4 research outputs found
Primary Tumor Suppression and Systemic Immune Activation of Macrophages through the Sting Pathway in Metastatic Skin Tumor
Purpose: Agonists of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) play a key role in activating the STING pathway by promoting the production of cytokines. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects and activation of the systemic immune response of treatment with DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid), a STING agonist, in EML4-ALK lung cancer and CT26 colon cancer.
Materials and methods: The abscopal effects of DMXAA in the treatment of metastatic skin nodules were assessed. EML4-ALK lung cancer and CT26 colon cancer models were used to evaluate these effects after DMXAA treatment. To evaluate the expression of macrophages and T cells, we sacrificed the tumor-bearing mice after DMXAA treatment and obtained the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to analyze the expression of each FFPE and tumor cell.
Results: We observed that highly infiltrating immune cells downstream of the STING pathway had increased levels of chemokines after DMXAA treatment. In addition, the levels of CD80 and CD86 in antigen-presenting cells were significantly increased after STING activation. Furthermore, innate immune activation altered the systemic T cell-mediated immune responses, induced proliferation of macrophages, inhibited tumor growth, and increased numbers of cytotoxic memory T cells. Tumor-specific lymphocytes also increased in number after treatment with DMXAA.
Conclusion: The abscopal effect of DMXAA treatment on the skin strongly reduced the spread of EML4-ALK lung cancer and CT26 colon cancer through the STING pathway and induced the presentation of antigens.ope
YH29407 with anti-PD-1 ameliorates anti-tumor effects via increased T cell functionality and antigen presenting machinery in the tumor microenvironment
Among cancer cells, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase1 (IDO1) activity has been implicated in improving the proliferation and growth of cancer cells and suppressing immune cell activity. IDO1 is also responsible for the catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine. Depletion of tryptophan and an increase in kynurenine exert important immunosuppressive functions by activating regulatory T cells and suppressing CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells. In this study, we compared the anti-tumor effects of YH29407, the best-in-class IDO1 inhibitor with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, with first and second-generation IDO1 inhibitors (epacadostat and BMS-986205, respectively). YH29407 treatment alone and anti-PD-1 (aPD-1) combination treatment induced significant tumor suppression compared with competing drugs. In particular, combination treatment showed the best anti-tumor effects, with most tumors reduced and complete responses. Our observations suggest that improved anti-tumor effects were caused by an increase in T cell infiltration and activity after YH29407 treatment. Notably, an immune depletion assay confirmed that YH29407 is closely related to CD8+ T cells. RNA-seq results showed that treatment with YH29407 increased the expression of genes involved in T cell function and antigen presentation in tumors expressing ZAP70, LCK, NFATC2, B2M, and MYD88 genes. Our results suggest that an IDO1 inhibitor, YH29407, has enhanced PK/PD compared to previous IDO1 inhibitors by causing a change in the population of CD8+ T cells including infiltrating T cells into the tumor. Ultimately, YH29407 overcame the limitations of the competing drugs and displayed potential as an immunotherapy strategy in combination with aPD-1.ope
The Emergence of Independent Curator and Change in Curatorial Paradigm of Contemporary Art : Focusing on Exhibitions of Harald Szeemann
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κ³Ό μ΄λ€μ΄ μ²ν μν©μ μ μνκ³ μ νλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ° νλ μ΄ν° μ§λ§μλ€κ³Ό μμ λ€μ΄ κΏκΎΈμ΄μ¨ μ΄μκ³Ό λ€λ₯Έ νμ€λ‘ μΈν΄ νΌλμ€λ¬μ΄ μ μ νλ μ΄ν°λ€μκ² μμΌλ‘ λμκ° λ°©ν₯μ κ³ λ―Όν΄λ³΄λ κ³κΈ°κ° λμ΄μ€ κ²μ ν¬λ§νλ€.Around the significant era of the late 1960s in the Western countries, new types of curators who work as independent curators emerged. The aim of this study is to recognize the changes in role of curator and curatorial methodology in this era and to understand the influences on the next curators.
