianism from the side of the idea, but the repulsion to the except for the Neo-Confucianism was not big in the many aspects of Joseon society. Yi Shik(๏งกๆค) who participated in the task of establishing a line of legitimacy for the Westerners faction also succeed and entered the government with his literary ablities. So Yi Shik show the ideological diversity in the middle period of the Joseon dynasty. Kyujanggaks and is the important materials for the research of Yi Shiks ideological aspects. Kyujanggaks and have the important value of the political, ideological, material aspects compared with

    ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐœ์„ ์ž‘์—…(Workout)์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ(๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ๊น€์˜๋‚˜.์žญ์Šจ ํด๋ก(Jackson Pollock)๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ(Lee Krasner)๋Š” 1945๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1956๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ™”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๊ธฐ ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํด๋ก์˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…(drip painting), ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(Little Image), ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ(collage) ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ „ํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ 1945๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ์„ฑ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ด€๋…์ด ํด๋ก๊ณผ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋น„์ถฐ์ง„ ์ ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ๋‚จํŽธ๊ณผ ์•„๋‚ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰(performance)ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” '์  ๋”(gender)'์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋Š” '์ •์ฒด์„ฑ(identity)'์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์  ๋” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทนํ™”(ๅŠ‡ๅŒ–)๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํšŒํ™”์  ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜์‹์ด ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๋ฌธํ™” ๋น„ํ‰, ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋ˆ„์•„๋ฅด, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํƒ€์žํ™”๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ข…๊ณผ ์œ ์ˆœํ•จ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๋…์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ(Clement Greenberg)๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ์•„ํŠธ(major art)๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚ด์  ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์žฅ์ด์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์  ๋”์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์›…์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ถŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์  ๋”๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํšจํ™” ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ „์œ (appropriation)ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์  ๋” ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ก๊ณผ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ •์„œ์  ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์  ๋”ํ™”๋œ ํ‰๋‹จ์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‚™์˜ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋„ ํด๋ก๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ „ํ›„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์„ค์ •์— ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํด๋ก๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž‘๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์€ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์ด ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์žํ™”์ƒ, ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๋…์— ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ „์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ „์‹œ์ธ 1949๋…„ ใ€Š์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค: ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•„๋‚ด(Artist: Man and Wife)ใ€‹๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์‹œํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์‹œ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™œ๊ธฐ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž‘์€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋„์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‚จํŽธ๊ณผ ์•„๋‚ด๋กœ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํ’ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ „์„ ์—ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํด๋ก์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ์ „์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋งค์ฒด์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋‚จํŽธ ํด๋ก์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์  ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํด๋ก์€ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ์ž‘์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์‹  ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฎค์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ํ‰๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํด๋ก๊ณผ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์  ๋”์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ทนํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์—์„œ ์ผํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์  ๋” ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํด๋ก์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ณต์  ๊ธฐํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ์  ๋” ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰, ์ฒด์ œ์™€์˜ ๋™์ผ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ด ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ก์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€, ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํด๋ก์€ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ… ์ž‘์—…์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 1948๋…„, ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ/๋ฐ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๋‹จ์„ ๋‹นํ˜น์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฆฌํ•‘ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทนํ™”๋œ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฌํ˜„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ ํด๋ก์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํด๋ก์€ ๋ฐ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š•๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1950๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ƒ ํšŒํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋„ ๋ฐ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ํด๋ก์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€(action painter)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํด๋ก์˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์  ๋” ์˜์‹ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทนํ™”๋œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํด๋ก์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋…๋ คํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ดํ›„ ์ „์‹œ ํ™œ๋™์— ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์— ์ถœํ’ˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฏธ์ปฌํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ‰๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ํด๋ก์˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ธ ์•„๋‚ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์š”๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1953๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—๋Š” ํด๋ก์˜ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์ƒ ํšŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋˜ ํด๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋…์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ํด๋ก์˜ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ํด๋ก์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ์˜ ์™ธ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ๊ฐ์€ ํด๋ก์˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ…๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฐข๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์˜ ํ”์ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข…์†๋œ ์•„๋‚ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ค์ถ”๋œ ํด๋ก์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ก์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ƒ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ๋„ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํด๋ก์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ, ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ ์‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋“ค์—๋„ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž์  ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ก๊ณผ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€, ๋‘ ํ™”๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ด์˜จ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์  ๋”, ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์ฒด 1. ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์  ๋” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ 9 2. ์žญ์Šจ ํด๋ก-๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ทนํ™”๋œ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ 15 (1) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์  ๋”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 15 (2) 1940๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋“ค 20 (3) ๊ณต์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์  ๋” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ: 1945๋…„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ดํ›„ 23 3. ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 26 (1) ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด 26 (2) ๊ณต๋™ ์ „์‹œ ํ™œ๋™: ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 33 (3) ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž… 38 โ…ข. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์  ๋”์˜ ๊ธฐํ‘œ ๋ถ„์„ 1. ์žญ์Šจ ํด๋ก: ๋™์ผ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 44 (1) ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋™์กฐํ•œ ์  ๋” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™: ๋“œ๋ฆฝ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ… 44 (2) ์ผํƒˆ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„: ๋ฐ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 49 2. ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ž˜์Šค๋„ˆ: ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์Šค ํด๋ก 56 (1) ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์†Œ๋‚˜: ๋ชจ์ž์ดํฌ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 57 (2) ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ทœ์ •: ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ 63 โ…ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  68 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 73 ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก 81 ๋„ํŒ 86Maste

