5 research outputs found
Développement des activités pour l'enseignement du verbe français : chez les apprenants au lycée coréen
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) --μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μΈκ΅μ΄κ΅μ‘κ³Ό(λΆμ΄μ 곡),2007.Maste
λΉμνμ λ΄λ‘ μ μμ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μΈλ¬Έλν λ―Ένκ³Ό, 2022. 8. Peter W. Milne.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ 리μ€νλ₯΄μ μ΄κΈ° κ°λ
μΈ βλΉμνβ(acinema)λ₯Ό, κ·Έκ° νκΈ° λ
Όμ λ΄μμ μΈκΈν βμλ°©κ°λ₯΄λβλ‘ μ΄ν΄νκ³ , γλΉμνγμμ μν λ
Όμμ μμμ΄ λ¦¬μ€νλ₯΄κ° βλΉμνβλΌκ³ λΆλ₯΄λ μμ§μμΌλ‘λΆν° μμλλ€λ κ·Έμ μΈκΈμ μ¬ν΄μνλ κ²μ λͺ©νλ‘ νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μμ
μ ν΅ν΄, λ³Έκ³ λ λΉμνκ° μνλ
Όμμ μμμ μ΄ λλ κ²μ λ°λ‘ λΉμνλ₯Ό βλ°μβ(occurrence)μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ κ°λ₯νλ©°, μ¬κΈ°μ λ λμκ° λΉμνλ μ΅μ’
μ μΌλ‘ μ°λ¦¬κ° μ¬μ©νλ κ°λ
μ νκ³Ό μ°λ¦¬μ μμμ νμ₯μν€λ κ°λ
μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄λμ΄μΌ νλ€λ κ²μ μ£Όμ₯νλ€. λ³Έκ³ κ° γλΉμνγλ₯Ό λ
Όμμ μ€μ¬ ν
μ€νΈλ‘ μ ν μ΄μ λ μ΄ μμΈμ΄κ° 리μ€νλ₯΄μ 첫 μν μμΈμ΄μΌ λΏλ§ μλλΌ λ¦¬μ€νλ₯΄κ° μνλ₯Ό μ² νμ μ΄κ³ λ―Ένμ μΈ κ΄μ μμ μκ³ νλ €κ³ μλν μλ―Έ μλ μμΈμ΄μμ κ³ μ°°νκ³ μ ν¨μ΄λ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄μκ² μνλ, μλ―Έμ μλ―Έμμ©μμ μ€λ¨μ λ°μμν€λ μμ§μ, λ€μ λ§νλ©΄ λΉμνλ‘λΆν° μνλ΄λ‘ μ΄ μμλ λ, μ΄λ‘ μ λμ νκ³ μ΄λ‘ μ 무ν νλ κ°λ₯μ±μ κ°λλ€. μνλ
Όμκ° μ΄λ¬ν μμ§μμ κΈ°μ΄ν΄ μμλλ κ²μ μ°λ¦¬μ κ²½νκ³Ό μ§κ°μ λνλ κΈ°νλ₯Ό μ 곡νλ€.
γλΉμνγλ 리μ€νλ₯΄κ° 1973λ
μ μ΄ μ²« μνμμΈμ΄μ΄λ€. μ΄ μμΈμ΄μμ 리μ€νλ₯΄κ° ꡬμν λΉμνλ μΌνμ μ΄κ³ μ€νμ μΈ μμ§μμΌλ‘, μνλ₯Ό ꡬμ±νλλ° μ¬μ©λλ λͺ¨λ κ·μΉ, μλ₯Ό λ€λ©΄ μ¬νμ κ·μΉ, λ΄λ¬ν°λΈμ κ·μΉ νΉμ μνμ΄λ‘ κ·μΉμΌλ‘ μ€λͺ
λκ³ μ΄ν΄λ μ μλ μμ§μμ΄λ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄κ° λΉμνλ₯Ό μ΄λ° μμ§μμΌλ‘ ꡬμν μ΄μ λ, κ·Έκ° μ΄ μΌνμ μ΄κ³ μ€νμ μΈ μμ§μμΌλ‘λΆν° μνκ° μν λ΄μμ μ μ§νκ³ μ νλ μ§μλ₯Ό λ°©ν΄νκ³ μ€λ¨μν¬ κ°λ₯μ±μ 보기 λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. μ¬κΈ°μ μ§μλ μ£Όλ₯ μ¬νμ -λ΄λ¬ν°λΈμ μμ
μνλ₯Ό μ‘°μ§νλ νμ΄κ³ , μ£Όλ₯ μ¬νμ -λ΄λ¬ν°λΈμ μμ
μνκ° μμ¬μν΅ μ½λλ‘μ¨ μ μ§νκ³ μ¬μμ°νκ³ μ νλ κ²μ΄λ©°, μ΄κ²μ κ²°κ΅ μ¬μ€μ£Όμμ νμμ λ§λλ κ²μ΄λ€.
