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    ARD1 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ™”ยทํ™˜์› ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž NRF2์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ „์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์„œ์˜์ค€.Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋˜๋Š” ์นœ์ „์ž์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž๋กœ, ์—ผ์ฆ, ๋…ธํ™” ๋ฐ ์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ NRF2๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ NRF2์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ NRF2์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์Œ์„ฑ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž์ธ KEAP1์˜ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋‚˜ NRF2์˜ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ฒด์„ธํฌ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ NRF2์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ (alternative) ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. N-์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™” ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ arrest defective1 protein (ARD1)์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด, ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์•”๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ARD1์€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•”, ํ์•”, ๊ฐ„์•”, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”, ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์•”, ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์—์„œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ARD1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, NRF2 ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋‚ด์— ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ผ์ด์‹  ์ž”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ NRF2์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ARD1์ด NRF2์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ฒด๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์กฐ์ง์„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„๋•Œ ARD1๊ณผ NRF2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์„œ๋กœ positiveํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ARD1 ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” siRNA๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฒด ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ NRF2์˜ mRNA์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ NRF2์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ARD1์ด NRF2์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ธ HCT-116์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ NRF2์˜ serial deletion construct๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ NRF2์˜ Neh1์™€ Neh3 domain์ด ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ARD1์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ NRF2์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ in vitro acetylation assay์™€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ARD1์ด NRF2๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ARD1์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™” ํšจ์†Œํ™œ์„ฑ์ด NRF2์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™” ํšจ์†Œํ™œ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์†์ƒ๋œ ARD1 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ NRF2 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ARD1์„ ํ†ตํ•œ NRF2์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ARD1์€ NRF2์˜ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๊ณผ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Aberrant overactivation/overexpression of NRF2 is implicated in tumor progression, which has been largely attributed to its mutation as well as inactivation of the inhibitory protein, KEAP1. However, alternative mechanisms responsible for sustained activation of NRF2 are less understood. Here, I showed that ARD1 with the acetyltransferase activity is a new regulator of NRF2. Elevated levels of ARD1 and NRF2 were detected in human colon tumor tissues as well as human colon cancer cell lines. Knockdown of both ARD1 and NRF2 in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells suppressed the oncogenicity of these cells. Furthermore, ARD1 knockdown in human colon cancer cells significantly reduced the protein levels of NRF2 without affecting its mRNA expression; however, silencing of NRF2 did not alter ARD1 protein expression. In addition, these two proteins were co-localized and physically interacted with each other both in human colon cancer cells and human colon tumor tissues. Mechanistically, ARD1 overexpression increased the acetylation levels of NRF2. Moreover, the in vitro acetylation assay and mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that ARD1 directly acetylated NRF2. Ectopic expression of mutant forms of ARD1 with defective acetyltransferase activity reduced the half-life of NRF2. In conclusion, ARD1 may potentiate the oncogenic function of NRF2 in human colon cancer by acetylating and stabilizing this transcription factor.Chapter โ… . ARD1-mediated Lysine Acetylation as a Novel Post-translational Modification of NRF2 1 1. Introduction 2 โ… . NRF2 5 1. NRF2 protein 8 2. Phosorylation of NRF2 11 3 Ubiquitylation of NRF2. 20 4. Acetylation of NRF2 24 5. Deacetylation of NRF2 30 6. SUMOylation of NRF2 31 7. Glycation and de-glycation of NRF2 33 8. Methylation of NRF2 33 9. Concluding remarks 34 โ…ก. ARD1 39 1. Discovery of ARD1 39 2. ARD1 isoforms 39 3. ARD1 as a lysine acetyltransferase 40 4. Concluding remarks 45 โ…ข. References 47 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE 62 Chapter โ…ก. ARD1 stabilizes NRF2 through direct interaction and promotes colon cancer progression 64 1. Introduction 65 2. Materials and Methods 68 3. Results 82 3.1 Correlation of NRF2 and ARD1 with CRC 82 3.2 Knockdown of NRF2 and ARD1 attenuates oncogenicity of CRC cells 88 3.3 ARD1 knockdown reduces the stability of NRF2 in human colon cancer cells 94 3.4 ARD1 physically interacts with NRF2 105 3.5 ARD1 decreases cellular responses to oxidative stress in HCT-116 cells 114 3.6 ARD1 knockdown reduces the stability of NRF2 in human colon cancer cells 116 4. Discussion 124 5. Conclusion 128 6. References 131 Abstract in Korean 136๋ฐ•
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