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    Economic evaluation of human papillomavirus vaccination

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    Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, causing cervical, anogenital cancers and genital warts. The World Health Organization has recognized cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases as global health problems and emphasized that HPV vaccines should be included in each country's national immunization program. Korea has introduced HPV vaccination for 12-year-old girls since June 2016. However, female-only vaccination is difficult to reach herd immunity including transmission through sexual contact between men. Moreover, female-only vaccination may cause misunderstanding that women have to take primary responsibility for sexual health issues. As a result, the social demand for a gender-neutral (girls and boys) vaccination program is on the rise. Also, there are growing calls for an introduction of a nonavalent vaccine as the prevalence of HPV 52/58 in Korean women which is higher than the one in other regions, and the nonavalent vaccine contributes more to the prevention of diseases such as anogenital cancers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of the gender-neutral vaccination and the introduction of the nonavalent HPV vaccine compared to the current girls-only vaccination with a quadrivalent HPV vaccine. The study used a deterministic, dynamic population-based model from a societal perspective for the gender-neutral vaccination and the nonavalent vaccine introduction. In this study, HPV-related diseases included cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, penis, oral and oropharyngeal cancers, cervical, vaginal and vulvar carcinoma in situ and dysplasia and genital warts. Medical costs, vaccination-related costs, transportation costs, time costs, caregiving costs, and productivity loss costs were estimated based on the National Health Information Database, Regional Employment Survey, and reported unit costs by previous research. The effect of HPV vaccine was derived from meta-analysis conducted by the author based on the literature selected from previous systematic reviews, and cost-utility analysis was performed with QALY as a measure of health outcome values. The results showed that the girls-only vaccination program with the quadrivalent HPV vaccine and the gender-neutral vaccination program with the quadrivalent HPV vaccine were strongly dominated. The remaining alternatives were the girls-only vaccination program with the nonavalent HPV vaccine and the gender-neutral vaccination program with the nonavalent HPV vaccine. The ICER of the gender-neutral vaccination program with the nonavalent vaccine (vs the girls-only vaccination program with the nonavalent vaccine) was estimated to be KRW 119,222,275 per QALY. Considering the willingness-to-pay threshold of about 33.04M KRW per QALY gained the gender-neutral vaccination program with the nonavalent HPV vaccine was not cost-effective, so the final choice alternative was the girls-only vaccination program with the nonavalent HPV vaccine. Compared with the status quo, the introduction of the nonavalent vaccine can improve health outcomes and can be cost-saving, so it is believed to be a good strategy. Although the gender-neutral vaccination program was shown not cost-effective, it still can be considered as one of the options for HPV prevention policy in that healthcare decision-making takes account of other components such as equity, political and social acceptability in addition to cost-effectiveness. These results are expected to be utilized as evidence for reviewing the priorities and validity of policy decisions regarding HPV infections, diseases, and vaccination based on social needs.์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๋ฌธ์ƒ์‹์•”, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” HPV ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ์‚ฌ์—…์— HPV ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ 12์„ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ HPV 2๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ 4๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ฉด์—ญ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‚จ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด HPV 52, 58ํ˜•์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ์™ธ์— ํ•ญ๋ฌธ์ƒ์‹์•” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ธ๋‘์•” ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ HPV ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๋‚จ์•„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋„์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋„์ž…์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋™์ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, HPV ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”, ์งˆ์•”, ์™ธ์Œ๋ถ€์•”, ํ•ญ๋ฌธ์•”, ์Œ๊ฒฝ์•”, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์•”, ํŽธ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ธ๋‘์•”, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€, ์งˆ ๋ฐ ์™ธ์Œ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์•”๊ณผ ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ž๋ฃŒ, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์šฉ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์šฉ, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข… ๊ด€๋ จ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ตํ†ต๋น„์šฉ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋น„์šฉ, ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘๋น„์šฉ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ์„ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ํˆฌ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ QALY๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋งŒ 12์„ธ ์—ฌ์•„ ๋Œ€์ƒ HPV 4๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ HPV 4๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ์—ด๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์•ˆ(strongly dominated)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ HPV 9๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์•„ ๋‹จ๋… ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ HPV 9๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ICER๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, HPV 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฌ์•„ ๋‹จ๋… ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ HPV 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ICER ๊ฐ’์€ ์•ฝ 119,222,275์›/QALY๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ 1๋…„ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ถˆ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธˆ์•ก์ธ ์•ฝ 3,304๋งŒ์›์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, HPV 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋™์‹œ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ HPV 9๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์•„ ๋‹จ๋… ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ HPV ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฌ์•„ ์ ‘์ข… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ cost-savingํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ 9๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋„์ž… ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์•„ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ๋น„์šฉ-ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ์ด์™ธ์— ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ, ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ HPV ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค 5 1. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ์‚ฌ์—… 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 14 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 18 1. ๋น„๊ต ๋Œ€์•ˆ 18 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ 19 3. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• 20 5. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ 23 6. ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ 24 7. ํ• ์ธ์œจ 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ํˆฌ์ž… ์š”์†Œ 25 1. ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•™ ์ž๋ฃŒ 25 2. ๋น„์šฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ 40 3. ํšจ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ 51 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 56 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  62 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 62 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 66 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  69 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 70 ๋ถ€๋ก 85 Abstract 99์„

    ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์—์„œ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์œคํ˜œ์ •.Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. In spite of the advances in the diagnostic and treatment modalities of OSCC, it is not sufficient to improve the prognosis of patients with OSCC. Recently N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) has been reported to be a tumor suppressor gene in various types of cancers. DNA hypermethylation was revealed to be the main mechanism of NDRG2 down-regulation, suggesting that its epigenetic regulation may be a possible new therapeutic target for the patients showing low expression of NDRG2. In OSCC, it is still unclear whether the loss of expression of NDGR2 is associated with the clinical outcome and survival, and whether demethylating agent can regulate the functions of NDRG2 in OSCC. Therefore, I aimed to examine NDRG2 expression in OSCC tissue samples, to analyze the correlation between NDRG2 expression and clinicopathological parameters, and to evaluate its value as a prognostic marker for OSCC. In addition, I aimed to verify the tumor-suppressive roles of NDRG2 in OSCC cell lines and the effect of 5-Aza-2โ€ฒ-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) on the cell lines with low NDRG2 expression. Methods: Immunohistochemical study was performed using 73 OSCC tissue samples. The correlation between NDRG2 expression and clinicopathogical parameters and survival of OSCC patients were analyzed. Expression of NDRG2 in OSCC cell lines was examined using real-time PCR analysis and western blotting. To verify the roles of NDRG2 as a tumor suppressor, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay were performed with the treatment of anti-NDRG2 siRNA or 5-Aza-dC Results: Low NDRG2 expression was detected in 46.6% of cases of OSCC. Low expression of NDRG2 correlated with moderately/poorly differentiated tumor (P=0.038), lymph node metastasis (P=0.007), and advanced clinical stage (P=0.017). Patients with low expression of NDRG2 showed significantly worse overall survival (OS) (P=0.001) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.007). NDRG2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS (P=0.022 and P=0.008, respectively). Cell proliferation, migration, and invasive abilities were significantly increased in HN22 and HSC-3 cell lines after anti-NDRG2 siRNA treatment (P<0.05). Ca9-22 and HSC-4 cells showing low NDRG2 expression were treated with 5-Aza-dC and then NDRG2 expression was recovered. Treatment of 5-Aza-dC induced significant inhibitions of the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in both Ca9.22 and HSC-4 cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Results in the present study suggest that down-regulation of NDRG2 via the epigenetic silencing plays a role in tumor progression of OSCC as a result of reducing its tumor-suppressive function. Therefore, the recovery of NDRG2 expression using demethylating agents may be a new strategy for the treatment of OSCC by suppressing the tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion. Moreover, NDRG2 can be a useful biomarker to predict clinical outcome and survival of patients with OSCC.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ : ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ NDRG2๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•”์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋Š” NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ NDRG2 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์—์„œ์˜ NDGR2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์™€ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒˆ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ฐ ์•” ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ํ™˜์ž ์ƒ์กด์œจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ NDRG2์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ NDRG2์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ˜„์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ „, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ž ํƒˆ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 5-Aza-dC์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 73๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„์™€ ์ž„์ƒ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PCR ๋ฐ western blotting ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ์˜ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , NDRG2์˜ ์ข…์–‘์–ต์ œ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ anti-NDRG2 siRNA ๋ฐ 5-Aza-dC ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹, ์ด๋™, ์นจ์œค ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 73๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 34๋ช…(46.6%)์—์„œ NDRG2 ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. NDRG2์˜ ์ €๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„/๋ถˆ์™„์ „ ๋ถ„ํ™”(P=0.038), ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด(P=0.007), ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ž„์ƒ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ(P=0.017)์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(OS, P=0.001) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘์ƒ์กด์œจ(DFS)์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(P=0.007). Cox ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 2๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(P=0.022) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด์œจ(P=0.008)์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ HN22 ๋ฐ HSC-3 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹, ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์นจ์œค์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(P<0.05). NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ Ca9.22 ๋ฐ HSC-4 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ 5-Aza-dC ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 5-Aza-dC ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์นจ์œค์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (P<0.05). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์—์„œ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ €ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ NDRG2 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํšŒ๋ณต์€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์นจ์œค์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ NDRG2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉ ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.I.Introduction 1 II.Materials and Methods 3 III.Results 8 IV.Discussion . 12 V.Conclusion . 16 VI. References . 17Docto

    Observation of metal work function modulation by surface plasmon resonance

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•์˜์ค€.๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ด‘ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช… ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ผํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์†Œ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ๋™์‹ฌ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธˆ ์ „๊ทน ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•ฝ 15 ยตm ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฑ„๋„์€ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ„์— ์•ฝ 10 nm ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ์–‘๋‹จ์— 0 V ํ˜น์€ DC bias ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ด‘์›์— On/Off ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช… ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ผํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น›์˜ On/Off ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ด‘์ „ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „/๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช… ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ •๋„์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ถฉ์ „/๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ „๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ด‘ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ด‘์ „ ํšจ๊ณผ, ํ˜น์€ CMOS ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ์ถฉ์ „/๋ฐฉ์ „ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ผํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์†Œ์Šค/๋“œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘”๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก i ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ iii ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vi ์ œ๏ผ‘์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ๏ผ‘.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ๏ผ‘.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 ์ œ๏ผ’์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 3 ๏ผ’.1 ์†Œ์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3 ๏ผ’.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 5 ๏ผ’.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ๏ผ“์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 7 ๏ผ“.1 ๋น›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋‹ต 7 ๏ผ“.2 ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 12 ๏ผ“.3 ๊ด‘์› ๊ตฌ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋‹ต 15 ๏ผ“.4 ๋น›์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 23 ๏ผ“.5 ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ 28 ๏ผ“.6 ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ 33 ๏ผ“.7 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 37 ์ œ๏ผ”์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  39 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 40 Abstract 42Maste
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