γλΉμνγμμ 리μ€νλ₯΄λ μν μΌλ°μ λν λ
Όμκ° λΉμνμμ μμλλ€κ³ μΈκΈνλ€. λΉμνλ μν λ΄μ μμΌλ©΄μ μνμ κ΄λ ¨λ λͺ¨λ κ·μΉλ€μ λ²μ΄λλ, λ€μ λ§νλ©΄ μν λ΄μ μ‘΄μ¬ν μ격μ κ°μΆμ§ λͺ»ν μμ§μμ΄λΌλ μλ―Έμμ λΉμνμ΄λ€. μνλ
Όμκ° μ΄λ¬ν λΉμνλ‘λΆν° μμλλ€λ μ¬μ€μ, μνλ΄λ‘ μ΄ μ΄λ‘ μ μμ‘΄ν¨ μμ΄ μμ μ λ
Όμλ₯Ό μμνλ κ²μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄λμ΄μΌ νλ€. μνμ΄λ‘ μ κ·Έλ€μ΄ μ€μ νκ³ μλ λ
Όλ¦¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λΉμνλ₯Ό μ΄ν΄νκ±°λ ν΄μν μ μλ€. μ΄ λ μνλ΄λ‘ μ λΉμνλ₯Ό μ΄λ‘ μ ν΅ν΄ ν΄μνλ λμ , μ΄λ‘ μ λ΄λ €λκ³ , λΉμνλ₯Ό μκ°νκ³ ννν μλ‘μ΄ λ°©μμ κ³ μνλ©΄μ, λΉμνλ₯Ό κΈ°μ νκ³ λ
Όμνλ€. λΉμνλ‘λΆν° λ
Όμλ₯Ό μμν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μνλ΄λ‘ μ μ΄λ‘ μΌλ‘λΆν° κ·Έμ κΆμλ₯Ό λ°ννκ³ , μλ‘μ΄ λ΄λ‘ λ€μ κ°λ₯μ±μ μ΄κ³ , κ·Έλ κ² ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ΄λ‘ μ κ²½κ³ νΉμ μ΄λ‘ μ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό νμ₯ν κΈ°νλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€.
μ΄λ¬ν ν΄μμ 리μ€νλ₯΄κ° κ·Έμ λ§μ§λ§ μν μμΈμ΄μΈ γμ£ΌκΆμ μνλΌλ μ΄λ°μγμμ λΉμνλ₯Ό βμνμ μλ°©κ°λ₯΄λμ μμ
βμΌλ‘ μνν κ²μ ν΅ν΄ κ°λ₯ν΄μ§λ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄μ μ΄ μΈκΈμ κΈ°μ΄ν΄, λΉμνλ κ·Έκ° βλ°μβμ΄λΌκ³ λΆλ₯΄λ κ²μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄λ μ μκ³ , κ·Έλ‘ μΈν΄ λΉμνλ μΈκ°μ μμμΌλ‘ κ·Έ μμμ νμ₯νλ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄μκ² μλ°©κ°λ₯΄λλ λͺ¨λλν° λ΄μ ν¨μΆλ μ μ λ€μ λν μΌμ’
μ νꡬλΌλ μλ―Έμμ μ² νμ νꡬμ΄λ©°, μ΄ μλ°©κ°λ₯΄λμ μμ
μΌλ‘μ λ°μμ μΈκ°μ μμμ μν΄ κ²°μ λκΈ° μ μ βμΌμ΄λ¨β νΉμ βμΌμ΄λλ κ²β(what happens)μ΄λ©°, μ΄ μμ
μ κ°λ
μ ν λ°μμ λ°μνλ€. λΉμνλ₯Ό μνμ μλ°©κ°λλ₯΄μ μμ
, λ°μμΌλ‘ μΈκΈνλ©΄μ, 리μ€νλ₯΄λ λΉμνμ μμμ μΈκ°μ μμ, μ§κ°, κ²½νμΌλ‘ νμ₯νλ€.
