구취가 후각인지도 및 methyl mercaptan에 대한 후각감지역치에 미치는 영향

The purposes of the study were (1) to evaluate the olfactory identification ability in those who have bad breath, (2) to determine the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan in normal subjects and those who have bad breath, and (3) to evaluate the effect of oral hygiene care on the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan. Sixteen male subjects with bad breath (male odor group), 9 male subjects without bad breath (male non-odor group), and 10 female subjects without bad breath (female non-odor group) were included for the study. Olfactory identification ability was assessed by administrating the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT), and the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured by two-alternative forced-choice single-staircase detection threshold procedure in a double-blinded condition. The geometric mean of the last four staircase reversal points of a total of seven reversals is used as the threshold. For the male odor group, after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) concentration, the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured again and compared to the initial value. The ANOVA was used to test the group difference of olfactory threshold and olfactory identification ability and the paired t-test was used to test the difference of olfactory threshold between before and after reduction of oral VSC in male odor group. The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in olfactory identification ability among those who have bad breath and normal male or female subjects. 2. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was about 8.4 ppb in normal male and female. 3. There was a tendency that male subjects with bad breath showed a higher olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan when compared to those of no bad breath. 4. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan returned to a normal level after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral VSC.ope

코골이와 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증 환자의 두부규격방사선사진 상의 특징 및 호흡장애지수와의 상관관계

Objectives : The purposes of the study was to evaluate cephalometric characteristics in snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to see any relationships between the cephalometric measurements and respiratory disturbance indices (RDI). Materials and Methods : Twelve snoring patients, 11 patients with OSA, and 10 normal subjects were included for the study. After taking a screening sleep study for a night to obtain RDI, SaO2, and snoring index, a detailed cephalometric analysis was conducted to obtain SNA, SNB, SN-MP, IAS, MAS, SPAS, SAAS, Mn-H, and PNS-P. All the data were compared between groups. For a group including 12 snoring patients and 11 OSA patients, correlation coefficients were calculated between respiratory disturbance index and each item of cephalometric measurements. Results : The mandible and the maxilla are retropositioned. The oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway is reduced in area and is a factor that could produce or enhance OSA symptoms. The hyoid bone is displaced inferiorly. The soft palate is significantly elongated. Conclusions : These data suggest that cephalometric evaluation could be useful to evaluate snoring and OSA patients, and to assist with the planning treatment for improvement of upper airway patency.ope

증령적 변화로서의 두개골 봉합의 유합 상태

In order to study the closure stage of cranial sutures and its correlations with age, the ectocranial closure stage of coronal suture, sagittal suture, and lambdoidal suture of 67 skulls was measured. Among the skulls kept at the department of anatomy, college of medicine, Yonsei University, the ones with ages identified were used for this study. These measurements of suture closure were conducted by 4 examiners independently. The sutures were further divided by Frederic's method into 16 suture parts. The closure stages were classified by five stages of Broca-Ribbe. The following results were obtained: 1. The inter-observer reliability among 4 examiners showed high intraclass correlation coefficient of over 0.75(mean : 0.856) in all suture parts. Therefore, the determination of closure stage wasn’t influenced by the subjective view of each examiner. 2. In all suture parts, the closure stage increased proportionally with age.(p<0.01) In terms of each suture part, the S2 part of sagittal suture showed the highest correlation(68.1%) while the L1-R part of lambdoidal suture showed the lowest correlation(51.3%). In addition, in terms of suture types, the correlation with age decreased in the order of sagittal suture(60.0%), coronal suture(57.7%), and lambdoidal suture (55.7%). In general, the average value of suture closure stages had 57.8% correlation with age(p<0.01). 3. The most frequent suture closure stage according to age group was ‘0’ for ages below 30, ‘0’ and ‘1’ for ages within the 30’s, ‘1’ and ‘2’ for ages within the 40’s, and ‘2’ for ages within the 50’s. With older age groups, the frequency of ‘3’ and ‘4’ increased, and the suture closure stage increased proportionally with age. 4. The mean age by closure stage of each suture were within the 40’s for the closure stage of ‘1’, within the 50’s for the closure stage of ‘2’, and from 50’s through 60’s for the closure stage of ‘3’. The standard deviation was over 10 for all closure stages. In addition, at the same suture closure stage, the mean age according to the coronal suture was higher than the ages according to the sagittal suture or lambdoidal suture. Especially, C1-R, C1-L, C2-R, and C2-L parts showed the highest age when at the same suture closure stage. 5. The values appropriate for age estimations using suture closure stages of 16 suture parts were calculated, and a calculator for age estimation (R2=0.6944, p<0.01) by ectocranial suture closure stage for Koreans is presented. From the above results, the method of using the closure stage of sutures of the skull to estimate age can be useful in individual identification of forensic science. Further extensive and accurate research using larger samples would be worthy of study.ope

