176 research outputs found

    Eliminating unobserved heterogeneity, using hierarchical models

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ²½μ˜λŒ€ν•™ κ²½μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2023. 2. κΉ€μ€€λ²”.Freemium strategies contain both free and premium' options, offering some products or services for free as a sample to encourage paid option sales and expand their user base (Kumar, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Gu et al., 2018). Distributing basic app downloads for free as a sample and selling paid options, usually through in-app purchases (IAP), has become a prevalent freemium strategy among mobile apps. This paper empirically analyzes the freemium mobile game users' reaction to the price of add-ons using mobile game transaction data provided by an app store. The observed add-on price in the data is constant over time. Since the add-on information is not included in the dataset (e.g., the characteristics of add-ons, or the quality level of add-ons), the categorical information is limited. There are insufficient game characteristics to capture all the game-level variations, and the add-on price is the only add-on-level variable. The freemium mobile game users can download and experience the games before they purchase add-on options and infer the quality of the games and add-ons. Therefore, it is crucial to include add-on level intercepts to separate the impact of game-level and add-on-level heterogeneity and correctly specify the impact of the add-on price. First, this research aims to determine mobile game users reactions to the add-on price of apps that use freemium strategies. Second, this study aims to find a categorical intercept that efficiently captures the time-invariant bias. Since the add-on price is time-consistent, including add-on level intercepts in the linear demand models is impossible. This study includes profit-maximizing firm assumptions to obtain a 2-stage model with add-on level intercepts. The categorical heterogeneity can be captured by including fixed or random intercepts. Third, reflecting the multi-level structure of this data is the objective of this paper. The price coefficient can be specified at the genre level. Since the data used in this paper is hierarchical, the Bayesian inference method was implied to improve the understanding of the multi-level structure of the models.프리미엄(Freemium) μ „λž΅μ€ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ‚˜ μ œν’ˆμ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό 무료둜 μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  유료 μ˜΅μ…˜μ„ κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ μž₯λ €ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ € κΈ°λ°˜μ„ ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚€λŠ” νŒλ§€μ „λž΅μœΌλ‘œ, λ¬΄λ£Œμ™€ 프리미엄(premium)μ˜΅μ…˜μ„ λͺ¨λ‘ ν¬ν•¨ν•œλ‹€ (Kumar, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Gu et al., 2018). κΈ°λ³Έ 앱을 무료둜 λ‹€μš΄λ‘œλ“œ ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ μƒ˜ν”Œλ‘œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  주둜 인앱 결제(In-App Purchase)λ₯Ό 톡해 유료 μ• λ“œμ˜¨(add-on)을 νŒλ§€ν•˜λŠ” μ „λž΅μ€ λͺ¨λ°”일 μ•± μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ 널리 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 프리미엄 μ „λž΅μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ•±μŠ€ν† μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ œκ³΅λ°›μ€ λͺ¨λ°”일 κ²Œμž„ λ‹€μš΄λ‘œλ“œ 및 ꡬ맀 내역에 κ΄€ν•œ 데이터λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ• λ“œμ˜¨(add-on) 가격에 λŒ€ν•œ 프리미엄 λͺ¨λ°”일 κ²Œμž„ μ΄μš©μžλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ‹€μ¦μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 데이터에 ν¬ν•¨λœ μ• λ“œμ˜¨ 가격은 κ΄€μ°°λœ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ μΌμ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ• λ“œμ˜¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ΄λ‚˜ ν’ˆμ§ˆ λ“± μ• λ“œμ˜¨μ— κ΄€ν•œ 정보가 데이터에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ―€λ‘œ, μΉ΄ν…Œκ³ λ¦¬ 별 μ •λ³΄λŠ” μ œν•œ 적이닀. λ˜ν•œ, κ²Œμž„ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 변동을 λͺ¨λ‘ ν†΅μ œν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²Œμž„ νŠΉμ„±μ΄ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°, μ• λ“œμ˜¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œλŠ” μ• λ“œμ˜¨ 가격이 μœ μΌν•˜λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, κ²Œμž„ μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό μ• λ“œμ˜¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ΄μ§ˆμ„± (heterogeneity)의 영ν–₯을 담을 수 μžˆλŠ” λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 첫째, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ 프리미엄 μ „λž΅μ„ μ‚¬μš”ν•˜λŠ” 무료 μ•±μ˜ μ• λ“œμ˜¨ 가격에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨λ°”일 κ²Œμž„ μ΄μš©μžλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ‹œκ°„ λΆˆλ³€μ˜ κ²Œμž„ 별, μ• λ“œμ˜¨ 별 μ΄μ§ˆμ„±μ„ 효율적으둜 포착할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ²”μ£Όν˜• λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. μ• λ“œμ˜¨μ˜ 가격은 κ΄€μ°°λœ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ μΌμ •ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ„ ν˜• μˆ˜μš” λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ μ• λ“œμ˜¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ³ μ • 효과(fixed-effect)λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 기업이 μˆ˜μ΅μ„ κ·ΉλŒ€ν™” ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 곡급 츑면의 가정을 λ„μž…ν•˜μ—¬ μ• λ“œμ˜¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ³ μ • 효과λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 2단계 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²Œμž„ λ˜λŠ” μ• λ“œμ˜¨ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ΄μ§ˆμ„±μ€ κ³ μ • 효과λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 이 λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ μœ„κ³„ν˜• ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ λͺ©μ μ΄λ‹€. 가격 κ³„μˆ˜λŠ” μž₯λ₯΄ λ³„λ‘œ 츑정될 수 있으며, λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ λ°μ΄ν„°λŠ” 계측적이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ² μ΄μ§€μ•ˆ μΆ”λ‘  방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 계측적 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μΆ”μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.I. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Research Objectives 3 II. Literature review 5 2.1. Freemium Strategies in the Mobile Game Industry 5 2.2. Sampling Effect in Freemium Apps 8 III. Model 13 3.1. Demand Model 13 3.2. Supply-Side Assumptions 17 IV. Data and Variables 21 4.1. Mobile-Game App Store Data 21 4.2. Independent Variables 22 4.3. Summary Statistics of the Data 24 V. Empirical Analysis with Fixed Effects 28 5.1. Fixed effect Models with Promotion and Download Lag 28 5.2. Comparison of the Fixed Effect Models 33 5.3. Comparison of Models with Popular Games 37 VI. Bayesian Estimation 39 6.1. Bayesian Structure for Genre-Specific Price Coefficients 39 6.2. Sampling the Genre-Specific Price Coefficients 41 VII. Add-on Price Elasticities 42 VIII. Conclusion and Discussion 44 References 47 Abstract in Korean 52 Appendix A 54 Table Index Table 1. Summary of Relevant Freemium Studies 11 Table 2. Summary Statistics of the Data 26 Table 3. Comparison of Different Fixed Effect Models Non-Purchased 30 Table 4. Fixed Effect Model Comparison Non-Purchase and OnlyPurchased 35 Table 5. Model Comparison with FOC j-level Top Selling Apps 37 Table 6. Posterior of alpha 42 Table 7. Estimated Price Elasticities of the Models 44 Figure Index Figure 1. Scatter Plot of the Full Data, Including Non-Purchased Observations 27 Figure 2. Correlation Heat Map of the Download and Promotion Variables 33 Figure 3. Scatter Plot of Price and Sales Quantity of Add-ons by Genre 39 Figure 4. Bayesian Structure of Genre-Specific Price Coefficients in Stage 2. 40 Figure 5. Posterior Plot of the Inverse of Genre-specific Price Coefficients 41석