λ°μμΌλ‘μ λΉμνλ μλ―Έμ λΆμ¬λ‘μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ€λ¨νλ€. λΉμνμ νμ κ·Έκ²μ΄ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§μ§ μλλ€λ μ¬μ€μ μλ€. μ°λ¦¬κ° μ΄λ‘ μ ν΅ν΄ λΉμνλ‘λΆν° μλ―Έλ₯Ό λμ΄λ΄κ³ μ ν λ, λΉμνμ νμ μ¬λΌμ§λ€. μλνλ©΄ λΉμνκ° μ΄λ‘ μ μν΄ ν΄μλλ€λ κ²μ μ°λ¦¬μ μμμ μν΄ μλ―Έκ° μ ν΄μ§κ³ κ·μ λλ€λ κ²μ μλ―ΈνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. λΉμνλ νμ μμμ μν΄ κ·μ λμ§ μλ κ²μ΄κ³ , κ·Έλ‘λΆν° κ·Έμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°λλ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄μκ² μ΄λ‘ μ, κ·Έκ²μ΄ λΉλ‘ μΈκ³λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄νκΈ° μν΄ μμμ μν΄ λ§λ€μ΄μ§ κ²μ΄μ§λ§, μ°λ¦¬κ° μΈκ³λ₯Ό λ³΄κ³ λ£κ³ μ΄ν΄νκΈ° μ μ μΈκ³λ₯Ό 미리 κ²°μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ€νλ € μ°λ¦¬μ μ§κ°κ³Ό κ²½νμ μ ννλ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄λ μ΄λ‘ μ΄ κ·Έμ νκ³λ₯Ό μΈμ νλ κ²μ λ°°μμΌ νλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νλ€. 리μ€νλ₯΄κ° μνλ
Όμκ° λΉμνμμ μμλλ€κ³ λ§ν λ, κ·Έκ° κΈ°λνλ κ²μ μνλ
Όμκ° λΉμνλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ΄λ‘ μ 무ννκ³ , λ€μν μνλ΄λ‘ μ μ°½μνλ κ²μ΄λ€. λΉμνλ λ€μν νμκ° κ³΅μ‘΄ν μ μμμ ν¨μΆνλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μν μμΈμ΄ γλΉμνγμ λΉμν κ°λ
μ μ² νμ μ΄κ³ λ―Ένμ μΈ λ§₯λ½μμ λ€μ μ½μ΄μΌ ν¨μ μ£Όμ₯νλ€. λΉμνλ λ°μμΌλ‘μ μ΄ν΄λμ΄μΌ νκ³ , λ°λΌμ μμμ΄ μ§κΈκΉμ§ μ μνκ³ μ μ§ν΄μ¨ μ μ λ€μ λμ νκ³ μλ¬Έμ μ κΈ°νλ κ²μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄λμ΄μΌ νλ€. λͺ¨λ μνμ μ κ·μΉκ³Ό μ΄λ‘ μ κ·μΉμ μ΄λ¬ν μ μ λ€μ΄λ©°, μνλ΄λ‘ μ΄ λΉμνλ‘λΆν° μμλ λ, μ΄λ¬ν μ μ λ€μ 무νλκ³ , λΉνλκ³ , μλ¬Έμλλ€. μ΄κ²μ κ·Έλμ λ
Όμμμ μ μΈλμλ 견ν΄μ κ΄μ λ€μ λ°μλ€μ΄λ κ²μ΄κ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ°λ¦¬μ κ²½νμ μ΄κ³ μ§κ°μ μΈ μ§νμ λνλ κ°λ₯μ±μ μ μνλ κ²μ΄λ€.This thesis aims to understand Lyotardβs early concept of βacinemaβ in terms of his later understanding of βthe avant-gardeβ and to reexamine Lyotardβs remark in the essay βAcinemaβ that the discussion of cinema starts from the movements he calls βacinema.β Through this, I will argue that it is by understanding acinema as an βoccurrenceβ that it becomes the starting point of this discussion, and further that acinema must be understood as a concept that opens and expands our conceptual framework and our consciousness. Therefore, the reason this study takes βAcinemaβ as the central text of the discussion is to investigate that it is not only Lyotardβs first film essay but also a significant essay where Lyotard attempts to reflect on cinema from a philosophical and aesthetic point of view. For him, cinema has the possibility to challenge and undo theory when the movements act as the starting point of a film discourse, despite the movements themselves lacking meaning and signification. This initiation of discussion based on the movements can give the chance to broaden our experience and perception.
