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    Experimental and Numerical Analysis on Fluid-Structure Interaction Mechanism of Pressure-Compensating Emitter

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝ.์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์ตœ์›.์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ž์› ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋†์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ ์  ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ ์  ๊ด€๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์›์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ถœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ ์  ๊ด€์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์— ์•ž์„œ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋„์ถœ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์šฉ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์šฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ํ•ด์„์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰ ์ง„๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋Œ€์ƒ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ (Case 1), ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์œ ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒ (Case 2)๊ณผ ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ (Case 3)์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์œ ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ถœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ถœ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ 10 % ์ด๋‚ด ์˜ค์ฐจ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์—๋Š” ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์šด๋™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์œ ๋กœ, ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ค๊ณ„์ธ์ž๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›ํ˜• ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐ๋œ Case 1ยท2ยท3 ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.54 โ€“ 3.84, 1.28 โ€“ 3.65์™€ 1.86 โ€“ 4.67 bar, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3.62, 2.90๊ณผ 4.13 L/hr๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์ง€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์•• ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์ ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์ตœ์  ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ ์  ๊ด€๊ฐœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.It is expected that global climate change induces an instability of water resource and increases water requirement of crop. Drip irrigation system is an irrigation method that directly supplies water to individual crop, so that improves not only quality and yield of crop, but also efficiency of water consumption. Flow rate to individual crop generally increases according to inlet pressure of water at each orifice, so that amount of irrigation water to each crop is irregular. PC (Pressure-Compensating) emitter attached to drip irrigation pipe can regulate the flow rate uniformly. For precision irrigation, it is essential to design PC emitter that discharges target flow rate within supplied inlet pressure range. Prior to design optimization, the derivation of mechanism and reliable performance prediction must be preceded. However, it is difficult to observe deformation of elastic membrane pressurized by water, due to the small size of PC emitter. Because domain of fluid and structure are simultaneously deformed, computational fluid dynamics cannot analyze the PC emitter. In this study, an enlarged model experiment and two-way FSI (Fluid-Structure Interaction) analysis model were designed to analyze the interaction mechanism between the water and elastic membrane. By matching the flow rate and deformation according to inlet pressure of experiment, the flow rate of PC emitter was uniform at the pressure range that deformed elastic membrane reduced the cross-sectional area of outlet. The catastrophe phenomenon (i.e. vibration of elastic membrane) occured at the specific PC emitter. Because the vibration of elastic membrane destabilized the flow rate, it is necessary to design the PC emitter preventing vibration. The model of PC emitter (Case 1) was compared with the PC emitter that geometry of labyrinth channel (Case 2) and stiffness of elastic membrane (Case 3) were changed. Through the results of experiment, the geometry of labyrinth channel mainly affected the maximum flow rate, and the stiffness of elastic membrane mainly affected pressure range of PC. The two-way FSI analysis model could analyze up to the inlet pressure of maximum flow rate, but cannot predict decrease section. The prediction error was within 10 % compared with the experiment, especially accurate at PC section. By analyzing the simulation results of pressure decrease and turbulence kinetic energy at fluid domain, the chamber domain were main factor for uniform flow rate at the PC section. Along with the geometry of labyrinth channel and stiffness of elastic membrane, the chamber geometry was the main design parameter. The PC section of original model of case 1,2, 3 were 1.54 โ€“ 3.84, 1.28 โ€“ 3.65 and 1.86 โ€“ 4.67 bar, respectively. The maximum flow rates were 3.62, 2.90 and 4.13 L/hr, respectively. The yield and quility of crop were different according to the flow rate of drip irrigation pipe. Therefore, the PC emitter has to be designed that PC section includes the pressure range of target site and the maximum flow rate meet the optimal flow rate of target crop. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that the development of performance prediction model and optimization design of drip irrigation system will be possible.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 7 2.1 ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 2.2 ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 2.3 ์ƒ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ 12 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 13 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 13 3.1.1 ๋Œ€์ƒ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ 13 3.1.2 ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž๋ณ„ ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 14 3.2 ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ 17 3.2.1 ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 3.2.2 ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ง‰ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  20 3.2.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค์ • 23 3.3 ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ 27 3.3.1 ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ 27 3.3.2 ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ์„ค์ • 30 3.3.3 ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด์„ ์„ค์ • 36 3.3.4 ํ•ด์„ ์†”๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋ง ์„ค์ • 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 39 4.1 ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ถ„์„ 39 4.1.1 ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฐ์œจ ๊ฒฐ์ • 39 4.1.2 ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ˜• ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 41 4.1.3 ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 48 4.2 ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ๋ถ„์„ 51 4.2.1 ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•ด์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 51 4.2.2 ์œ ์ฒด-๊ตฌ์กฐ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์  ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถ„์„ 55 4.3 ์••๋ ฅ๋ณด์ƒ ์ด๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ตœ์  ์„ค๊ณ„ ์ธ์ž ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 65 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  67 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 Abstract 78์„

    Mill and Tocqueville on Democracy

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    ์กด ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฐ€์€ 1835๋…„๊ณผ 1840๋…„ ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์˜ ใ€Ž๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ใ€ โ… ,โ…ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฌธ์˜ ์„œํ‰์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชฝํ…Œ์Šคํ‚ค์™ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ์ฐฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 20์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋’ค, ๋ฐ€์€ ใ€Ž์ž์„œ์ „ใ€์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ผ์„๊นŒ? ๋ฐ€์€ ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ์‹œ(ๆ‘˜็คบ)ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฐ€์ด ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํฐ ์ค„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋ฐ€์ด ใ€Ž๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ใ€๋ฅผ ํƒ๋…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •์ž‘ ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์€ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ€์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์ด ์Šต์†์„ ๋ˆˆ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ€์€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ณผ์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ† ํฌ๋นŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์„ ํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ€์˜ ์ง„์ˆ ์ด ์„์—ฐ์น˜ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.In his Autobiography, John Stuart Mill recalled that, after having read, or studied, Tocquevilles Democracy in America, he had come to move toward the modified democracy. This essay attempts to raise questions regarding Mills remark. First, Mill had articulated the concept of the representative, which would become a key element in his modified, or skilled democracy, before he met Tocqueville. As far as it is concerned, it is beyond doubt that Mill was not influenced by Tocqueville. Second, Mill simply focused on the education effects of participation while Tocqueville stressed the relationship between participation and freedom. Third, Mill believed in the absolute power of education in promoting democracy, but Tocqueville emphasized the impotance of les moeurs. Given these differences between the two thinkers, it is not easy to accept Mills allegation that he had been influenced by Tocqueville with regard to his changes in the understanding of democracy

    Populism and Democracy

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    ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์ (็—…็†็š„) ํ˜„์ƒ(pathology)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์šฐ์„ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์บ๋…ธ๋ฒˆ์€ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•จ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜๊ทธ๋ฆผ(shadow)๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•Œ๋””ํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„๋‚˜์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜, ์ฆ‰์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€(periphery)๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์•Œ๋””ํ‹ฐ์˜์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋ฐฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํš์ •(ๅŠƒๅฎš)ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.Unlike traditional views on populism, some influential theorists such as Canovan have argued that populism must be regarded as a shadow which follows democracys inherent weakness or deficit. Arditi agrees with Canovan, but he stresses the need to take a closer look at the distance or conflict between democracy and populism. According to him, populism is nothing but a periphery located inside democracy. This paper attempts to further develop Arditis thesis by focusing on populists political behaviour
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