    μ‹€λ‚΄ 닀쀑 μŒμ› ν™˜κ²½μ— 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 처리 기법과 κ·Έ μ‘μš©

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 전기·정보곡학뢀, 2022. 8. κΉ€μ„±μ² .졜근 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ μ²˜λ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 처리λ₯Ό 톡해 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄ μœ μš©ν•˜κ²Œ ν™œμš©ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€λ‚΄ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ·¨λ“ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬μ— 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 처리 기법에 κ΄€ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ„ 닀룬닀. μ²˜μŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μž”ν–₯이 λ†’κ³  작음이 λ§Žμ€ μ‹€λ‚΄ ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ λ…ΉμŒν•œ μŒμ› μ‹ ν˜Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μŒμ› μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μΆ”μ •ν•˜λŠ” 기법을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. κΈ°μ‘΄ μŒμ› μœ„μΉ˜ μΆ”μ • 기법인 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 기반 μœ„μΉ˜ μΆ”μ •, μ‹œκ°„ 지연 기반 μœ„μΉ˜ μΆ”μ • 및 SRP-PHAT 기반 μœ„μΉ˜μΆ”μ • κΈ°λ²•μ˜ 경우 μž”ν–₯이 λ†’μ•„ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μšΈλ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€λ‚΄ ν™˜κ²½μ— μ μš©ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 정확도가 떨어진닀. 반면 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ 마이크둜 κ΅¬μ„±λœ 마이크 μ–΄λ ˆμ΄λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 졜적의 μ„±λŠ₯을 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 마이크의 쑰합을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” λΉ„μš© ν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ μ •μ˜ν•œλ‹€. 이 λΉ„μš©ν•¨μˆ˜ 값이 μ΅œμ €κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 마이크 쑰합을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄ ν•΄λ‹Ή 마이크둜 μŒμ› μœ„μΉ˜ 좔정을 μ§„ν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό κΈ°μ‘΄ 기법 λŒ€λΉ„ 거리 μ˜€μ°¨κ°€ 쀄어든 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 손싀이 λ°œμƒν•œ λ…ΉμŒ μŒμ›μ—μ„œ μ†μ‹€λœ 값을 λ³΅μ›ν•˜λŠ” 기법을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ κΈ°λ²•μ—μ„œ λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μ‚ΌλŠ” μŒμ›μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 μ‚¬μΈνŒŒν˜• μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ ν•©μ³μ Έμ„œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” μŒμ›μ΄λ‹€. 무ν–₯μ‹€μ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬κ°œμ˜ μŒμ›μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λŠ” 단 ν•œκ°œλ§Œ μžˆλŠ” 상황을 κ°€μ •ν•œλ‹€. 사인 νŒŒν˜•μ€ 였일러 곡식에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄ μ§€μˆ˜ ν•¨μˆ˜ 꼴둜 λ³€ν˜•ν•  수 있고, λ§Œμ•½ μ§€μˆ˜ν•¨μˆ˜ ꡬ성 ν•­ 쀑 일뢀가 λ“±λΉ„μˆ˜μ—΄μ„ λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 경우 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ†Œκ°œν•˜λŠ” 기법을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ ν•΄λ‹Ή λ“±λΉ„μˆ˜μ—΄μ˜ ꡬ성값을 ꡬ할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 문제λ₯Ό ν’€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 랜덀 ν¬ν¬λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ„ μƒˆλ‘œμ΄ λ„μž…ν–ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 기법을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΅μ›ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, μ‹ ν˜Έ 볡원 μ •ν™•λ„λŠ” 기쑴의 μ••μΆ• μ„Όμ‹± 기반 볡원기법 및 DNN 기반 볡원 기법보닀 κ·Έ 정확도가 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 이전에 μ†Œκ°œν•œ SSRF 기법을 기반으둜 합쳐진 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 기법을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ κΈ°λ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” 이전과 같이 사인 νŒŒν˜•μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ ν•©μ³μ Έμ„œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 상황을 κ°€μ •ν•œλ‹€. 거기에 더해 이전 κΈ°λ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  사인 νŒŒν˜•μ΄ λ™μ‹œμ— μž¬μƒλ˜λŠ” 상황을 κ°€μ •ν•œ 반면, λ³Έ κΈ°λ²•μ—μ„œλŠ” 각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μŒμ›μ΄ 마이크둜 λΆ€ν„° 각각 λ‹€λ₯Έ 거리만큼 λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„ 지연을 가지고 마이크둜 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 상황을 κ°€μ •ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„μ§€μ—°μ„ κ°–κ³  ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 마이크둜 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬μΈνŒŒν˜•μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 합쳐진 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 각각의 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λΆ„λ¦¬ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ†Œκ°œν•˜λŠ” 기법은 크게 μŒμ› 갯수 μΆ”μ •, μ‹œκ°„ 지연 μΆ”μ • 및 μ‹ ν˜Έ λΆ„λ¦¬μ˜ μ„Έ 개 λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœλ‹€. 기쑴의 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 뢄리 기법듀이 μŒμ›μ˜ κ°―μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό 미리 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜, μ‹œκ°„μ§€μ—°μ΄ μ—†λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ 적용이 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄, λ³Έ 기법은 사전에 μŒμ› κ°―μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 정보가 없어도 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€. ν•΄λ‹Ή 기법은 SSRF 기법을 기반으둜 ν•˜λŠ”λ°, SSRF 문제λ₯Ό ν‘ΈλŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ΅¬ν•΄μ§€λŠ” λ°©μ •μ‹μ˜ κ³„μˆ˜ 값이 λ³€ν•˜λŠ” 지점을 μ‹œκ°„ μ§€μ—°μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 μ‹œκ°„ 지연 κ°’μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ°€ λͺ‡ 번 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”κ°€μ— 따라 μŒμ›μ˜ 갯수λ₯Ό μΆ”μ •ν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ 합쳐진 μ΅œμ’… κ΅¬κ°„μ—μ„œ SSRF 문제λ₯Ό ν’€μ–΄ κ°œλ³„ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 값을 ꡬ해내 μ‹ ν˜Έ 뢄리λ₯Ό μ™„λ£Œν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ 기법은 μ—¬λŸ¬ 가정이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 기쑴의 ICA 기반 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 뢄리 및 YG 음ν–₯ μ‹ ν˜Έ 뢄리에 λΉ„ν•΄ 더 μ •ν™•ν•œ μ‹ ν˜ΈλΆ„λ¦¬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.Recently, research on acoustic signal processing is increasing. This is because meaningful information can be obtained and utilized usefully from acoustic signal processing. Therefore, this paper deals with the acoustic signal processing techniques for sound recorded in the indoor environment. First, we introduce a method for estimating the location of a sound source under indoor environment where there are high reverberation and lots of noise. In the case of existing methods such as interaural level difference (ILD) based localization, time difference of arrival (TDoA) based localization, and steered response power phase transformation (SRP-PHAT) based localization, the accuracy is lowered when applied under recordings from indoor environment with high reverberation. However in this paper, we define a new cost function that can find an optimal combination of microphone pair which results in highest performance. The microphone pair with the lowest value of cost function was chosen as an optimal pair, and the source location was estimated with the optimal microphone pair. It was confirmed that the distance error was reduced compared to existing methods. Next, a technique for recovering the lost sample value from the recorded signal called sketching and stacking with random fork (SSRF) is introduced. In this technique, the target sound source is a superposition of several sinusoidal signals. It is assumed that there are multiple sound sources in the anechoic chamber, but there is only one microphone. It is trivial that a sinusiodal wave can be transformed into an exponential function based on Euler's formula. If some of the terms of the exponential function follow a geometric sequence, those values can be obtained using SSRF. To solve this problem, the concept of a random fork is newly introduced. Comparing the recovery error based on SSRF with existing methods such as compressive sensing based technique and deep neural network (DNN) based technique, the accuracy of SSRF based signal recovery was higher. Finally, this paper introduces a blind source separation (BSS) technique for based on the previously introduced SSRF technique. In this technique, as before, it is assumed that the sinusoidal waves are superposed. In addition, while the previous technique assumed a situation where all sinusoidal waves were emitted simultaneously, this technique assumed a situation where different sound sources were separated by different distances from the microphone and arrived at the microphone with different time delays. Under these assumptions, a new BSS method for separating single signals from the mixture based on SSRF is introduced. The SSRF BSS is mainly composed of three steps: estimation of the number of sound sources, estimation of time delay, and signal separation. While the existing BSS methods require information on the source number to be known a priori, SSRF BSS does not require source number. Whereas existing BSS methods can only be applied to signals without time delay, SSRF BSS method has the advantage in that it can be applied to the mixture of signals with different time delays. It was confirmed that SSRF BSS produces more accurate separation results compared to the existing independent component analysis (ICA) BSS and Yu Gang (YG) BSS.1 INTRODUCTION 2 IMPROVING ACOUSTIC LOCALIZATION PERFORMANCE BY FINDING OPTIMAL PAIR OF MICROPHONES BASED ON COST FUNCTION 5 2.1 Motivation 5 2.2 Conventional Acoustic Localization Methods 8 2.2.1 Interaural Level Difference 8 2.2.2 Time Difference of Arrival 12 2.2.3 Steered Response Power Phase Transformation 14 2.3 System Model 17 2.3.1 Experimental Scenarios 17 2.3.2 Definition of Cost Function 18 2.4 Results and Discussion 20 2.5 Summary 22 3 ACOUSTIC SIGNAL RECOVERY BASED ON SKETCHING AND STACKING WITH RANDOM FORK 24 3.1 Motivation 24 3.2 SSRF Signal Model 26 3.2.1 Source Signal Model 26 3.2.2 Sampled Signal Model 26 3.2.3 Corrupted Signal Model 27 3.3 SSRF Problem Statement 28 3.4 SSRF Methodology 28 3.4.1 Geometric Sequential Representation 29 3.4.2 Definition of Random Fork 30 3.4.3 Informative Matrix 31 3.4.4 Data Augmentation 32 3.4.5 Solution of SSRF Problem 33 3.4.6 Reconstruction of Corrupted Samples 37 3.5 Performance Analysis 37 3.5.1 Simulation Set-up 37 3.5.2 Reconstruction Error According to Bernoulli Parameter and Number of Signals 38 3.5.3 Detailed Comparison between SSRF and DNN 40 3.5.4 SSRF Result for Signal with Additive White Gaussian Noise 42 3.6 Summary 43 4 SINGLE CHANNEL ACOUSTIC SOURCE NUMBER ESTIMATION AND BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION BASED ON SKETCHING AND STACKING WITH RANDOM FORK 44 4.1 Motivation 44 4.2 SSRF based BSS System Model 48 4.2.1 Simulation Scenarios 48 4.3 SSRF based BSS Methodology 52 4.3.1 Source Number and ToA Estimation based on SSRF 52 4.3.2 Signal Separation 55 4.4 Results and Discussion 57 4.4.1 Source Number and ToA Estimation Results 57 4.4.2 Separation of the Signal 59 4.5 Summary 61 5 CONCLUSION 64 Abstract (In Korean) 75λ°•