The Use of Salivary Gland Scintigraphy for Diagnosis of Primary Sjögren Syndrome and Thyroid Disease in Patients with Dry Mouth

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by dryness of the mouth and eyes due to lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands. In American European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria, abnormal salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) result is one of the objective signs of SS and it has been proposed as a valid and non-invasive alternative approach to functional evaluation of salivary gland, especially in the case when unstimulated whole salivary flow is more than 1.5 mL in 15 minutes or other AECG criteria is unmet. Patients with SS are more likely to have the thyroid disease (TD), but this association remains controversial. We present a case of the use of SGS for diagnosis of primary SS and TD in patients with dry mouth and burning sensation of tongue. Through this case, we suggest the usefulness of salivary scintigraphy for screening TD in addition to diagnosis of SS.ope

Oral manifestation of paraneoplastic pemphigus

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare and often fatal autoimmune blistering disease accompanied by both benign and malignant neoplasms. Usually, oral, skin, and mucosal lesions are the earliest manifestations shown by PNP patients. Oral ulcers are initial lesions in various autoimmune diseases like pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, graft-versus-host, lichen planus, it does not improved despite of high-dose steroid therapy. We report a-35-year-old female who presented oral ulceration, lip crust and skin lesions. By doing several examinations, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, incisional biopsy with indirect immunofluorescence, she was diagnosed PNP with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma on pancreas.ope

Vestibular Schwannoma Presenting with Orofacial Dysesthesia: A Case Report

Vestibular schwannoma, also known as acoustic neuroma, is a rare benign brainstem tumor surrounding the vestibular division of the 8th cranial nerve. The presenting symptoms are hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness. Unabated growth can compress 5th (trigeminal nerve) and 7th (facial nerve) cranial nerve, which can cause nerve dysfunction such as orofacial pain, sensory abnormalities, or trigeminal neuralgia. We report a 51-year-old woman who presented with orofacial dysesthesia on her left side of the face with abnormal findings on 5th cranial nerve and 8th (vestibulocochlear nerve) cranial nerve examination. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed cerebellopontine angle tumor. She was referred to a neurosurgeon and diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma.ope

Long-term Change of Renal Function after Donor Nephrectomy for Kidney Transplantation

Purpose: Occurrence of renal failure and its related complications such as hypertension are long-term problems after donor nephrectomy for living donor kidney transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed renal function of unilateral kidney donor. Methods: From 669 living donors for kidney transplantation from December 1998 to October 2006, laboratory data related to renal function are collected from hospital medical record retrospectively in 251 (37.5%) donors who were followed-up after discharge. The selection criteria of donors were: 1) pre-nephrectomy serum creatinine level below 1.5 mg/dL, 2) no radiologic abnormality in bilateral kidney. The donor nephrectomy was performed by conventional open nephrectomy or video assisted minilaparotomy surgery. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study was used as renal function monitoring parameter. Results: In immediate post-nephrectomy period, e-GFR was decreased to 67.8±14.6% of pre-nephrectomy level (93.8±19.9 mL/min/1.73 m2). The urinary protein excretion for 24 hours was increased to 255% of pre-nephrectomy level (76.4±44.6 mg/day), but cases with proteinuria more than 300 mg per day were only 4 cases (1.7%, 4/251). After 14.0±15.2 months follow-up (range: 1~80 months), two cases (0.8%, 2/251) of renal failure (chronic kidney disease stage 5) were found. Relative renal function (post-nephrectomy e-GFR ratio versus pre-nephrectomy e-GFR, %) was increased by post-nephrectomy duration. The mean scores of e-GFR ratio within post-nephrectomy 2 months, 3~11 months, 12~23 months and after 24 months were 64.8±10.4%, 66.4±9.7%, 69.5±10.9% and 75.8±17.6% respectively. The relative e-GFR ratio after 24 months was significantly different from those of within 24 months (P＜0.0001 by ANOVA). In linear regression analysis, mean increment of e-GFR ratio per post-nephrectomy year was 2.88%. Conclusion: In spite of possibility of renal failure, our study shows the long-term compensation of residual renal function after nephrectomy.ope

Pre-transplant Serum Soluble CD30 Level; Correlation with Panel Reactive Antibodies and Lymphocyte Cross Matching

