소금쟁이의 포식 회피 행동과 신호행동

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2013. 2. Piotr G. Jablonski.Ripple communication is used among semi-aquatic insects. Water striders produce ripple signals on the water surface for courtship, copulation, sex-discrimination, territoriality and mate guarding. Not all species of water striders, however, make signals for the same purpose. I investigated in which situation G. latiabdominis makes ripple signals. Females, but not males, used the ripple signals more often when they were hungry, suggesting that the signaling is used in securing food resources by hungry females to repel competitors away. The use of signals, however, is not directly related to density, indicating that this signaling is not affected by the density and the correlated frequency of interactions among individuals. Prey species should avoid areas where predation risk is high. However, if this is impossible, prey should reduce activities that may make them conspicuous and attract predators present in the habitat, such as foraging or mating. Thus, predation risk should change behavioral pattern of prey species. Not all species have same anti-predator behavioral patterns because they have evolved in the presence of different types or number of predators in their habitat. Hence some species, living in high predation risk habitats, probably developed efficient ways to avoid predation, while other species, living in low predation risk habitats, may have not evolved the most efficient ways to avoid predation. I hypothesized that survival rate of three species of water striders, originating from different types of habitats, will be affected by their species specific responses to predators, and that species specific morphology will contribute to the efficiency of predation avoidance. I compared the effect of predators presence on microhabitat use. I also compared responses to predators (escape initiation distance), and jumping performance of the three species. The survivorship was related to microhabitat use and to the escape initiation distance, rather than on the jumping ability. I predicted that a species with the best survival rate will have superior jumping ability in order to escape from predators at the moment when they were attacked by predators. The jumping ability, however, was probably limited by hydrodynamic and morphological constraints, so jumping appears to contribute little to successfully escaping from predators attacks.Chapter 1. The effect of hunger and density on the signaling behavior by a water strider, Gerris latiabdominis ……………………………………………………………… 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1 1.2. METHODS …………………………………………………………… 4 1.2.1. Study subjects and Laboratory conditions …………………… 4 1.2.2. Experimental design ……………………………………………… 5 1.2.3. Statistical analysis ………………………………………………… 7 1.3. RESULTS ……………………………………………………………… 11 1.3.1. The effect of treatments on the signaling behavior ………… 11 1.3.2. The effect of treatments on the frequency of encounters … 18 1.4. DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………… 24 Chapter 2. Comparison of predator avoidance strategies among three species of water striders from habitats of various predations risks …………………………………… 29 2.1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 35 2.2.2.2. Escape initiation distance ……………………………………… 35 2.2.2.3. Microhabitat use ………………………………………………… 36 2.2.2.4. Jumping ability …………………………………………………… 38 2.2.2.5. Morphological characteristics ………………………………… 39 2.2.3. Statistical analysis ………………………………………………… 41 2.2.3.1. Survivorship ………………………………………………………… 41 2.2.3.2. Escape initiation distance ……………………………………… 42 2.2.3.3. Microhabitat use ………………………………………………… 42 2.2.3.4. Jumping ability …………………………………………………… 43 2.2.3.5. Morphological characteristics ………………………………… 44 2.3. RESULTS ……………………………………………………………… 45 2.3.1. Survivorship ………………………………………………………… 45 2.3.2. Escape initiation distance ………………………………………… 47 2.3.3. Microhabitat use …………………………………………………… 49 2.3.4. Jumping ability ……………………………………………………… 58 2.3.5. Morphological characteristics …………………………………… 61 2.4. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………… 68 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………… 78 국문초록 ……………………………………………………………………… 86 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………… 88Maste

Potential abilities of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the biodegradation of PAH by Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1, isolated from marine environments

Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1, isolated from muddy sediment of Ulsan Bay is able to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The degradation rate of 5 kinds of PAHs (each 10ppm of pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthrathene, benz[b]fluoanthene and benzo[a]pyrene) by strain US6-1 was ranged between 5 and 38% within 7 days when supplemented as a sole sources of carbon and energy. On the other hand PAHs degradation rates were increased to 50~99% when supplied with 10% of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-HPCD) as an additive. However the individual addition of surfactants (Tween-80, Tritonx-100, Brij 35; each 10xCMC) and/or co-substrates (1%glucose and 1%dextrin) did not enhancing the degradation rate of benzo[a]pyrene except the combination of dextrin and tween-80, degradation rate of this combination was 60%. These evidences imply that degradation of high molecular weight PAHs by strain US6-1 was progressed by cometabolism with appropriate carbon source and enhanced by addition of surfactant. Supplementation of β-HPCD with strain US6-1 was one of the most effective and promisable tools for the bioremediation of high molecular weight PAHs.2

Effects of Slow Release Fertilizer and Dispersant on Biodegradation of Oil Contaminated in Sand Seashore Mesocosms