    A Study on the Thirdspace in the Downtown of Seoul -Focused on Dadong, Jung-gu, Seoul-

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 건좕학과, 2017. 8. 백진.μ„œμšΈμ˜ μ‚¬λŒ€λ¬Έμ•ˆ λ„μ‹œμ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κΈ‰μ§„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌ°λ˜ λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ€ 1973년을 기점으둜 ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μ•½ 40λ…„ μ΄μƒμ˜ 사업기간에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  λͺ¨λ“  μ§€μ—­μ˜ 재개발이 μ™„λ£Œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 채 사업이 μž₯κΈ°ν™”λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ™„λ£Œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νšμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ™€ λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ κ³΅μ‘΄ν˜„μƒμ€ μ•žμœΌλ‘œλ„ 였랜 κΈ°κ°„ 지속될 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ „λ§λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ„œμšΈμ‹œλŠ” 2014λ…„ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 2030 μ„œμšΈν”Œλžœκ³Ό μ—­μ‚¬λ¬Έν™”λ„μ‹¬κ΄€λ¦¬κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νšμ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ‚¬λŒ€λ¬Έμ•ˆ 도심을 μ—­μ‚¬λ¬Έν™”λ„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λ„μ‹œμž¬μƒμ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ§€μ—­κ°œλ°œμ„ 지ν–₯ν•˜λ©° λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ„œμšΈμ˜ 역사와 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό κ°„μ§ν•œ 였래된 λ„μ‹œμ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œ 바라보기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ‚¬λŒ€λ¬Έμ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ†μ˜ 지역성과 κ³ μœ ν•œ 문화듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 진행될 λ„μ‹œμž¬μƒμ˜ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이닀. μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ μ†ŒμžλŠ” 그의 μ €μ„œ μ—μ„œ, ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 곡간은 물리적 곡간과 좔상적 κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 관계성에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 이뢄법적 μ£Όλ₯˜κ³΅κ°„(isotopia)으둜 λ°”λΌλ³΄λ˜ μ‹œμ„ μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ λ„μ‹œ 속 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 주체듀이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” λΉ„μ£Όλ₯˜κ³΅κ°„(heterotopia)과의 관계성을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ 바라봐야 함을 μ—­μ„€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ™„λ£Œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 재개발 μ‚¬μ—…μ‹€ν–‰μ˜ 결과둜 λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ§€μ—­μ„ λ°”λΌλ³΄μ•˜λ˜ 것을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ, 주민듀이 슀슀둜 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ“€μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•΄μ˜¨ 제3κ³΅κ°„κ³Όμ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ λ„μ‹œμ˜ 변화과정을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” 것은 주민의 μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 닀루고 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ λ„μ‹œμž¬μƒμ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 의미λ₯Ό 가진닀. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ„œμšΈμ‹œ 쀑ꡬ λ‹€λ™μ˜ λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ§€μ—­ μΌλŒ€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμ§€λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νšμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ³Όμ •κ³Ό κ³„νšμ˜ 싀행에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ„μ‹œμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ³Όμ • 그리고 변화에 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” λ„μ‹œ 속 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ μ€‘μ μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. μš°μ„ , 재개발이 본격적으둜 μ‹œμž‘λ˜κΈ° μ΄μ „μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νšμ΄ λ³€ν™”ν•΄μ˜¨ 과정을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©° λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ  상황 μ†μ—μ„œ μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ λͺ©μ κ³Ό μ˜λ„κ°€ κ³„νšμ˜ 결정과정에 끼친 영ν–₯을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 이 κ³Όμ • μ†μ—μ„œ μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ€ 지ꡬλ₯Ό λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ ν•œ 점진적 μž¬κ°œλ°œλ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 사업방식이 κ²°μ •λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” κ³ μΈ΅Β·κ³ λ°€ν™”μ˜ λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ˜μ„Έν•˜μ˜€λ˜ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ μ§€μ—­μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³ , λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ μžλ³Έκ°€λ“€μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ›ν™œν•œ μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 진행을 도λͺ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 점진적 μž¬κ°œλ°œλ°©μ‹μ€ μ‚¬μ—…μ‹œν–‰μ˜ 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό μΆ•μ†Œν•˜μ—¬ κΈ°μ—…μ˜ 규λͺ¨μ—μ„œ 적극적인 μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κΆŒλ¦¬μ‘°μ •λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ£Όλ“€μ˜ 인원을 μΆ•μ†Œμ‹œμΌœ μž¬κ°œλ°œμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 과정인 ν† μ§€μ†Œμœ κΆŒμ˜ ν˜‘μ˜κ³Όμ •μ„ μ‰½κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 효과λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ†Œμˆ˜κ°€ 된 각 μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 주민듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό 사업과정에 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ‘ŒμœΌλ©° μ΄λŠ” 였히렀 λΆ„μŸμ˜ 원인이 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‚¬μ—…μ‹œν–‰μžμ˜ κΆŒν•œ κ°•ν™”λ‘œ μΈν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ 재개발둜 μΈν•œ ν˜œνƒμ΄ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Ό λ˜ν•œ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬, 재개발이 μ‹€ν–‰λœ 이후 κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ 사업이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, κ°„μ„ λ„λ‘œλ³€μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ§€κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ‘΄μΉ˜μ§€κ΅¬μ™€ 같이 사업성이 λ–¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 지ꡬ, λ˜λŠ” κ³„νšκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€μ΄ μ˜ˆμ •λœ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 경우 사업진행이 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이둜 인해 지역 내에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ λ„μ‹œκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€λ“€μ€ λ―Έμ™„μ„±λ˜μ–΄ κ³„νšμ˜ μ˜λ„λŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 건물듀이 λ‘œλΉ„κ³΅κ°„μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μœ„λ½μ‹œμ„€ 및 μ§€μ›μ‹œμ„€μ„ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ§€ν•˜μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 탓에 였히렀 λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μœ„λ½μ‹œμ„€μ΄ ν˜Έν™©μ„ 맞으며 μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°ν›„μ§€μ›μ‹œμ„€μ˜ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μΌμ •μˆ˜μ€€ μ΄μƒμ˜ 경제적 ν™œλ™κ³Ό 이읡이 보μž₯λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ μœ„λ½μ‹œμ„€λ“€μ€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 인ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μ§€λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μž‘μ€ 건물과 쒁은 골λͺ©κΈΈλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ 낑은 μ‹œμ„€μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” λ―Έμ™„μ„±λœ λ„μ‹œκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€μ— λ°œμƒν•œ μœ νœ΄κ³΅κ°„μ„ μ μœ ν•˜κ³  μ „μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν™œλ™μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€. λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ˜ 점진적 μž¬κ°œλ°œλ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ λ°œμƒν•œ λ―Έμ™„μ„±λœ λ„μ‹œκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€λ“€μ€ κ³„νšμ΄ μ˜λ„μΉ˜ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ μœ νœ΄κ³΅κ°„λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆκ³ , κ·Έ 곡간은 μ£Όλ―Όλ“€μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™œμš©λ°©μ‹μ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 제3κ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 띄며 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·œμ •λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μΌμ‹œμ μ΄λ©°, λ„μ‹œμ˜ ν‹ˆμ— μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜κ³  κ³ μœ ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ˜ ν™œλ™λ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 제3κ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ€ μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νšμ— μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜•μ„±λœ μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ™€ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λ©° μƒν˜Έλ³΄μ™„μ μΈ 역할을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ™€ λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ κ³΅μ‘΄μƒνƒœκ°€ μž₯κΈ°ν™”λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 상황 μ†μ—μ„œ λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ§€μ—­μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 제3κ³΅κ°„λ“€μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ€ λ„μ‹œμ˜ μ£Όλ―Ό λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ μ—΄μ‡ κ°€ 될 것이닀.제 1 μž₯ μ„œ λ‘  1 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 제 2 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법 및 λŒ€μƒ 5 제 3 절 연ꡬ흐름도 7 제 2 μž₯ 제3곡간에 κ΄€ν•œ 이둠적 κ³ μ°° 8 제 1 절 제3곡간 이둠의 μ „κ°œ 8 1. 앙리 λ₯΄νŽ˜λΈŒλ₯΄μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  곡간이둠 8 2. μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ μ†Œμžμ˜ 제3곡간 10 제 2 절 λ„μ‹œμ΄λ‘  μ†μ˜ 제3곡간 13 1. 였래된 건물의 μ€‘μš”μ„± 13 2. κ³„νšκ³Ό κ³„νšμ˜ μ‹€ν–‰μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λͺ¨μˆœ 15 3. λ„μ‹œμ˜ 변화와 제3곡간 17 제 3 절 μ†Œκ²° 19 제 3 μž₯ 재개발둜 μΈν•œ λ‹€λ™μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ³Όμ • 21 제 1 절 λ„μ‹¬μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ λ„μž…κ³Όμ • 21 1. 재개발 μ΄μ „μ˜ μ‚¬λŒ€λ¬Έμ•ˆ 21 2. 재개발 λ„μž…μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 23 3. μž¬κ°œλ°œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όλ―Όλ“€κ³Όμ˜ κ°ˆλ“± 27 4. μ†Œκ²° 28 제 2 절 닀동 재개발 κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νšμ˜ λ³€ν™”κ³Όμ • 30 1. 1967λ…„ μž¬κ°œλ°œμ§€κ΅¬κ³„νš λ³΄κ³ μ„œ 31 2. 1971λ…„ μ†Œκ³΅λ™ 및 무ꡐ지ꡬ μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νš 및 쑰사섀계 34 3. 1973λ…„ 무ꡐ 및 닀동지ꡬ μž¬κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—… κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νš 37 4. 1976λ…„ 무ꡐ, 닀동 및 μ„œλ¦°μ§€κ΅¬ 재개발 κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νš 39 5. 1978λ…„ μ΄ν›„μ˜ 무ꡐ, 닀동 κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νš 43 6. μ†Œκ²° 46 제 3 절 μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νšμœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ 닀동 λ„μ‹œμ‘°μ§μ˜ λ³€ν™” 50 1. μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ μΆ”μ§„μ ˆμ°¨μ™€ μ‹œν–‰κ³Όμ • 50 2. 닀동 λ„μ‹œμ‘°μ§μ˜ λ³€ν™”κ³Όμ • 55 3. μž¬κ°œλ°œκ³„νš μ‹œν–‰μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό 65 제 4 μž₯ λ‹€λ™μ˜ 제3곡간 69 제 1 절 재개발 κΈ°λ³Έ κ³„νšμ˜ λͺ¨μˆœ 69 1. μ™„μ„±λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ„μ‹œκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€ 70 2. μ‘΄μΉ˜μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ™€ μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ ꡬ획 72 3. μ™„λ£Œμ§€κ΅¬μ™€ λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 관계성 76 4. 보행곡간이 된 λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λ„λ‘œλ“€ 79 제 2 절 λ‹€λ™μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 제3곡간듀 81 1. μ „μš©λ˜λŠ” λ„μ‹œκΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€λ“€ 81 2. λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ† λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ μœ ν™œλ™ 109 3. μ†Œκ²° 122 제 5 μž₯ λ‹€λ™μ˜ λ„μ‹œμž¬μƒκ³Ό 제3곡간 126 제 1 절 닀동에 μ‹œμž‘λœ λ„μ‹œμž¬μƒ 126 1. λ―Έμ‹œν–‰μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 개발 μ œν•œ μ™„ν™” 126 2. 2025 λ„μ‹œν™˜κ²½μ •λΉ„μ‚¬μ—… κΈ°λ³Έκ³„νš 130 3. 무ꡐ λ‹€λ™μ˜ λ„μ‹¬ν™œλ ₯ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈ 134 제 2 절 제3κ³΅κ°„μ˜ ν™œμš©λ°©μ•ˆ 137 1. μΌμ‹œμ μΈ λ„μ‹œκ³„νš (Interim Plan) 137 2. κ³΅μœ λ˜λŠ” 곡간 (Rentable Spaces) 141 제 6 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  146 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 150 Abstract 152Maste

    μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ—μ˜ 열망: 계간지 킨포크와 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬νšŒν•™κ³Ό, 2015. 8. 김홍쀑.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„λ˜κ³  λŒ€μ•ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ이닀. 이λ₯Ό 킨포크 μž‘μ§€μ™€ 이λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λͺ¨μž„, μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ‹΄λ‘  등을 톡해 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμœΌλ©° 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μ°½μ‘° λ„μ‹œ ν¬ν‹€λžœλ“œμ—μ„œ μˆ˜μž…λœ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ˜ μŒμ‹ 문화와 힐링 문화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ—΄κ΄‘κ³Ό 맞물렀 인기λ₯Ό λŒμ—ˆλ‹€. ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—λŠ” λ…λ¦½μΆœνŒλ¬Όμ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ κ°œλ³„μ μΈ 온라인 ꡬ맀와 μ†Œκ·œλͺ¨ μ±…λ°©μ—μ„œ ꡬ맀λ₯Ό 톡해 킨포크 μž‘μ§€κ°€ μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒμœΌλ©° 이후 킨포크 κ΄€λ ¨ λͺ¨μž„이 생기고 λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ μ‘°λͺ…을 λ°›μœΌλ©° ν™•μ‚°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ „μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ ν™•μ‚°λœ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λŠ” νž™μŠ€ν„° λ¬Έν™”λ‘œλ„ μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒλŠ”λ° ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 경우 μ Šμ€ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ 문화적, 경제적 자본의 λΆ€μž¬λ‘œ 인해 νž™μŠ€ν„° λ¬Έν™”κ°€ λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ €μ› μœΌλ©° λŒ€μ‹  창의적인 μ§μ’…μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” 직μž₯μΈλ“€μ΄λ‚˜ 주뢀듀을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°”λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯κ³Ό μ‚Άμ˜ 방식은 미적 μ·¨ν–₯의 결과이자 윀리적 μ„ νƒμ˜ μΌν™˜μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹€. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯은 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜κ³  절제된 아름닀움, 애쓰지 μ•Šμ€ λ“―ν•œ λ©‹μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œλœλ‹€. 이듀은 κ³Όν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ£ΌλŠ” 것을 과감히 골라내고 κ°€μž₯ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ κ²ƒλ§Œ 남겨 κΉ”λ”ν•˜κ³  μš°μ•„ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λ•Œ μ•„λ“±λ°”λ“± 애쓰지 μ•Šκ³  νšλ“λœ λ©‹μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯은 μΌμƒμ—μ„œ 일과 취미의 λΆˆλΆ„λͺ…ν•œ 경계, μžμ—°κ³Ό κ°€κΉŒμ›€, 일상 속 μ—¬μœ λ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œλ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ€ 기쑴의 ν™”λ €ν•œ 볼거리 μœ„μ£Όμ˜ 미적 κ°€μΉ˜μ— λ°˜λŒ€ κΈ‰λΆ€λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 선택이며 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μžμ‹ μ˜ 정체성을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜κ³  λŒ€μ€‘κ³Ό 거리λ₯Ό λ‘”λ‹€. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 미적 μ„ νƒμ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ κ·ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν”Όλ‘œκ°μ—μ„œ νƒˆν”Όν•˜κ³ μž λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€. μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜λŠ” κ·Ήν•œμ˜ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ»€λ‹€λž€ 성곡을 μ„±μ·¨ν•˜λ €λŠ” μžμ„ΈλΌκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€ 개인의 ν‰λ²”ν•œ 행볡과 μ•ˆμ •μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 경쟁 상황에 μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” λ§ˆμŒμ΄λ‹€. 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λŠ” 경쟁 μ†μ—μ„œ λŒ€ν•­ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  일상을 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” ν–‰μœ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 주체가 λ˜λŠ” 기쁨을 μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ μƒμ •ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•œ 관계와 κ³΅λ™μ²΄λŠ” μ·¨ν–₯κ³Ό μΉœλ°€ν•œ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•œλ‹€. 킨포크쑱듀은 λ―Έκ΅­ 킨포크 본사와 연관을 λ§Ίκ³  μžˆλŠ” 킨포크 곡식 λͺ¨μž„κ³Ό κ·Έλ°–μ˜ 비곡식 λͺ¨μž„을 톡해 ν•¨κ»˜ μŒμ‹μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ±°λ‚˜ μ‹μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆˆλ‹€. 이듀은 μžμ•„μ™€ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 행볡을 μ€‘μ‹œν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이 킨포크쑱듀이 νμ‡„μ μž„μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€. 였히렀 이듀은 처음 λ§Œλ‚˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 쒋은 μ‚¬λžŒ, μ—΄λ €μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 되고자 ν•˜λ©° νŽΈμ•ˆν•œ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€. λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨κ³Ό, 그리고 보닀 큰 곡동체와 μžμƒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό 이루고 μ‚¬νšŒμ— λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ΄ λŒ€ν˜•μ μœΌλ‘œ μ†ŒλΉ„λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 였히렀 μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ€ 유예되고 μžˆλ‹€. 