    Performance Analysis of Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems Using VirTEX Simulation Tool

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    The performance of underwater acoustic communication system is sensitive to the Doppler shift and ISI(Inter-Symbol Interference). Therefore, the simulation algorithm needs to consider time-spread due to multipath arrivals which cause the ISI, and time-varying Doppler shift along with moving source and receiver. For this purpose, VirTEX(Virtual Time series EXperiment) based on Ray model has been developed. In this paper, VirTEX is used to compare the characteristics of ocean waveguide from the experimental data and illustrate the performance. The CIR(Channel Impulse Response) that characterizes the multipath arrivals with representative time-spread due to multipath arrivals is compared between numerically simulated and experimental probe signal. Also, the communication performance analysis for BER(Bit Error Rate) is compared between numerically simulated and experimental data signal. As a result, VirTEX can be useful as a simulation tool for evaluating the performance of underwater acoustic communication system.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 2. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 2.1 ์ŒํŒŒ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ชจ๋ธ BELLHOP 2.2 VirTEX ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ 3. ํ•ด์ƒ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ 3.1 ํ•ด์ƒ์‹คํ—˜ 3.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹คํ—˜ 4. ์ˆ˜์ค‘์Œํ–ฅํ†ต์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„ 4.1 ์ฑ„๋„์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ 4.1.1 ํ•ด์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 4.1.2 VirTEX ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์‘๋‹ตํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 4.1.3 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต 4.2 ํ†ต์‹ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 4.2.1 ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ณด์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 4.2.2 ํ•ด์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„ 4.2.3 VirTEX ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์˜ ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„ 4.2.4 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ

    ๋™ํŒŒ ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋ถ€์˜ ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์„ ๋“ค: ๋„๋ฌธ๋ก ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    So-Sik(่˜‡่ปพ) is the most influential mind during the Koryo and Joseon Dynasty. This article set up the coexisted praise and censure about So-Sik should be formed in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty. Zhu Xi(ๆœฑ็†น) and the followers of Zhu Zi in the middle of the Joseon Dynasty criticize sharply So-Sik and his literature(ๆ–‡็ซ ) on the basis of Jeong Ih(็จ‹?)s Studies of the Way of Life(Dohak/้“ๅญธ). But the other scholar-gentry who were more concerned with practical value of literature laid stress on So-Siks literature and affirmed So-Siks study and the other aspect. The middle period of the Joseon dynasty was never a period that demonstrated full establishment of the Neo-Confucian philosophy in Joseon, in terms of politics, ideology and economy. And because it was still not fully integrated into the Joseon society, Neo-Confucianism was not a dominating discourse in the area of literature as well. In fact, the middle period of the Joseon dynasty still had more literary figures who continued to respect and even prioritize the unique and independent role of literature. The criticism So-Sik and his literature on the basis of Zhu Xis Dohak(้“ๅญธ) couldnt take the lead in the discussion in the middle period of the Joseon Dynasty. The positive or negative reaction about So-Sik and his literature are mixed among the middle period of the Joseon Dynasty and the criticism So-Sik and his sentence still reinforce the logic of commentary

    ๆœˆๆฒ™ ๏งกๅปท้พœ(1564~1635)์˜ ๆ–‡็ฟฐๆดปๅ‹•๊ณผ ๅญธ็ตฑๆ„่ญ˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ,2004.Maste

    An Application of dynamic route choice model using optimal control theory

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅœŸๆœจๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘,1995.Docto

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