Purpose: Serum level of soluble form CD30 (sCD30), a marker for T helper 2-type cytokine-producing T cells, is used as a marker of immunologic status of pre-transplant recipient that can predict graft rejection and graft survival. This study compared pre-transplant serum sCD30 levels with conventional pre-transplant immunologic parameter, such as panel-reactive antibodies (PRA) and lymphocyte cross matching (LCM). Methods: Adult seventy two patients were enrolled this study. The blood for tests was sampled simultaneously. Measurement of serum sCD30 level was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Bender MedSystems, Co. CA, USA). We tested PRA using a commercial ELISA kit (Lambda Cell Tray Lymphocytotoxicity assay)(One Lambda Inc. CA, USA). We established LCM tests for T cells by Modified NIH (National institute center of health)/Johnson`s Method/AHG (Anti human globulin), and for B cells by warm test. Results: Mean score of sCD30 was 90.3±46.4 U/mL, ranged from 12.2 to 244.4 U/mL. There was no significant correlation between patient`s age or sex and sCD30 level. The correlation between sCD30 and mode or duration of dialysis was not statistically 63 significant clinical situation. The result of LCM didn`t show significant correlation with sCD30 level (87.3±55.7 U/mL in LCM positive group versus 91.9±41.3 U/mL in LCM negative group, P=0.696). And sCD30 level equal to or more than 86 U/mL could not predict the positive result of LCM. The positive and negative predictive value of sCD30 to LCM was merely 27.8% and 58.3% (P=0.322). Also the correlation between sCD30 level and PRA was not significant (P=1.0). Conclucion: There was no significant correlation between serum sCD30 level and conventional immunologic parameter such as PRA or LCM. That means the pre-transplant monitoring of the sCD30 level can be used as an independent immunologic parameter.ope

The Relationship among the Number of Teeth, Salivary Flow Rate, Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, and Depression in the Elderly Population in Korea

Purpose: Depression is a condition that weakens psychosocial functioning and reduces qual ity of life. In Korea, the prevalence of depression among the elderly is 29.2% and depression is a considerable public health concern for the elderly. Depression has a statistically signifi cant relationship with oral conditions such as number of teeth and salivary flow rate. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is the concept including subjective evaluations of psychological, physical and social aspects of oral health. Tooth loss and hyposalivation can affect mental health and quality of life. Our study was designed to identify the relationship among the number of teeth, salivation, OHRQoL, and depressive symptoms in the elderly in Korea. Methods: We recruited 100 participants, aged over 65 years, and assessed their number of teeth, unstimulated salivary flow rate. All participants filled out oral health impact profile 14 (OHIP-14) and Zung self-rating depression score (SDS) for checking OHRQoL and depres sive symptoms. Statistical analysis was done by R program. Results: We found that the positive relationship between OHIP-14 and SDS after Mann– Whitney test (p=0.03). The lower SDS group had an OHIP-14 median score of 4. On the other hand, the higher SDS group had a median value of 7.5. The other factors (number of teeth and salivary flow rate) did not show correlations with OHIP-14 or SDS. Conclusions: OHRQoL and depressive symptoms have significant correlation.ope

Risk Factors of Post-transplantation Diabetes Mellitus in Renal Transplant Recipients

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in renal allograft recipients and investigate the risk factors contributing to the development and progression of PTDM and its underlying pathogenic mechanism(s). Methods: We analyzed the incidence and risk factors of PTDM after renal transplantation, retrospectively. A total of 913 renal transplant recipients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) were enrolled. The recipient who needs medical treatment of hyperglycemia more than one month was considered as PTDM patient. We classified PTDM as early PTDM (within post-Tx 1 year) and late PTDM. Results: Two hundred seven cases of PTDM were developed (22.7%) out of 913 patients. The cumulative incidence of PTDM was 9.4%, 20.5% and 29.0% at post-transplantation 1-, 5- and 10 year respectively. In uni-variate and multivariate analysis of PTDM onset, elderly recipients, tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive group and hepatitis B virus carrier group showed significantly higher incidence of PTDM. Among 207 cases of PTDM, early and late PTDM were 85 cases and 122 cases respectively. The late PTDM developed persistently after post-transplant 5 years. In risk factor analysis of early and late PTDM, late PTDM showed different results compared to early PTDM. The clinical conditions that cause larger dose or high level of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), such as double immunosuppressive regimen group, induction immunosuppressive therapy-free group and unrelated donor transplant group, were a significant independent risk factor of late PTDM. Conclusion: Our data showed clinical clues that persistent cumulative CNI exposure was correlated with onset of late PTDM. Careful selection of immunosuppressive regimen in high-risk recipients such as elderly patients and hepatitis B virus carrier may decrease the development of PTDM.ope