26 research outputs found

    ์žฌ๊ณ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์‘๋‹ตํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ถ”์ •

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ,2007.Docto

    A study on Neyman allocation

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ,1999.Maste

    t-butylhydroperoxide ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™ฉํ•จ์œ  ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2006.Maste

    ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ, ํก์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์„ ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ž์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ํก์—ฐ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํก์—ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ ์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต,1997.Maste

    Go given the emotion: The Effect of Power Perceiving Emotional Labor from customer's perspective

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์ด์œ ์žฌ.๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์›์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์›์˜ ๊ฐ์ • ํ‘œ์ถœ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž์˜ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ•ด์„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •๊ฐ์ •ํ‘œ์ถœ, ์‹คํ—˜ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •๊ฐ์ •์–ต์•• ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž(๊ณ ๊ฐ)์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ •์ „์—ผ๋งค๊ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธ์ • ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ(์‹คํ—˜1) ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜(์‹คํ—˜2)์‹œํ‚ด์„ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ž์ฒด, ๊ธฐ์—…, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ณ„๋กœ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™์ด ๊ธ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 2.1.1 ์ •์„œ ์กฐ์ ˆ(emotion regulation) 2.2 ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ 2.2.1 ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ 2.2.2 ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ 2.2.3 ์กฐ์ง ํ–‰๋™๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ 2.2.4 ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋…ธ๋™ 2.5 ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ (Power) โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค๊ณ„ โ…ฃ. ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4.1 ์‹คํ—˜ 1 (๊ธ์ •๊ฐ์ •ํ‘œ์ถœ) 4.2 ์‹คํ—˜ 2 (๋ถ€์ •๊ฐ์ •์–ต์••) โ…ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก  5.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 5.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ€๋ก AbstractMaste

    Nasalance score characteristics : cross-dialect

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋น„์ธ๊ฐ•ํ์‡„๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ณผ๋Œ€๋น„์Œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์Œ์น˜(nasalance score)๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์Œ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ(NasometerTM)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋น„์Œ์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์–ด ๊ธธ์ด, ์Œ์šดํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์–ด ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋‚˜์ด, ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ง์†๋„, ์†Œ๋ฆฌํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 20๋Œ€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋‚จ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋น„์Œ์น˜์™€ ๋น„๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ๋น„์Œ์น˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Œ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์Œ์น˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์Œ์šด์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์„œ์šธ ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์ „๋ผ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘์ธ ์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์ธ 60๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋น„๊ฐ• ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฐ’์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ท ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(one-way ANOVA)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ •(post-hoc analysis)์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธํŽ˜๋กœ๋‹ˆ(Bonferroni)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ,1. ๋ชจ์Œ /์•„/, /์ด/์˜ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.2. ๋ชจ์Œ /์ด/๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์Œ /์•„/๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Œ์น˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.์ฝ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ,1. ์—ฌ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.2. ๋‚จ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.3. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์Œ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.๋”ฐ๋ผ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ,1. ๋‚จ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.2. ์—ฌ์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ผ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.3. ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ช…์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋…„ ์ˆ˜, ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The objective of this study was to test whether significantly different scores exist for three different dialects(the Norm, the Gyeong-sang, and the Jeolla dialects) for female and male speakers during the execution of reading tasks and repeatition tasks using vowels /a/ and /i/. Sixty normal adults(30 females and 30 males in their twenties of whom 20 were Norm speakers, 20 were Gyeong-sang dialect speakers, and 20 were Jeolla dialect speakers) read the reading stimuli, which consisted of an oral paragraph and a nasal paragraph. They also repeated the examiner''s reading stimuli, which consisted of three oral sentences and three nasal sentences. The data was collected and analyzed using the NasometerTM. Nasalance scores of each stimulus were obtained. The results are as follows:In the vowel task,1. Nasalance scores showed no significant dialectical differences with the /a/ and /i/ vowel phonation.2. Higher nasalance scores were found with the vowel /i/ than with vowel /a/.In the reading task,1. Nasalance scores showed no significant dialectical differences with either the oral paragraph or the nasal paragraph in the female group.2. The Gyeong-sang dialect speakers were found to have significantly higher nasalance scores than Jeolla dialect speakers with the nasal paragraph in the male group.3. Higher nasalance scores were found in the Jeolla dialect female group than in the Jeolla dialect male group on the oral paragraph.In the repeated task,1. The Gyeong-sang dialect speakers were found to have significantly higher nasalance scores than Jeolla dialect speakers on the nasal sentance in the male group.2. The Gyeong-sang dialect speakers were found to have significantly higher nasalance scores than the Jeolla dialect speakers on the nasal sentance, and the oral sentance in female group.3. Nasalance score showed no significant distinctions between genders.These results suggest that there is a need to consider the cross dialect background of a patient when assessing them using devices such as the Nasometer. Further studies are called, for including an analysis of more dialect types and more limited dialect group regions.ope

