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    ๋ฃฐ๋ผ

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    2002๋…„ ๋ฃฐ๋ผ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋‹น์„ ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํš์„ ๊ธ‹๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋‹น(PT: Partido dos Trabalhadores. ์ดํ•˜ PT)์˜ ๋ฃฐ๋ผ(Lula: Luiz Inaฬcio Lula da Silva)๋Š” 2002๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ 61.27%๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด 38.73%๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์ง‘๊ถŒ๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ ์„ธํ•˜(Joseฬ Serra)๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  4๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๋„์ „์—์„œ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋‹น์„  ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 2006๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์œ ํšจํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ 60.8%๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด 39.2%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ PSDB์˜ ์•„์šฐํฌ๋ฏผ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ 2์ฒœ๋งŒํ‘œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ 5%์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ณผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๋Œ€, ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์˜ฌ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด๋ ค 80%๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง€์œจ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค..

    Mining conflicts in Neoliberal Peru: the case of Conga project

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    ๊ฝ๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์šด๋™์€ 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ํ† ์™€ ์ž์—ฐ์ž์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‹ค, ์ˆ˜์ž์›์˜ ์–‘์  ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์งˆ ์˜ค์—ผ, ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ผฌ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋งŒ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ˜‘, ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ฑ„๊ตด์‚ฐ์—… ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ต ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ† ์ง€์™€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฝ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์šด๋™์€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ €ํ•ญ์šด๋™์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์–ต์••์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ์„ ์ ๊ทน ์ง€์›ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ํญ๋ ฅ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์–ต์•• ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž์›๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ด‘์‚ฐํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํšŒ์œ ์™€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์–ต์••์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฝ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The movement against the Conga project in Northern state of Cajamarca is a noteworthy case in that in neoliberal Peru, where the state and mining companies form a strong alliance and impose ruthless drive for the mining projects, weak civil society groups and people in the region were able to halt the Conga mine project. Peasants near the mining site opposed the project for fear that Conga mine project would divest them of clean water essential for their agricultural activities and people in urban areas, especially in the city of Cajamarca, were angered by the reckless ways Yanacocha mining company have shown in handling water issue which is vital for the peoples life. Yanacocha have had a record of environmental pollution and maintained neglectful attitude towards peasants around mining sites, thus building bad reputation. People in communities around the Yanacocha mining sites have been abused by the threatening and deceitful behavior of the company. The Peruvian state, on its part, has not hesitated using violence in breaking opposition movement. Five people were killed and hundreds injured by the police during the confrontation with the police. However, most important was the continuous mobilization of the people including two large scale demonstrations and state-wide strikes. With the strenuous mobilization against the project for full one year which incurred two emergency measures and cabinet shake-ups the government finally gave in. The success of the opposition movement was not necessarily because civil society was strong enough to induce the concession by the central government but because the character of the issue, enough supply of clean water, was a vital and unnegotiable issue for the people and because the stories of abuse and neglect by the company and the state were instrumental in exerting national and international pressure toward the Peruvian state

    Corporate Pillage in Neoliberal Peru: The case of Doe Run Peru in La Oroya

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์ „๋ง์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์  ์ถ•์ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•…์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ผ์˜ค๋กœ์•ผ(La Oroya) ๊ธˆ์†์ œ๋ จ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋„๋ŸฐํŽ˜๋ฃจ(Doe Run Peru)์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธ๊ถŒ ์œ ๋ฆฐ์ ์ธ ์ถ•์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ด์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ์ ๋‚˜๋ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋ŸฐํŽ˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ์ •ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ Œ์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜ํ’€์ด ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€์ž ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ๋ผ์˜ค๋กœ์•ผ ํ”ผํ•ด ์•„๋™๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณด์ƒ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์ค‘์žฌ์‹ฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์ œ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ธก์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜๋ฌด ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๋ŸฐํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์  ๊ธฐ์—…ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ž์œ  ์‹œ์žฅ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „, ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ Œ์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋„๋ŸฐํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์  ๊ธฐ์—… ์ „๋žต์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋ถ€๋ฉ”๋ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์˜ค๋กœ์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ง€์†์  ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒˆ๋„Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.This paper deals with the case of predatory business practices of Doe Run Peru, which is owned by Renco Groups, which is in turn wholly owned by family trusts established by the companys Chairman and CEO, Ira Rennert. Just as Renco companies have been notorious in their environmental records, Doe Run Peru has ignored its environmental obligation by postponing the building of facilities to alleviate air pollution caused by La Oroya metallic complex and by asking to extend the completion of the Environmental Remediation and Management Program (PAMA) several times. When grassroots organizations in La Oroya and environmental and human rights NGOs took on pollution issues, the company first denied the existence of the problem. When confronted with test results showing high levels of lead in residents blood, the company blamed the hygiene and malnutrition of the local people. When the business got worse in the wake of a decrease in commodities prices in early 2009, the company filed for bankruptcy to avoid additional investments in the PAMA, aiming to keep running the companywithout paying extra environmental costs. When the people of La Oroya sued the company in Missouri for compensation for the health risks caused by the negligent behavior of the company, the Renco group asked the Peruvian state to pay any expenses incurred by the court decision. The corporate plunder of Doe Run Peru proves that neoliberalism not only does not work as conceived in theory but also allows spaces for predatory practices by companies such as Doe Run Peru. To prevent corporate pillage of this kind, local civil society and NGOs need to be better organized and connected to transnational advocacy networks, and the Peruvian state should strengthen itsmonitoring and supervising capabilities by reinstating the regulatory power of the state

    ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ : ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ์น ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘์‚ฐํˆฌ์ž์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง€์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” OCMAL(Observatorios de Conflictos Mineros de America Latina)์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•ด ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ์น ๋ ˆ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚œ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์š”์•ฝ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. OCMAL์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ 2014๋…„ 2์›” ๋ง ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 34, 34, 29๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์ฒด ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 198๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น„์Šค๋ฌดํŠธ๋Š” 3์œ„, ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์€ 5์œ„, ๊ธˆ์€ 9์œ„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ํŽ ๋ฆฌํŽ˜ ์นผ๋ฐ๋ก  ์ •๋ถ€(2006~2012)์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๋ถ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1992๋…„์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5,100๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 800๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 300๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘์‚ฐํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญํ† ์˜ 70%๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋งค์žฅ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ 2014๋…„ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ GDP ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์œจ์€ 4%๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค(Godoy 2013)
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