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    ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ†  ํ™œ๋™์ธต์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ์•ˆ์ง„ํ˜ธ.๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์œ„๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ† ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ‡ด์ ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์–ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠนํžˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ†  ์ธต์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์†Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ชฝ ํ† ์–‘์ด ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ ๋•… ์†์— ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ํ† ์–‘ ์ธต์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋…น์•„ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ด€์ธก์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋•… ์† ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ  ์–ผ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์ด ๋ด„์ฒ  ํ† ์–‘ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋…น์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์„ ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, 2013๋…„ ์ด๋ฅธ ๋ด„ ์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์˜ ๋•…์ด ์•„์ง ๋…น๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์œ„๋„์™€ ์‹์ƒ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ 90 ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ† ์–‘ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์•ฝ 5์—์„œ 10 ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ‡ํž˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽธ์˜ ์ƒ โ€œ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ํ”ผํฌโ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ โ€œ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ํ”ผํฌโ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์—๋Š” ํ† ์–‘ ์ธต์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์—ญ์ „ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ผ ๋•Œ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ๋•… ์† ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํƒ“์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฒจ์šธ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋•…์†์— ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ ํ† ์–‘ ์ธต์˜ ์–•์€ ๊นŠ์ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ๋ด„ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ† ์–‘์ด ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํ† ์–‘์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…น๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด(ํ™œ๋™์ธต ๋‘๊ป˜)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ† ์–‘์ด ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋…น์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์˜๊ตฌ๋™ํ†  ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Permafrost at high northern latitudes is thought to contain a substantial amount of organic carbon that has accumulated since the last glacial period. Under warming conditions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to the atmosphere will inevitably occur through the decomposition of the stored carbon especially in near-surface permafrost. However, significant uncertainties still remain in incorporating this phenomenon into global carbon cycle models due to lack of robust estimation of the GHG emission. If the GHG efflux is merely extrapolated from surface measurements for a short period, the amount of GHG might be under- or overestimated. Previous studies suggested that a gas impermeable surface present during winter can temporarily hinder the emission of GHG formed at the subsurface. Such accumulated GHG can generate anomalously high efflux when it is outgassed all at once by seasonal thaw of the surface active layer. Nevertheless, previous research has relied on observation at the surface without sufficient consideration of the subsurface process. This study hypothesized that gas concentration profiles of winter soil columns would show a transition state of subsurface trapped gas before spring release. To confirm this, five 90 cm-long soil cores were drilled at various latitudes and vegetation sites in Alaska during early spring of 2013, when the ground was still frozen and snow-covered. Vertical profiles of CO2, CH4, and other soil properties were analyzed within 5โ€“10-cm depth resolutions. Interestingly, two CH4 profiles revealed high concentrations (up to 416 ยตmolCH4 L-1soil) at certain depths implying frustrated GHG transport to the surface, named โ€œCH4 peaksโ€. Temperature inversion in late autumn may promote the formation of such CH4 peaks. That is, relatively warm underground conditions encourage microbial activity and the upper frozen layer inhibits upward transport of produced CH4. The trapped CH4 at shallow depths can be either released to the atmosphere or oxidized within soil columns as the temperature rise defrosts the surrounding matrix. In contrast, the CH4 peak in the deeper layer might be preserved for several years depending on the maximum thaw depth in the coming years. Taking these findings into consideration, estimation of GHG efflux from permafrost soil columns can be complicated by the existence of trapped CH4.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Permafrost and greenhouse gas 1 1.1.1. Permafrost carbon feedback (PCF) 1 1.1.2 Greenhouse gas emission from permafrost 3 1.1.3 Seasonal GHG outgassing from permafrost 6 1.2 Vertical profile study 7 1.3 Objectives 8 2. Materials and Methods 10 2.1 Sample collection 10 2.2 Temperature logging 11 2.3 Gas analysis 11 2.3.1 Headspace gas extraction method 11 2.3.2 Melting-refreezing gas extraction method 13 2.3.3 Supplemental analysis on CH4 13 2.4 Soil properties 14 3. Results 15 3.1 Characteristics of soil layers 15 3.2 General features of measured properties 16 3.3 Vertical profiles of CH4, CO2 and soil properties 17 3.4 Temperature profiles 18 4. Discussion 21 4.1 Confirmation of trapped CH4 21 4.2 Occurrence of โ€œCH4 peakโ€ in vertical profiles 21 4.3 Physical controls on โ€œCH4 peakโ€ formation and preservation 22 4.3 The fate of the trapped CH4 24 5. Conclusion 25 References 26 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 47 Appendix 49 A1. Gas and soil properties 49 A2. Statistics 52 A3. Microbial analysis 57 A4. Geochemical Analysis 61Maste
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