    Fairness Perception regarding Income Inequality among Young People: Focusing on the Diversity of Unequal Relationships

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์ž„๋™๊ท .The purpose of this study is to reveal the fairness perception among young people regarding income inequality in various social relationships. Previous studies have attempted to focus on the multidimensionality of fairness perception, but have not examined that fairness perception could be heterogeneous depending on the types of an unequal relationship. The fairness perception can be multifaceted depending on the complex social identity of an individual, and in the context of Korean society, where the fairness controversy is mainly understood as a conflict over resource distribution in some unequal relationships, the multidimensionality of fairness perception deserves greater attention. This study, therefore, defines fairness perception as an evaluation of the legitimacy of the actual inequality and deals with individual evaluations of inequality related to educational background, labor market, gender, generation, and class origin. It aimed at exploring what kind of justice attitude is constituted by the fairness evaluation of various kinds of inequality and how the fairness schema related to distributive justice has been formed. After investigating the fairness perception of young Koreans, a further study was carried out to identify the specific formation mechanism to determine how this perception is structured under the influence of factors in two dimensions which are social position and political beliefs and attitudes, and also attempted to suggest the political and social implications of fairness perception. In this regard, this study conducted three major analyzes using the data of ใ€ŒSurvey on Koreans' Attitudes toward Generation and Society in general 2021ใ€. First, through Multiple Regression Analysis, factors affecting the perceived fairness in income inequality were individually identified by the unequal relationship. As a result of the analysis, the perceived fairness among young people was heterogeneous based on gender and class. Social position exerted a great influence on inequality due to attained status, and political beliefs and attitudes had a huge effect on inequality caused by ascribed status. There was a tendency for young men to evaluate income inequality between social groups as fairer than young women; a similar result was obtained from the group of people who have got higher subjective class identification than others. The influence of sociodemographic factors and prospects of upward mobility affected inequality in academic background, whereas ideological factors such as conservative beliefs wield a great influence on inequality in gender, generation, and class origin. Even though it is about the perceived fairness on the same issue, income inequality, factors with great influence were found to be different depending on the types of an unequal relationship. It was also found that not only socioeconomic status, but also various non-economic factors related to young people's perception of uncertainty in life had a strong influence. Next, through Latent Class Analysis, it aimed at discovering what kind of structured connection pattern the fairness evaluations for various unequal relationships showed and how they appeared as a fairness schema. As a result of the analysis, the young people's perceived fairness could be classified into four groups: Unfair-inequality type, Fair-inequality type, Education-discrimination type, and Education-anti-discrimination type. The four types of fairness perception suggest different answers as โ€˜fairnessโ€™ in alleviating or maintaining income inequality among social groups and income inequality based on educational background. Educational background plays a key role in the heterogeneity of young people's fairness perception. While many young people take a neutral position in other areas of inequality, the polarization of perception appears in the area of โ€‹โ€‹educational background as inequality due to education is unfair or fair. These results reveal that the perceived fairness among young people has been formed under the influence of a clique culture in academia that has been accumulated for a long time in Korean society. Finally, the association between other political and social attitudes and the fairness perception type was revealed. As a result of the analysis, the type of fairness perception affects not only the evaluation of individual fairness controversial cases but too the welfare attitude. Both the Education-discrimination type and the Fair-inequality type showed a higher perception of inequity toward individual social events and a more negative welfare attitude than the Unfair-inequality type and the Education-anti-discrimination type. In particular, in the case of welfare attitudes, the Education-discrimination type is reluctant to narrow the gap between social groups but believes in the necessity of a minimum amount of welfare, while the Fair-inequality type pursues a small government and opposes all policies that the government attempts to resolve inequality. These results indicate that relying on how young individuals define fairness, their political and social attitudes may appear differently. This study tried to empirically reveal the multidimensionality of the fairness perception regarding the income gap and distributive justice between social groups, and its types and determinants. Through quantitative analysis, it was confirmed that the perceived fairness among young people was heterogeneous according to the types of unequal relationships and was influenced by individual social position and political beliefs and attitudes. This study has significance in that it suggests a new method of measuring fairness perception and reveals a complex aspect of young people's fairness perception. Beyond the generational theory that โ€˜young people are sensitive to fairnessโ€™, more specific fairness studies should be continued about which young people are sensitive to which fairness and why.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ์ด์งˆ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์›๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•™๋ฒŒ, ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ, ์  ๋”, ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ์Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์˜ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋‘ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2021๋…„ ใ€Œํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌใ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์ทจ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€, ๊ท€์† ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ณ„์ธต์˜์‹์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋™ ์ „๋ง์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด, ์  ๋”ยท์„ธ๋Œ€ยท์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ„์ธต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ด๋… ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์žฌ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™, โ€˜๋ฐ˜-ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™๋ฒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์™„ํ™” ํ˜น์€ ์œ ์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ต์„ โ€˜๊ณต์ •โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฒŒ์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋„์  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด โ€˜๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™ ํ˜น์€ โ€˜๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๋กœ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒœ๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์–ด ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™์€ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๋ฐ˜-ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ๊บผ๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋Š” ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„, โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด โ€˜๊ณต์ •โ€™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. โ€˜์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ก ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ฒญ๋…„์ด, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์—, ์™œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋”์šฑ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„ 29 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 34 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜• 46 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 47 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 47 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜ 58 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 58 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 58 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 60 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 Abstract 84์„