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ ν™•μ‚°κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν™˜κ²½ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 관심을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 느리고 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ‚Άμ˜ λŒ€μ•ˆμ  λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ΄ μ‹€μ²œλ  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κΈ°λŒ€λ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œλŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ΄ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œμ¨ ν•œκ΅­ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ™€ κ°ˆλ“±μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‘°ν™”λ‘œμš΄ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보이며 기쑴의 μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ‘΄μ†μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 힘으둜 μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” ν–‰μœ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ†Œλ°•ν•œ 문화와 μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ΄ μΆ©λŒν•  λ•Œ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜κΈ°μ— λ“œλŠ” λΉ„μš©μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ κ°œμΈμ—κ²Œ λΆ€λ‹΄λ˜λ©΄μ„œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ„ μ‹€μ²œν•΄λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것이 쉽지 μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜ μ—­μ‹œ λŒ€μ€‘ μ•žμ—μ„œ 곡유되고 μ„ μ–Έλ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°œμΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 곡동체에 μ†Œμ†λΌ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ§Œμ‘±κ°μ„ μ£Όλ©΄μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 곡적인 ν•΄κ²°μ±…μœΌλ‘œ μžλ¦¬μž‘μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 인디 λ¬Έν™” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λŠ” λŒ€μ€‘ λ¬Έν™”κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ μΌλ°˜μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”λŠ” ν•˜μœ„ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ μΈμ‹λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ ν•œκ΅­ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ 양상을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄μ€„ 수 μžˆμ„ 것인지 ν•œκ³„κ°€ 지적될 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 길지 μ•Šμ€ κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μœ ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ μŠ€μ³μ§€λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” λ¬Έν™” ν˜„μƒμ„ 뢄석함에 μžˆμ–΄ 보닀 체계적인 방법둠을 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 점이 아쉽닀. μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ—μ˜ 열망은 μΉœλ°€ν•¨κ³Ό μ·¨ν–₯을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ€ κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ§Œμ‘±κ°μ„ μ–»κ³  였히렀 μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 미적 κ°€μΉ˜λ‘œ λ³€λͺ¨ν–ˆλ‹€. ν˜„μ‹€ μ†μ˜ μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ°œμΈλ“€μ€ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ—μ˜ 열망을 가지고 μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ κ·Έ 열망이 ν˜„μ‹€κ³Ό μΆ©λŒν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ‹€κ°€μ˜¬ 미래λ₯Ό μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ†Œλ§μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. 연ꡬ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό 문제제기 1 2. μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ κ²€ν†  6 3. μ£Όμš” κ°œλ… 및 이둠적 μžμ› 7 1) μ£Όμš” κ°œλ… 7 β‘  μ†Œλ°•ν•¨ 7 β‘‘ 열망 10 2) 이둠적 μžμ› 11 β‘  μ·¨ν–₯κ³Ό μ •μ²΄μ„±μ˜ μ •μΉ˜ 11 β‘‘ μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜ 13 β‘’ ν›„κΈ° κ·ΌλŒ€μ˜ 곡동체 15 4. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒκ³Ό 연ꡬ 방법 17 1) 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 17 2) 연ꡬ 방법 21 β…‘. 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ λ°œμƒ 25 1. 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ μˆ˜μž… 25 1) ν¬ν‹€λžœλ“œμ˜ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™” 25 2) ν•œκ΅­μœΌλ‘œμ˜ 킨포크 λ¬Έν™” μˆ˜μž… 29 3) ν‚¨ν¬ν¬μ‘±μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 31 2. 킨포크 λ¬Έν™”μ˜ ν™•μ‚° 40 1) 킨포크 λͺ¨μž„μ˜ λ“±μž₯κ³Ό λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ μ‘°λͺ… 40 2) 킨포크 λ¬Έν™” λ‹΄λ‘ μ˜ ꡬ성 41 β…’. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯κ³Ό 삢에 λŒ€ν•œ 열망 44 1. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯ 44 1) κ³Όν•¨μ˜ 절제 45 2) 애쓰지 μ•Šμ€ λ©‹ 50 2. μΌμƒμ—μ„œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ μ‹€ν˜„ 53 1) 일과 취미의 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œ 경계 53 2) λ„μ‹œ 속 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μ›€ 57 3) 일상 속 μ—¬μœ μ™€ ν•œκ°€ν•¨ 58 3. 윀리의 심미화 60 1) 윀리적 μ„ νƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ·¨ν–₯ 60 2) λ‚¨λ‹€λ¦„μ˜ 수용과 κ±°λ¦¬λ‘κΈ°μ˜ νƒœλ„ 63 4. νƒˆ-μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨ 66 1) μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν”Όλ‘œκ° 66 2) 일상 속 νƒˆ-μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ˜ 좔ꡬ 67 β…£. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ 관계와 곡동체 ν˜•μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 열망 73 1. λͺ¨μž„ 뢄석 73 1) 곡식 λͺ¨μž„ 73 2) 비곡식 λͺ¨μž„ 75 2. μΉœλ°€ν•¨κ³Ό μ§„μ •ν•œ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°μ˜ 좔ꡬ 76 1) μΉœλ°€ν•¨μ˜ ν˜•μ„± 76 2) μ·¨ν–₯의 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 80 3. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ 관계와 κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ—μ˜ 열망 81 1) μžμ•„μ™€ μ£Όλ³€μΈμ˜ 행볡 81 2) μ—΄λ¦° μ‚¬λžŒ 되기 및 λ§Œλ‚˜κΈ° 83 3) μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨λ“€μ˜ μžμƒμ  쑰화에 λŒ€ν•œ 믿음 85 β…€. μ†Œλ°•ν•œ λŒ€μ•ˆμ˜ 좔ꡬ 88 1. λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ‚ΆμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ 좔ꡬ 88 1) μ •μΉ˜μ  λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ μ‚¬νšŒ μš΄λ™μœΌλ‘œμ˜ λ°œμ „ 88 2) λŒ€μ•ˆμ  μ‚Άμ˜ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ μ‹€μ²œ 89 3) κ³ μ •λœ 슬둜건과 κ°•μš”μ— λŒ€ν•œ 거뢀감 92 2. μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ λŒ€ν˜•ν™” 93 1) 킨포크 μŠ€νƒ€μΌμ˜ μœ ν–‰ 93 2) 킨포크 문화에 λŒ€ν•œ νƒ€μžν™” 97 3) κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ†ŒλΉ„λ˜λŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•¨ 98 3. μœ μ˜ˆλ˜λŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ μ‹€μ²œ 100 1) μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ 이미지와 μƒμ‘΄μ£Όμ˜μ˜ μ‘°ν™” 100 2) 곡곡성을 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œλ°•ν•¨μ˜ 곡동성 104 β…₯. κ²°λ‘  107 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 111 Abstract 121Maste

