THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CRISIS AND CONVERSION IN VIETNAM: THE BACKGROUND AND THE PROSPECTS OF REFORM LINE

After achieving unification, Vietnam tried to build a socialist economy. The so called second Five Year Plan based on socialist developmental strategy was characterized by the collectivization of agriculture and the nationalization of industry. But the strategy which was to accomplish a economic integration by northemizing the south resulted in severe imbalance among industial sectors and economic stagnation. Thus, a new economic policy which reserves socialization and introduces capitalist incentives was executed to solve problems like these in1979. As the new economic policy resulted in rampant inflation, however, the allocation and circulation were recontroled and the collectivization of agriculture was resumed from 1983. In effect, a short-term and emergency measures could nat break throgh the economic crisis due to the failure of socialist development. Socialist developmental strategy which emphasized the self-reliant production structure did not choose an integrating but a delinking from the world economy. Vietnamese economic crisis was due to delinking strategy which were chosen before reform line. To settle the economic crisis reform line called Doi Moi searching for structural conversion was choosed together with the setting up of Nguyen Van Linh regime in 1986. Thereafter the market economy was introduced gradully. The outcomes of reform line were obtained and constructed a minimal base of develioment from the end of the 1980s. The Seventh Party Congress of 1991 reaffirmed the reform line and dicided on the direction towards market economy. Also, the revised constitution of 1992 sanctioned a multi-sectoral commodity economy based on market principle. Vietnamese trade was activated since the lifting of U.S. embargo in 1994 and the joining of ASEAN in 1995

대만에 있어서 자본축적, 계급구조와 민주주의: 구조적 요인의 인과적 연계를 중심으로

Taiwan"s capital accumulation was due to the correspondence between structural changes in world economy and industrial policy. In other words, the capital accumulation was achieved in the process of internationalization of productive capital to break through the crisis of capital accumulations in advanced capitalist states. In Taiwan, the capital accumulation constructed the class structure fitted to democratization by growing the new middle class and working class. The configulation of the class structure changed according to the stages of accumulation. The working class increased in the period of export substitution and the augment of the new middle class was remarkable in the period of intensive accumulation. Fordism characterized by mass production and consumption made the level of inclusion on the social class go up and contributed to construct a political system on the consensus. In this structure, Taiwan"s democratic transition was led by negotiation between the ruling forces and the opposition forces

The Foreign Direct Investment and Market Access of Transnational Corporation in the Age of Globalization : Focusing on the Political Economic Factors of Strategic Change

The real meaning of globalization is not producing public goods based on interdependence for common interest but restructuring political economic order for the maximization of transnational corporations of advanced countries. Transnaional corporations expanded investment in foreign countries and market access to purse monopolistic excess profit. That is, transnational Corporations of U.S., EU, and Japan are pursing a regional division to secure production bases and markets. And then there are competitions among transnational corporation in the configuration of globalization. Thus advanced countries are promoting a trans nationalization of capital and building their own spheres with transnational corporations. In this Context transnational corporations increased the level of pressure of M & A for profitable sectors like tobacco and telecommunication industry. Thus Korea is needed to prepare for indifferential M & A. First of all, it should be made a procedure of M & A difficult through revision of articles of incorporation. Second, it should be built a friendly relationship with big investors. Third, it should take advantage of stock-option for employee

World Capitalism and Capital Accumulation in Korea : Focusing on the linkage among the International Hegemonic Structure, State, and Production