    Fairness Perception regarding Income Inequality among Young People: Focusing on the Diversity of Unequal Relationships

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    The purpose of this study is to reveal the fairness perception among young people regarding income inequality in various social relationships. Previous studies have attempted to focus on the multidimensionality of fairness perception, but have not examined that fairness perception could be heterogeneous depending on the types of an unequal relationship. The fairness perception can be multifaceted depending on the complex social identity of an individual, and in the context of Korean society, where the fairness controversy is mainly understood as a conflict over resource distribution in some unequal relationships, the multidimensionality of fairness perception deserves greater attention. This study, therefore, defines fairness perception as an evaluation of the legitimacy of the actual inequality and deals with individual evaluations of inequality related to educational background, labor market, gender, generation, and class origin. It aimed at exploring what kind of justice attitude is constituted by the fairness evaluation of various kinds of inequality and how the fairness schema related to distributive justice has been formed. After investigating the fairness perception of young Koreans, a further study was carried out to identify the specific formation mechanism to determine how this perception is structured under the influence of factors in two dimensions which are social position and political beliefs and attitudes, and also attempted to suggest the political and social implications of fairness perception. In this regard, this study conducted three major analyzes using the data of ใ€ŒSurvey on Koreans' Attitudes toward Generation and Society in general 2021ใ€. First, through Multiple Regression Analysis, factors affecting the perceived fairness in income inequality were individually identified by the unequal relationship. As a result of the analysis, the perceived fairness among young people was heterogeneous based on gender and class. Social position exerted a great influence on inequality due to attained status, and political beliefs and attitudes had a huge effect on inequality caused by ascribed status. There was a tendency for young men to evaluate income inequality between social groups as fairer than young women; a similar result was obtained from the group of people who have got higher subjective class identification than others. The influence of sociodemographic factors and prospects of upward mobility affected inequality in academic background, whereas ideological factors such as conservative beliefs wield a great influence on inequality in gender, generation, and class origin. Even though it is about the perceived fairness on the same issue, income inequality, factors with great influence were found to be different depending on the types of an unequal relationship. It was also found that not only socioeconomic status, but also various non-economic factors related to young people's perception of uncertainty in life had a strong influence. Next, through Latent Class Analysis, it aimed at discovering what kind of structured connection pattern the fairness evaluations for various unequal relationships showed and how they appeared as a fairness schema. As a result of the analysis, the young people's perceived fairness could be classified into four groups: Unfair-inequality type, Fair-inequality type, Education-discrimination type, and Education-anti-discrimination type. The four types of fairness perception suggest different answers as โ€˜fairnessโ€™ in alleviating or maintaining income inequality among social groups and income inequality based on educational background. Educational background plays a key role in the heterogeneity of young people's fairness perception. While many young people take a neutral position in other areas of inequality, the polarization of perception appears in the area of โ€‹โ€‹educational background as inequality due to education is unfair or fair. These results reveal that the perceived fairness among young people has been formed under the influence of a clique culture in academia that has been accumulated for a long time in Korean society. Finally, the association between other political and social attitudes and the fairness perception type was revealed. As a result of the analysis, the type of fairness perception affects not only the evaluation of individual fairness controversial cases but too the welfare attitude. Both the Education-discrimination type and the Fair-inequality type showed a higher perception of inequity toward individual social events and a more negative welfare attitude than the Unfair-inequality type and the Education-anti-discrimination type. In particular, in the case of welfare attitudes, the Education-discrimination type is reluctant to narrow the gap between social groups but believes in the necessity of a minimum amount of welfare, while the Fair-inequality type pursues a small government and opposes all policies that the government attempts to resolve inequality. These results indicate that relying on how young individuals define fairness, their political and social attitudes may appear differently. This study tried to empirically reveal the multidimensionality of the fairness perception regarding the income gap and distributive justice between social groups, and its types and determinants. Through quantitative analysis, it was confirmed that the perceived fairness among young people was heterogeneous according to the types of unequal relationships and was influenced by individual social position and political beliefs and attitudes. This study has significance in that it suggests a new method of measuring fairness perception and reveals a complex aspect of young people's fairness perception. Beyond the generational theory that โ€˜young people are sensitive to fairnessโ€™, more specific fairness studies should be continued about which young people are sensitive to which fairness and why.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ์ด์งˆ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฉด์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์›๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•™๋ฒŒ, ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ, ์  ๋”, ์„ธ๋Œ€, ์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ์Œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ •์˜ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋‘ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 2021๋…„ ใ€Œํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์กฐ์‚ฌใ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์ทจ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€, ๊ท€์† ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ณ„์ธต์˜์‹์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋™ ์ „๋ง์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด, ์  ๋”ยท์„ธ๋Œ€ยท์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ„์ธต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ด๋… ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์žฌ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™, โ€˜๋ฐ˜-ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™๋ฒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์™„ํ™” ํ˜น์€ ์œ ์ง€์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ต์„ โ€˜๊ณต์ •โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฒŒ์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋„์  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด โ€˜๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™ ํ˜น์€ โ€˜๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๋กœ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒœ๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์–ด ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™์€ โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๋ฐ˜-ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜ํ•™๋ฒŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ๊บผ๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋Š” ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„, โ€˜๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ •ํ˜•โ€™์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด โ€˜๊ณต์ •โ€™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. โ€˜์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ก ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ฒญ๋…„์ด, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์—, ์™œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋”์šฑ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณต์ง€ํƒœ๋„ 29 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋“๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 34 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜• 46 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 47 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 47 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜ 58 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 58 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 58 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 60 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 Abstract 84์„

    ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ: ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ(deservingness)์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ด์œ ์žฌ.์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž์›์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์šฉ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ๋…ผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด (Gershman 2014), ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ(deservingness)์ด ์„ ์˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(Van de Ven et al. 2012). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ(PEM)์ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, PEM์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ท€์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(Davidai 2018), ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท€์ธ์ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค(Feather 1999)๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” PEM๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 9๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋  ๋•Œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์šด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์„ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ์›์ธ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” PEM๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ด๋„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ด€๋…์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ(๋ถ€์ž)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์งˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€, ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์งˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์ด ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์งˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ํƒ‘๋…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋” ์œ ํšจํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์–ธ๋”๋…์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์ด ๊ธฐ์—… ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•ด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž์›์„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„(CSR) ํ™œ๋™์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์งˆํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์–ด๋–ค CSR ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋”์šฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”(do-no-harm) CSR ํ™œ๋™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ์„ ํ–‰์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”(do-good) CSR ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์—๋„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋…ผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ(low PEM), ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹(do-good-CSR)์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—…(top dogs)์ด ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ-์†Œ๋น„์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด์ง€์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋”์šฑ ์‹œ์˜์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Humans have a fundamental desire for higher status to acquire resources. Envy, as an emotional reaction to an imbalance of resources, can bring about economic equilibrium either by motivating individuals to work harder or by restraining additional effort. While research on envy in economics has shown that the degree and tolerance of inequality affect these two aspects of envy either by turning the envier competitive or by frightening the envied (Gershman 2014), in psychology, deservingness is an important appraisal dimension to determine benign or malicious envy (Van de Ven et al. 2012). The current research investigated whether perceived economic mobility (PEM) can affect deservingness. Since PEM is highly related to the attribution of wealth (Davidai 2018) and the direction of attribution affects deservingness (Feather 1999), we investigated the causal relationship between PEM and deservingness and the consequences from the perspective of envy. Through nine empirical studies, we found that when participants perceived low economic mobility, they were more likely to attribute wealth to external factors, thus