Curators nowadays are, in general conception, thought to acquire cultural heritages for museums, maintain them and study on them as well as organize art exhibitions or to plan and supervise such international exhibitions as Venice Biennale and Kassel Documenta. However, such conception is rather contemporary than historical. The conception of curator has changed along to the political, social, cultural, economic contexts. The word curator originated from the Latin cura, which means to take care of, and was in Roman age used to signify government worker who at that time took care of the state administration and in the Middle Age the clergy who was to take care of spiritual therapy or be in charge. It was only contemporary era when the public was for the first time allowed to museums and curators were meant to take charge at the art institutions, similar to who they are now.
In the late 1960s, the new trend in art history accompanied the simultaneous social, political, cultural changes and so there emerged those curators who responded to the new atmosphere. It was about this period when the conception of role of curator started to shift and contain more than one role of curator. Some art exhibitions were mentioned not only under the artists names but also under certain curators names. Harald Szeemann(1933-2005), the legendary curator, in his own exhibition γLive in Your Head: When Attitudes Become Form(Works β Concepts β Processes β Situations β Information)γ(1969) invited attitude-oriented and anti-form artists and provided with the exhibition spaces as art studios. The untraditional curatorial methodology first introduced by Szeemann unintendedly confused and shocked the public in the beginning. The city government and the parliament got involved, and they decided that Szeemann could remain the director if he did not put human lives in danger. Since then he decided to resign and started himself as the very first independent curator in history as he had realized that it would be hardly possible under the influence of art institutions to practice the new methodology.
This study supposes that Harald Szeemann played the core role in establishing such roles of curator that were first introduced in the late 1960s and that we have agreed until now since then. It organizes the social, cultural, political, ideological changes in 1960s and looks into the new trend that emerged with these changes in order to analyze from the various angles the background where the new roles of curator were born. It also categorizes the new types of curator as independent curator, curator as an artist, and interdisciplinary curator and provides the analysis and summary of each category and its exhibition model.
In this study the analysis on strengths and weaknesses of his methodology and his contribution is provided. While he introduced creative and innovative exhibitions before anyone else, the methodology repeated to convention and became gradually acceptable even by the art institutions. Also, he was criticized that he, in his own exhibition, created the temporary one world and emerged himself as a creator to intrude artists autonomy. This study seeks to navigate and set direction for art exhibition history by noticing the post-Szeemann curators who have had their creative methodologies and further overcome what he had as his limitations.
What differentiates from the others this study is not only to analyze the exhibition methodology of a single curator but to provide with the history of exhibition and of curatorship on the broad perspective. It attempts to categorize the various roles of curators and well comprehend the vague lines among conceptions of curator and moreover to present more realistic conceptions of curator and the realities of curators nowadays unlike as a dream occupation. The author hopes that this study provides the aspiring curators and even young curators who are confused in between the long-dreamed ideal and the different reality with an opportunity to navigate and set a direction for the future.μ β
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Abstract 116Maste
Clinical decision support algorithm based on machine learning to assess the clinical response to anti-programmed death-1 therapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
Objective: Anti-programmed death (PD)-1 therapy confers sustainable clinical benefits for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but only some patients respond to the treatment. Various clinical characteristics, including the PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) level, are related to the anti-PD-1 response; however, none of these can independently serve as predictive biomarkers. Herein, we established a machine learning (ML)-based clinical decision support algorithm to predict the anti-PD-1 response by comprehensively combining the clinical information.
Materials and methods: We collected clinical data, including patient characteristics, mutations and laboratory findings, from the electronic medical records of 142 patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1 therapy; these were analysed for the clinical outcome as the discovery set. Nineteen clinically meaningful features were used in supervised ML algorithms, including LightGBM, XGBoost, multilayer neural network, ridge regression and linear discriminant analysis, to predict anti-PD-1 responses. Based on each ML algorithm's prediction performance, the optimal ML was selected and validated in an independent validation set of PD-1 inhibitor-treated patients.
Results: Several factors, including PD-L1 expression, tumour burden and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, could independently predict the anti-PD-1 response in the discovery set. ML platforms based on the LightGBM algorithm using 19 clinical features showed more significant prediction performance (area under the curve [AUC] 0.788) than on individual clinical features and traditional multivariate logistic regression (AUC 0.759).
Conclusion: Collectively, our LightGBM algorithm offers a clinical decision support model to predict the anti-PD-1 response in patients with NSCLC.restrictio