This paper examines how the process of capital accumulation in Korea has been affected by the dynamic interaction between external factors such as hegemonic structure of the world capitalist system and internal factors such as domestic coalition and industrial policy. Korea, which was selected and integrated into the international division of labor and the internationalization of capital, has taken advantage of the opportunity to accumulate capital with preparing proper strategies. In the 1960s, the developed countries, such as the U.S. and Japan, shifted the production site into the developing countries, to avoid the rise of wages and the fall of productivity. Korea, focusing on the production of low-value added, labor-intensive products, actively attracted foreign firms and accumulated capital in labor-intensive industries. In the 1970s, after the first oil crisis, the HCIs (heavy-chemical industries) was declining in developed countries and transferred to developing countries. Korea again took advantage of this change through the industrial transformation from the light to the HCIs. In the 1980s, the U.S., which was concerned of chronic deficit of current account, changed from the high-dollar to low-dollar policy in the monetary area and pressed Japan and the NICs to open their domestic markets. The Korean government, which was also faced with the pressure of political democratization, changed industrial policy from sector specific to neutral one and responded to these external and internal pressures with more general macroeconomic policies such as stabilization policy and market opening and liberalization policy. On the other side of token, during the process of capital accumulation, unwanted problems such as imbalanced development of industrial structure, high dependency on foreign technology, weak financial structure, and huge foreign debt have been produced and acted as a structural constraint to further development. Especially, in the 1990s these problems have been worsened and Korea faced with economic bottleneck in continuing economic growth and industrial transformation. As the U.S and Japan shifted the foreign direct investment to China and the South-East Asia, Korea began to be disintegrated from the international division of labor and needed to transform into high-value added and technology-intensive industries. The structural constraint made the transformation difficult and eventually become one of underlying reasons of the financial crisis in Korea. External factors initially provided Korea with an opportunity to access new capital, new technology, and new markets. But in the process of responding them, its political and economic structure have become too inflexible to adapt to changing international environment. To overcome the structural constraint, Korea needs to adopt a more flexible political and economic structure and change its strategy of capital accumulation from quantitative to qualitative one

Spatial Diffusion of Democracy in East Asia: Building an Analytic Model and Measuring Diffusion Effects

본 논문은 동아시아 지역에 있어 민주주의 확산효과를 경험적으로 규명하는 작업으로서 확산효과의 존재 여부와 확산변수의 규명을 위한 탐구적 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문에서는 동아시아 국가들의 체제변동에 영향을 미치는 인접효과에 대한 통계적 검증을 통해 공간적 확산효과를 측정했다. 또한 확산과정에서 어떠한 요인이 작용하는지를 규명함으로써 동아시아에 있어서 민주주의의 공간적 확산을 설명하였다. 본 논문의 가설은 동아시아 국가들의 민주화는 인접국가들의 정치적, 경제적 영향에 부분적으로 관련된다는 것이다. 이러한 가설을 검증하기 위해 본 논문에서는 첫째, 민주화 내지는 체제변동을 설명하는 데 있어 공간적 확산의 요인을 고려한 기존의 연구들을 검토했다. 둘째, 동아시아 국가들의 민주화에 있어서 대내외적 변수들을 규명하고 확산효과에 대한 가설을 정립했다. 셋째, 계량적 자료에 대한 통계분석을 통해 가설을 검증하고 민주주의 확산효과를 측정했다. 넷째, 동아시아 사례 연구를 통해 확산변수를 포함한 분석모형의 구축이 지역차원에 있어서 갖는 이론적 방법론적 함의를 제시했다. This article presents research that reveals the relationship between temporal and spatial aspects of democratic diffusion in East Asia since the mid 1980s. This article provides consistent evidence of temporal cascading of democratic trends as well as spatial association of democracy. The analysis uses an exploratory approach to understand regional trends in democratization. This paper first considers some explanations as to why democratization process should be influenced by regional contexts and events in other states. This analysis then shows empirically, that distribution of democracy clusters spatially. This analysis demonstrates that spatial clustering in democracy can not be accounted for by differences in domestic factors. This suggests that the regional contexts and neighboring effects play an important part in democratization. The analysis addresses the existence of diffusion effects in regard to changes in degree of freedom based on yearly Freedom House data

What is the Best Research Strategy in Comparative and Area Studies: Variable-oriented Strategy or Case-oriented Strategy

Variable-oriented and case-oriented research strategy are well established in comparative and area studies. In variable-oriented strategy, the goal is to demonstrate that a correlation holds for a certain population. The weakness of variable-oriented strategy is its tendency toward excessive generalization. In case-oriented strategy, the goal is to interpret a common holistic outcome. The weakness of case-oriented strategy is its tendency toward particularizing. A conceivable alternative strategy is to combine the two major strategies. A combined strategy is applying both strategies to a research puzzle. The logic of both research strategies essentially the same. That is, variable-oriented and case-oriented strategy share a scientific logic. Both variable-oriented and case-oriented strategy have characteristics to falsify initial hypotheses by empirical evidences. In combined strategy, variable-oriented strategy can be used to verify the causal significance of a condition varies by context or case-oriented strategy used to confirm a correlation which is inferred from a certain sample