해변에 오염된 유류의 생분해를 증진시키기 위한 지속성 영양염제(Slow Release Fertilizer; SRE)와 유분산제 ( Corexit9527R )의 처 리효과를 평가하기 위하여 2 회의 mesocosm실험을 실시하였다. 1 차 현장실험 에서 SRP처리구의 지방족 탄화수소분해율과 n- C17 /pristane, n- C18 /phytane비의 감소율은 시험 37일에 각각 85%,69%,61% 로 뚜렷한 생물정화 효과를 보였다. 반면에 Corexit9527R 처리구에서 지방족 탄화수소의 분해율은 실험기간동안 56%로 대조구(50%)보다 뚜렷한 생물정화효과가 나타나지 않았으며 Corexit9527R 과 n- C18 /phytane비의 감소율 또한 27%, 17%로 대조구(60%, 46%)보다 낮아 유류화합물의 생물정화가 오히려 억제되었다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 2차 현장실험에서 SRF와 Corexit9527R 을 함께 첨가한 처리구의 생물정화 결과는 지방족 탄화수소의 양, n- C17 /pristane과 n- C18 /phytane비의 변화를 관찰한 결과 억제효과는 크지 않았다. 이러한 결과로부터 유류유출시 영양물질의 첨가는 유류분해도를 향상시키는 반면,유분산제를 이용한 처리방법은 자연적인 생물정화기능을 오히려 억제 또는 제한하기 때문에 사용여부가 신중하게 고려되어야 함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 유류오염사고 국가 긴급방제계획에 의한 유분산제의 대량 사용은 생물정화기술의 적용을 염두에 두고 재평가되어야 한다. To evaluate the effects of slow release fertilizer and chemical dispersant on oil biodegradation, mesocosm studies were conducted on sand seashore. The rapid removal rates (85%) of aliphatic hydrocarbons and the simultaneous decreases of n- C17 /pristane (69%) and n−C18/phytane (61%) ratios by the addition of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) within 37 days of experiment indicated that SRF could enhance the oil degrading activity of indigenous microorganisms in sand mesocosm. Although the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and petroleumdegrading bacteria in the mesocosm treated with Corexit9527R was stimulated, the biological oil removal based on the ratios of Corexit9527R and n−C18/phytane was inhibited. Removal rates of aliphatic hydrocarbons (56%), and n- C17 /pristane (27%) and n−C18/phytane (17%) ratios by the addition of chemical dispersant Corexit9527R were similar or lower than those values of control (50, 60, 46%), respectively. The biodegradation activity, however, when simultaneously treated with SRF and Corexit9527R , was not highly inhibited and even recovered after the elimination of chemical dispersant. From these results it could be concluded that the addition of SRF enhanced the oil removal rate in oligotrophic sand seashore and chemical dispersant possibly inhibit the oil biodegradation. Hence, in order to prevent the unrestrained usage of chemical dispersant in natural environments contaminated with oil, the National Contingency Plan of Oil Spill Response should be carefully revised in consideration of the application for bioremedaition techniques.22Nkc

Comparison of the remedial effect of biostimulation and bioaugmentation on the bunker-C oil contaminated tropical sand beach

To enhance biodegradation, nutrients in the form of slow release fertilizer (SRF) and bioaugmentation were applied to sand beach contaminated with spilled Bunker-C oil. Although nutrient concentrations in the interstitial water were not proportional to those in amended SRF, growth of microorganisms, microbial respirometric activity and oil-degradation rate measured by TLC/FID were significantly enhanced by the addition of nutrients. Effect of bioaugmentation was obvious during the early phase of treatment but not prolonged to winter season. During the winter season, biodegradation was ceased in all mesocosms. Temperature seemed to be one of the major controlling factors for the biodegradation of spilled oil in the study area.2

Enhancement of PAHs biodegradation in marine sediment

1

Bioremediation technology of PAHs using by PAHs active degrading microbial strain Novoshingobium pentaromativorans US6-1

2

PAHs 분해균주 US6-1에 의한 PAHs 분해 최적화 연구

Optimal condition of the biodegradation of high molecular weight PAHs by strain US6-1 was investigated. The strain US6-1 require growth substrates and surfactants for the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene. Addition of β-HPCD (2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) finally to 10% of medium was most effective as simultaneously growth substrate and surfactant. Co-addition of 1% dextrin and 10 × CMC Tween 80 were also effective. The optimal temperature ranged 30 to 35 ℃ and optimal pH ranged 5.0 or 8.0 to 8.5. The effectiveness of inoculating strain US6-1 on contaminated sediments was also investigated and get affirmative results.2

PROTEASE OF SEQUENCE 5 HAVING ALGICIDAL ACTIVITY, GENE ENCODING THE SAME AND ALGICIDAL FORMULATION COMPRISING THE SAME

본 발명은 살조활성 단백질분해효소, 이를 코딩하는 유전자 및 이를 포함하는 살조제제에 관한 것으로, 본 발명의 단백질분해효소는 살조활성이 우수하므로, 적조발생 지역에서 적조의 방제에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다

Bioremediation of PAHs in marine sediment

1

PROTEASE OF SEQUENCE 4 HAVING ALGICIDAL ACTIVITY, GENE ENCODING THE SAME AND ALGICIDAL FORMULATION COMPRISING THE SAME

본 발명은 살조활성 단백질분해효소, 이를 코딩하는 유전자 및 이를 포함하는 살조제제에 관한 것으로, 본 발명의 단백질분해효소는 살조활성이 우수하므로, 적조발생 지역에서 적조의 방제에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다