βAcinemaβ is the first film essay by Lyotard in 1973. Acinema that Lyotard conceives in this essay is deviant and experimental movement which escapes from and experiments with the rules, such as those of representation, narrative and theory, which organize movements in a prescribed manner to produce sense of order in cinema. Lyotard conceives acinema in this manner because he sees the possibility of interrupting the order within cinema through this deviant and experimental movement. The order here is the one by which mainstream representational-narrative commercial cinema is organized and which it tried to maintain and reproduce as communication code, which produces the fantasy of realism.
In this essay, Lyotard remarks that the discussion of cinema in general begins with acinema. Acinema is non-cinema in that it is within cinema as an unqualified concept, out of all the rules related to cinema. The fact that the discussion of cinema starts from non-cinema should be interpreted as the fact that film discourse begins its discussion without theory. It means that theory cannot understand and interpret acinema through its principle, and then film discourse describes and comments on acinema, instead of interpreting it through a theory, letting go of the theory and creating new manner of thinking and expressing it. By starting its discussion from acinema, film discourse ends the authority of theory and opens the possibility of new film discourses, thereby expanding its boundaries.
This interpretation is possible because Lyotard summons acinema as βthe work of the cinematic avant-gardeβ in his last film essay βThe Idea of a Sovereign Film.β Based on this remark, acinema can be seen something like what he calls an βoccurrenceβ and thereby its scope extends to our consciousness. For Lyotard, the avant-garde is a kind of philosophical inquiry in that it is a kind of investigation of the presuppositions implied in modernity, and occurrence as the work of the avant-garde is what happens before being determined by consciousness and thereby such work takes place outside of conceptual framework. Referring to acinema as the work of the cinematic avant-garde and an βoccurrence,β Lyotard broadens the scope of acinema deep into our consciousness, perception and experience.
Acinema as an occurrence interrupts the meaning as the absence of signification. Its force lies in the fact that it has no meaning. When we try to draw the meaning from acinema through theory which is the method that the consciousness makes to understand the world, its force disappears because the fact that acinema is interpreted by theory means that it becomes βdeterminateβ by the consciousness. Acinema is always the indeterminate to the consciousness and from this it has its meaning. For Lyotard, theory, although being made by the consciousness in order to understand the world, limits our perception and experience by determining what we have to see and hear in advance. Lyotard argues that theory has to learn to acknowledge its limitation. When Lyotard states that the discussion of cinema begins with acinema, what he means and expects is for such a discussion to undo theory through acinema and create various and diverse film discourses. Acinema as non-cinema implies the possibility of coexistence of various others.
This thesis argues that the essay of βAcinemaβ and the concept of acinema should be read again in a philosophical and aesthetic context. This means that acinema should be understood as an occurrence, as Lyotard remarked, challenges and questions the presuppositions that the consciousness has defined and maintained so far. All filmmaking rules and theoretical rules are presuppositions, and when the film discourse starts from acinema, these presuppositions are undone, criticized, and called into question. That means accepting those opinions and perspectives that have been excluded from the discussion and opening the door to broaden our experiential and perceptional horizon.Introduction 1
1. Acinema interrupting the rules of representation 17
1.1. Experimental and deviant movements 19
1.2. An idea to explain experimental films 29
1.3. The beginning of film discourse: describing acinema 34
2. Acinema interrupting the rules of narrative and the theory 43
2.1. The interruption to narrative 45
2.2. Rejection of conceptualization and theorization 54
2.3. The beginning of film discourse: learning from acinema 59
3. Acinema as the cinematic avant-garde 63
3.1. An occurrence that calls the rules into question 66
3.2. Sovereign indifference to authority 75
3.3. The beginning of film discourse: undoing program 81
Conclusion 88
Bibliography 97
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ 100μ