    Induction of WNT inhibitory factor 1 expression by MΓΌllerian inhibiting substance/antiMullerian hormone in the MΓΌllerian duct mesenchyme is linked to MΓΌllerian duct regression.

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    A key event during mammalian sexual development is regression of the MΓΌllerian ducts (MDs) in the bipotential urogenital ridges (UGRs) of fetal males, which is caused by the expression of MΓΌllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in the Sertoli cells of the differentiating testes. The paracrine signaling mechanisms involved in MD regression are not completely understood, particularly since the receptor for MIS, MISR2, is expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the MD, but regression occurs in both the epithelium and mesenchyme. Microarray analysis comparing MIS signaling competent and Misr2 knockout embryonic UGRs was performed to identify secreted factors that might be important for MIS-mediated regression of the MD. A seven-fold increase in the expression of Wif1, an inhibitor of WNT/Ξ²-catenin signaling, was observed in the Misr2-expressing UGRs. Whole mount in situ hybridization of Wif1 revealed a spatial and temporal pattern of expression consistent with Misr2 during the window of MD regression in the mesenchyme surrounding the MD epithelium that was absent in both female UGRs and UGRs knocked out for Misr2. Knockdown of Wif1 expression in male UGRs by Wif1-specific siRNAs beginning on embryonic day 13.5 resulted in MD retention in an organ culture assay, and exposure of female UGRs to added recombinant human MIS induced Wif1 expression in the MD mesenchyme. Knockdown of Wif1 led to increased expression of Ξ²-catenin and its downstream targets TCF1/LEF1 in the MD mesenchyme and to decreased apoptosis, resulting in partial to complete retention of the MD. These results strongly suggest that WIF1 secretion by the MD mesenchyme plays a role in MD regression in fetal males.ope

    전립선생검을 ν†΅ν•œ 전립선암 진단에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œμ˜ 영ν–₯뢄석

