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    ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์‹ ์€ํฌ.Alzheimerโ€™s disease (AD) is known to progressively worsen with an accumulation of amyloid ฮฒ (Aฮฒ) plaques in the brain. A recent study has showed that chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection reduces the amyloid plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimerโ€™s disease (AD). The release of T. gondii-induced anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10) and elevated Ly6Chi monocyte levels are suggested to be the underlying mechanisms. It is well acknowldeged that microglial phagocytosis is important to eliminate amyloid plaque in AD. Until recently, the microglial proliferation and the mechanistic links to amyloid plaque burden reduction and AD pathology following T. gondii-infection is not clear. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of T. gondii infection in the microglial proliferation and phenotype changes on amyloid plaque reduction using 5XFAD transgenic mice and compared the results with control mice. Results showed that, in the normal mouse brain, the number of Iba1-positive microglia and TMEM119-positive resident homeostatic microglia was significantly increased during 3 to 36 weeks of T. gondii infection period, expressing Ki67 proliferation marker. Microarray analysis of microglial markers (Iba1, P2ry13, Cx3cr1, Tmem119) and trophic factors (Il1ฮฒ, Tnfฮฑ, Mcsf, NFฮบB1) were consistent with microglial proliferation. Next, I have analyzed the association between microglial proliferation and the Aฮฒ plaque burden in brain tissues isolated from 5XFAD AD mice (AD group) and T. gondii-infected AD mice (AD + Toxo group). Compared with the AD group, the AD + Toxo group showed a significantly reduced Aฮฒ plaque burden but significantly higher homeostatic microglial proliferation and increased numbers of plaque-associated microglia following 10 months post- T. gondii infection. Microarray analysis showe that microglial markers (Iba1, P2ry13, Tmem119), trophic factors (Tnfฮฑ, Il1ฮฒ) was increased in the AD+Toxo group, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay result of Aฮฒ peptide was significantly decreased in the AD+Toxo group as the result of amyloid plaque counting. Most plaque-associated microglia were transformed into the TREM2-positive and Lpl-positive disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotypes in both AD and AD + Toxo groups and underwent apoptosis after lysosomal degradation of phagocytosed Aฮฒ plaques, which highlights that a sustained supply of homeostatic microglia is necessary to reduce the Aฮฒ plaque burden. Through this study, I discovered that chronic T. gondii infection could induce microglial proliferation in the brains of mice with progressive AD and the sustained supply of homeostatic microglia may be a promising therapeutic approach against AD.์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์€ ๋‡Œ๋‚ด ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ(์ „ํ™˜์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ-10)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๊ณผ, ๋†’์•„์ง„ Ly6Chi ๋‹จํ•ต๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ํฌ์‹ ์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์  ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€, 5XFAD ํ˜•์งˆ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์•„๊ต ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ 3์ฃผ์—์„œ 36์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ, Iba1-์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ TMEM119-์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์‹๋งˆ์ปค์ธ Ki67์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋งˆ์ปค (Iba1, P2ry13, Cx3cr1, Tmem119)์™€ ์˜์–‘์ธ์ž (Il1ฮฒ, Tnfฮฑ, Mcsf, NFฮบB1)๋„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 5XFAD ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๊ตฐ (AD ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ)๊ณผ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ (AD+Toxo ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ)์—์„œ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ 10๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„, AD+Toxo ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ AD ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋งˆ์ปค (Iba1, P2ry13, Cx3cr1, Tmem119)์™€ ์˜์–‘์ธ์ž (Il1ฮฒ, Tnfฮฑ, Mcsf, NFฮบB1)๋Š” AD+Toxo ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Aฮฒ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด AD+Toxo ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ๋Š” AD ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ AD+Toxo ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ TREM2์™€ Lpl์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ”Œ๋ผํฌ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ์˜ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์•„๊ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „๋žต์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 7 Results 14 Study I: Changes in the proliferation of microglia induced by chronically infected Toxoplasma gondii 14 Study II: Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on amyloid plaque burden in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model 26 Discussion 58 References 65 Abstract in Korean 73๋ฐ•

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