lowering deservingness, which consequently drove malicious envy. Therefore, people preferred the redistribution policy in low PEM. This relationship persisted with different but similar constructs of independent variables: meritocracy and perceived societal mobility. Further, we examined whether these findings could be applied at the brand level. Based on the results that people can feel malicious envy not only in a one-on-one interpersonal relationship, but also toward a group of people (the rich), and that deservingness was more important than similarity, we found that people can feel malicious envy toward a successful brand that does not share any similarity with them. Importantly, as fear-driven equilibrium can be achieved through distributing or diminishing additional production by the object of envy (Gershman 2014), we found that a brandโ€™s corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity, a redistribution practice of the company, can mitigate malicious envy. Specifically, when participants observed the success of a particular brand in the context of low PEM and believed that the brand lacks the deservingness to enjoy such success, they felt malicious envy toward the brand and CSR mitigated the malicious envy. Further, this effect was particularly strong for top dogs. In the case of underdogs, the effect was mitigated because of the existing belief in the effort. In addition to this boundary condition, we found that the do-good CSR, which is an active form of distribution, was more effective than the do-no-harm CSR in alleviating the brand malicious envy. According to our findings, the benevolence of a brand could be a mandatory virtue in low PEM. Since redistribution can successfully mitigate malicious envy, it may help brand managers to avoid the business risk of being the object of destructive envy in an economically rigid society. In addition, this study contributes to the research on envy and brand by revealing that people can feel malicious envy toward a brand and suggesting low PEM as an antecedent of malicious envy. Above all, as economic inequality and mobility worsens, the current research can contribute to understanding consumer behavior in this emerging societal reality.1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 3 2.1. Demand for Redistribution and Perceived Economic Mobility 3 2.2. Attribution of Wealth and Deservingness 4 2.3. Deservingness, Malicious Envy, and Redistribution 6 2.4. Brand Malicious Envy 9 2.5. Brand Status (Top Dog vs Underdog) as a Boundary Condition 10 2.6. CSR Valence (Do Good vs. Do-No-Harm CSR) 12 3. STUDY OVERVIEW 13 3.1. PRELIMINARY STUDY 1: THE PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF INCREASED DEMAND FOR REDISTRIBUTION BASED ON DECREASED PEM 15 Methods 15 Results 16 3.2. STUDY 1: THE CAUSALITY TEST OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEM AND DEMAND FOR REDISTRIBUTION AND MECHANISM ANALYSIS WITH DESERVINGNESS 16 Methods 16 Results 18 Discussion 19 3.3. STUDY 2-1: CONFIRMING THE RELATIONSHIP WITH SIMILAR IVS AND INVESTIGATING THE BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCE OF THE DEMAND FOR REDISTRIBUTION 19 Methods 21 Results 21 Discussion 23 3.4. STUDY 2-2: REPLICATING THE RESULTS OF STUDY 2-1 WHILE SHOWING THAT PEOPLE FEEL MALICIOUS ENVY TOWARD THE RICH 24 Methods 24 Results 25 Discussion 28 3.5. STUDY 2-3: IS SIMILARITY NECESSARY TO FEEL MALICIOUS ENVY? 29 Methods 29 Results 30 Discussion 30 3.6. STUDY 3: ROLE OF CSR IN MITIGATING BRAND ENVY IN LOW PEM 31 Methods 31 Results 32 Discussion 36 3.7. PRELIMINARY STUDY 4: EXAMINING BRAND STATUS AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR AFFECTING DESERVINGNESS 36 Methods 37 Results 38 Discussion 40 3.8. STUDY 4: BOUNDARY CONDITION OF BRAND MALICIOUS ENVY AND DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS WITH ALTERNATIVE VARIABLES 40 Methods 41 Results 42 Discussion 47 3.9. STUDY 5: WHAT KINDS OF CSR EFFECTIVELY MITIGATE MALICIOUS ENVY? 48 Methods 48 Results 49 4. GENERAL DISCUSSION 51 4.1. Theoretical Contributions 52 4.2. Practical Implications 54 4.3. Directions for Future Research 55 REFERENCES 58 APPENDIX 67 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 74๋ฐ•
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