A Study on the response to western powers and the reinforcement of military forces in Korea, 1864∼1873

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국사학과,1998.Docto

Envoy Dispatch To Qing and Perception of the Relation with Qing in King Yeongjo Period

The reign of Joseon's King Yeongjo (l724~1776) corresponds to that of Yongzheng Emperor (l722~1735) and Qianlong Emperor (1735~1795) of Chinese Qing Dynasty. In that period, Joseon and Qing were stable in politics and had kept good relations with each other. Such good relations resulted from Qing Emperors' preferential treatment on Joseon - the Emperors had led the relations with Joseon. Amicable relations of that period can be evidenced by the frequency of envoy dispatches. Average auuual Joseon-to-Qing envoy dispatch had decliued from 2.42 times to 1.67 times while average Qiug-to-Joseon envoy dispatch from 1.29 times to 0.43 times. Envoy dispatch gave a great burden to the national finance of both couutries, in particular, being far heavier on Joseon. The declined frequency indicates that Qing Emperors had confidence in Joseon and there were not much issues to be solved politically. Aside the political stability of bilateral relations, Joseon had a economic difficulty in maintaining the envoy delegation. Joseon had earned lots of Japan's silver through the transit trade between Qing and Japan. However, siuce 1720s Joseon's silver stock had dropped sharply due to the rapid decline of japan's silver production, the rise of Chinese raw silk price and others. So, Joseon government restricted the unauthorized trading and private trade of civil trader in order to prevent the outflow of silver. The measure was obviously expected to strengthen the exclusive power of envoy trade which had been exercised by the hands-on staff of delegation, that is, interpreter. But, in the condition that silver outflow should be prevented, any measure could not help reducing the size of envoy trade. The most sensitive issues, which King Yeongjo had given much attention to in relation with Qing, were the installation of Hyojang crown prince(孝章世子) who was only seven years old and the description of King Injo Restoration in Ming History (明史) - At that time, Qing was preparing to publish the official history of Ming Dynasty and Joseon tried that King Injo Restoration would not be described as Injo's usurpation of Cwanghaegun's throne in rMing Historyj. For King Yeongjo who was week in the legitimacy of accession, such issues should be solved to show his dignity as King. Though the department of protocol of Qing raised an objection, the installation of Hyojang crown prince was approved by Qing Emperor finally in 1725. King Injo Restoration issue was successfully settled in 1739 by officially receiving, from Qing government, the printed copy of the part related to Joseon in Ming History. In King Yeongjo period, there were important cooperators for Joseon's envoy dispatch. The typical cooperator was Kim Sangr Myeong (1668 ?~ 1742). He is the grandson of Kim Yeovgyu who defected to Qing around 1627. His family gained the favor of Kangxi Emperor and especially Kim Sang-Myeong assumed high-ranking position by contributing to Yongzheng Emperor's ascending. He played important roles in solving diplomatic issues Joseon requested to Qing in the background. In particular, He played a crucial part in changing the contents of rMing HistoryJ. Zheng Shitai (鄭世泰), a Beijing-based business magnate, actually monopolized the trade of Joseon delegation in Beijing. Besides trading, Joseon delegation had procured urgent financing and other conveniences. King Yeongjo and other leaders of Joseon had dual attitudes for Qing. They thought intentionally and unfairly that both Yongzheng Emperor and Qianlong Emperor were inclined to luxury life and had brutal and miser mind. They also focused on the negative aspect of Qing that overall Qing society admired luxury life. Such was based on the idea that Qing was a barbarian dynasty. However, on the other hand, they acknowledged that Qing imposed lighter taxes than Ming and was generous to Joseon and Joseon's delegation

규장각 소장 자료의 전산화 방안과 현황

이 글은 현재 한국역사정보통합시스템 구축사업 이란 이름으로 진행되고 있는 우리 나라의 고도서와 고문서 등의 역사자료를 전산화하는 작업 중에서 규장각 소장자료와 전산화작업 부분에 관한 방안과 그 현황을 기술하기 위한 것이다. 이 글에서는 이 작업이 계획되는 단계에서부터 추진내역, 그리고 앞으로의 지속적인 추진방향 등을 기술하게 될 것이다. 한국역사정보통합시스템 구축사업의 계획이 수립된 것은 규장각 자체에서 시작한 것이 아니라 외부적인 요인에 의해서 시작되었다. 즉 1997년에 외환위기가 발생하면서 많으나 실업자가 생김에 따라 정부에서는 일정한 기금을 마련하여 이들 실업자에게 한시적인 일자리를 만들어주는 사업을 추진하려는 계획을 세웠는데 일반적으로 알려진 공공근로사업이 이에 해당된다. 그러나 일반적인 공공근로사업은 단순히 일자리를 창출하는 데에 초점이 맞추어 졌지만 정보통신부에서는 이 인력을 동원하여 대규모의 데이터베이스를 구축하고 이 데이터베이스를 통해서 국가적인 지식정보체계를 구축하려는 계획을 세우기에 이르렀으며, 한국역사정보통합시스템 구축사업은 그 일환으로 추진된 것이다