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    Studies on the Effects of Chlorine Incorporation on the Morphology and Electrical Properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites for Energy Harvesting Device Applications

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    DoctorCompositional engineering of organometal halide perovskite (OHP) determines the phase, dimension and stability of perovskite crystal structure, non-toxic and various electrical properties like tunable bandgap and characteristics of charge carrier transport. Since OHP is composed of ABX3 perovskite having A (organic cations), B (metal cations) and X (halogen anions), various combination options of OHP compositions exist. OHP represents the many advantages and various properties by the compositional engineering, which shows possibilities for OHP to be used in many applications such as solar cell, light-emitting diode, transistor, photodetector and thermoelectric device, etc. Among the compositional engineering, chlorine is used to make the perovskite crystallization rate be slow down, which increases charge carrier diffusion lengths and recombination life-time. However, the role and effect of chlorine remains unclear on enhancement of charge transport. Herein, this thesis proves the role and effect of chlorine incorporation, and applies the chlorine incorporation for Sn-based OHP solar cell that has poor electrical properties and OHP thermoelectric device that needs higher electrical conductivity. In Chapter 2, a lateral-structure photovoltaic device is introduced to prove the role and effect of chlorine incorporation. The charge carrier diffusion length of OHP is long enough to transport in the thin film of vertical-structured photovoltaic devices, generally used form. Therefore, the lateral-structured photovoltaic device with tunable gap distances between the cathode and anode is necessary to compare the effect of the chlorine incorporation. The gap distances can be fabricated longer than the charge carrier diffusion length of OHP, current density along the gap distance shows the difference between OHP with chlorine (mixed-halide perovskite) and without (triiodide perovskite). And scanning photocurrent microscope (SPM) visualizes the effect of chlorine incorporation through the charge collection current along the distances from electrodes by the laser movement. From the profile of SPM, the charge carrier diffusion lengths are calculated, which is a better estimation than the conventional calculation. Also, the role of chlorine incorporation is proved by the investigation of conductive-Atomic force microscope (c-AFM). Like the previous studies, chlorine incorporation makes the mixed-halide perovskite crystallization slow and efficient morphology compared to the triiodide perovskite film, so that the current level is higher in the morphology of mixed-halide perovskite that is pin-hole free, connected and fewer grain boundaries. Therefore, the effect and role of chlorine incorporation becomes clear by the introduction of lateral-structured photovoltaic device. In Chapter 3, chlorine incorporation is applied for Sn-based OHP solar cell that has poor electrical properties. Sn-based OHP has been widely studied recently as a substitution of Pb-based OHP due to the non-toxic nature. However, Sn-based OHP has problem of Sn oxidation, causing low PCE. In this study, Chlorine incorporation aligns the Sn-based OHP orientation and increases the crystallinity. In addition, the grain sizes are increased and the grain boundaries are reduced. The high crystallinity and better morphology of chlorine doped Sn-based OHP has higher electron and hole mobility compared to the non-doped. And trace of chlorine amount remains on the perovskite surface and grain boundaries to prevent Sn oxidation and enhance the stability. Consequently, the effect and role of chlorine incorporation is also proved in Sn-based OHP solar cell. In Chapter 4, chlorine incorporation to two-dimensional (2D) OHP is studied in thermoelectric device. OHP has a potential as a thermoelectric material since ultralow thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient. However, the electrical conductivity is still low, leading to the inefficient thermal conversion efficiency. 2D OHP structures and chlorine incorporation to them are introduced to overcome the poor electrical conductivity. DMSO addition to 2D OHP aligns lateral orientation to increase the electrical conductivity due to the slow perovskite crystallization, however, the perovskite phase separation occurs. Methylammonium chloride (MACl) incorporation helps the much slower perovskite crystallization, which reduces the perovskite phase separation. Also, MACl increases the dimension and purity of 2D OHP as a source of 3D materials. Chlorines are located at interstitial sites and exchanged into iodine as well as decrease the rate of perovskite crystallization. From the role and effect of chlorine incorporation as a form of MACl, the concentration of MACl is optimized to increase power factor that is an index of thermoelectric performance.์œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ABX3์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— A ์ž๋ฆฌ์— Methylammonium (MA)์™€ Formamidinium (FA)๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ, B์ž๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธˆ์†, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  X ์ž๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์›์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ ์กฐ์„ฑ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€, ๋ฐœ๊ด‘๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ, ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ, ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ, ์—ด์ „์†Œ์ž ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‘์šฉ์†Œ์ž์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์ด์˜จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ค๋น„ํƒˆ ๊ฒน์นจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ธŒ๋กฌ์€ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์š”์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ด‰๋งค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ ์›์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ์—ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์™€ ์—ด์ „์†Œ์ž์— ์‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋Š” ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ทน ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ „๊ทน ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„ํ•‘์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 500 nm ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผœ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž…์€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์šด๋”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ˜•์ƒ์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ฃผ์„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์— ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„ํ•‘์„ ์‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์„ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธˆ์† ํ›„๋ณด๋“ค ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์†์€ ์ฃผ์„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐํ™” ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ฉ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์— ์—ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„ํ•‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ •๊ณต์˜ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ด‘์ „์ž ์„ฑ์งˆ๋„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์šด๋”๋ฆฌ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ์–ด ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์„ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์—๋„ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„ํ•‘ ์‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์—ด์ „์†Œ์ž์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์ฃผ์–ด ์ด์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ์†๋„๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ์ˆœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž… ๋†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์š”์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋„์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์—ด์ „ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์—ญ๋ฅ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค
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