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2015. 2. κΉ€μˆ˜μ›….μ„œλ‘ : λͺ©μ : 전립선생검λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 진단에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œμ˜ 영ν–₯은 μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€ λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ²΄μ§ˆλŸ‰μ§€μˆ˜ (Body mass index, BMI)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λΉ„λ§Œμ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 진단에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œμ˜ 영ν–₯을 λΆ„μ„ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λŒ€μƒ 및 방법: 2008λ…„ 1μ›”λΆ€ν„° 2013λ…„ 2μ›”κΉŒμ§€ λ³Έμ›μ—μ„œ 경직μž₯ 전립선 생검을 μ‹œν–‰ 받은 1,213λͺ…μ˜ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό ν›„ν–₯적으둜 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 전립선생검은 μ „λ¦½μ„ νŠΉμ΄ν•­μ› μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ 4ng/ml μ΄μƒμ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 직μž₯μˆ˜μ§€κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 결절이 μžˆλŠ” κ²½μš°μ— μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λΉ„λ§Œμ€ μ²΄μ§ˆλŸ‰μ§€μˆ˜ 25kg/m2 μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λΉ„λ§Œ 여뢀에 따라 ν™˜μž ꡰ을 λ‚˜λˆ„κ³  비ꡐ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 쑰직검사 μ†Œκ²¬κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄, 전립선 νŠΉμ΄ν•­μ›μˆ˜μΉ˜, 전립선 크기, 직μž₯μˆ˜μ§€κ²€μ‚¬ 상 결절유무, λΉ„λ§Œ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ λ‘œμ§€μŠ€ν‹± νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: 총 1,213λͺ…μ˜ λŒ€μƒμž 쀑 408λͺ… (33.6%)이 λΉ„λ§Œμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 344λͺ… (28.4%)μ—μ„œ 전립선암이 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , κ·Έ 쀑 203λͺ… (16.7%)λŠ” κ³ λ“±κΈ‰ (high-grade) μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μœΌλ‘œ μ§„λ‹¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ§Œ 여뢀에 λ”°λ₯Έ ν™˜μžκ΅° λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œ ν™˜μžλŠ” λΉ„λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ ν™˜μžμ— λΉ„ν•΄ 더 젊고 (65.5 vs 67.1μ„Έ, p = 0.003), μ „λ¦½μ„ μ˜ 크기가 더 컸으며 (49.2 vs 42.9 cc, p < 0.001), 직μž₯μˆ˜μ§€κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 결절이 더 적게 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€ (8.1% vs 15.9% p < 0.001). λ‹€λ³€λŸ‰ λ‘œμ§€μŠ€ν‹± νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œ μ—¬λΆ€λŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄, μ „λ¦½μ„ νŠΉμ΄ν•­μ› 수치, 전립선크기, 적μž₯μˆ˜μ§€κ²€μ‚¬μƒ 결절 μœ λ¬΄μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 전립선암 진단에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ μ˜ν•œ λ…λ¦½μΈμžλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, λΉ„λ§Œ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 진단 μœ„ν—˜λ„κ°€ λ†’μ•„μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€ (OR = 1.446, P = 0.024). μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 양상은 κ³ λ“±κΈ‰ μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 진단에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλ„ λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€ (OR = 1.498, P = 0.039). κ²°λ‘ : λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œ ν™˜μžλŠ” 전립선 μ‘°μ§κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ μ „λ¦½μ„ μ•”μ˜ 진단 μœ„ν—˜λ„κ°€ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ 높은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μΆ”ν›„ μ „ν–₯적 λ‹€κΈ°κ΄€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 전립선 생검을 ν†΅ν•œ 전립선암 진단에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λΉ„λ§Œμ˜ 영ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 보닀 λ©΄λ°€ν•œ 뢄석이 ν•„μš”ν•˜κ² λ‹€.CONTENTS Abstract. i Contents . iii List of tables v List of figures vi Introduction. 1 Obesity and health problem. 1 Obesity and prostate cancer. 1 Obesity and prostate cancer in Asia. 1 Patients and Methods. 3 Study Design and prostate biopsy protocol . 3 Clinical parameters and definition of obesity. 3 Statistical analysis 3 Results 4 Patient characteristics. 5 Comparison according to obesity status. 5 Clinical predictors with prostate cancer detection. 5 Additional subgroup analysis. 5 Discussion 7 Difficulty of study due to discrepancy of obesity definition between Asians and Westerns 7 Common clinical findings in Asian and Western biopsy population 7 Obesity and prostate cancer 7 Hypothesis about relationship between obesity and prostate cancer 9 Characteristics of Korean prostate cancer. 10 Limitation and implication 10 Conclusions 12 Ethical standards. 13 References 14 Abstract in Korean 29 List of tables Table 1. Proposed classification of BMI in adult Asians and Westerns 17 Table 2. Patient characteristics 18 Table 3. Patient characteristics and biopsy outcomes according to BMI 19 Table 4. Multivariate analysis of clinical predictors with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score 4+3) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy 20 Table 5. Odds ratio of obesity being associated with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score 4+3) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy. 21 Table 6. Odds ratio of detailed obesity categories being associated with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score 4+3) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy. 22 Table 7. Odds ratio of obesity being associated with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score 4+3) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy according to age . 23 Table 8. Odds ratio of obesity being associated with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score 4+3) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy according to PSA level. 24 Table 9. Patient distribution according to PSA level. 25 List of figures Figure 1. Patient distribution according to Asian BMI categories 26 Figure 2. Formula for the adjusted PSA value according to the height and weight 27 Figure 3. Hypothetical concept of relationship between obesity and prostate cancer in biopsy population 28Maste

    Dehydroascorbic Acid Attenuates Ischemic Brain Edema and Neurotoxicity in Cerebral Ischemia: An in vivo Study

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    Ischemic stroke results in the diverse phathophysiologies including blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, neuronal cell death, and synaptic loss in brain. Vitamin C has known as the potent anti-oxidant having multiple functions in various organs, as well as in brain. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) as the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (AA) acts as a cellular protector against oxidative stress and easily enters into the brain compared to AA. To determine the role of DHA on edema formation, neuronal cell death, and synaptic dysfunction following cerebral ischemia, we investigated the infarct size of ischemic brain tissue and measured the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP-1) as the water channel protein. We also examined the expression of claudin 5 for confirming the BBB breakdown, and the expression of bcl 2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for checking the effect of DHA on the neurotoxicity. Finally, we examined postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) expression to confirm the effect of DHA on synaptic dysfunction following ischemic stroke. Based on our findings, we propose that DHA might alleviate the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury by attenuating edema, neuronal loss, and by improving synaptic connection.ope

    Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) Induction: Chaperonotherapy for Neuroprotection after Brain Injury

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    The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is a stress-inducible protein that has been shown to protect the brain from various nervous system injuries. It allows cells to withstand potentially lethal insults through its chaperone functions. Its chaperone properties can assist in protein folding and prevent protein aggregation following several of these insults. Although its neuroprotective properties have been largely attributed to its chaperone functions, HSP70 may interact directly with proteins involved in cell death and inflammatory pathways following injury. Through the use of mutant animal models, gene transfer, or heat stress, a number of studies have now reported positive outcomes of HSP70 induction. However, these approaches are not practical for clinical translation. Thus, pharmaceutical compounds that can induce HSP70, mostly by inhibiting HSP90, have been investigated as potential therapies to mitigate neurological disease and lead to neuroprotection. This review summarizes the neuroprotective mechanisms of HSP70 and discusses potential ways in which this endogenous therapeutic molecule could be practically induced by pharmacological means to ultimately improve neurological outcomes in acute neurological disease.ope

    Bilateral salpingectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer in women at average risk: a position statement of the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (KSOG)

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    Based on the current understanding of a preventive effect of bilateral salpingectomy on ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancers, the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korean Society of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Korean Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine, and Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine support the following recommendations: β€’ Women scheduled for hysterectomy for benign gynecologic disease should be informed that bilateral salpingectomy reduces the risk of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer, and they should be counseled regarding this procedure at the time of hysterectomy. β€’ Although salpingectomy is generally considered as a safe procedure in terms of preserving ovarian reserve, there is a lack of evidences representing its long-term outcomes. Therefore, patients should be informed about the minimal potential of this procedure for decreasing ovarian reserve. β€’ Prophylactic salpingectomy during vaginal hysterectomy is favorable in terms of prevention of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer, although operation-related complications minimally increase with this procedure, compared to the complications associated with vaginal hysterectomy alone. Conversion to open or laparoscopic approach from vaginal approach to perform prophylactic salpingectomy is not recommended. β€’ Women who desire permanent sterilization at the time of cesarean delivery could be counseled for prophylactic salpingectomy before surgery on an individual basis.ope

    Diagnosis of an indistinct Leydig cell tumor by positron emission tomography-computed tomography

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    A 51-year-old perimenopausal female patient presented with hirsutism and voice thickening which was started approximately one and a half years ago. Her initial hormone assay revealed elevated plasma testosterone, 5a-dihydrotestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels and therefore androgen-secreting tumor was first suspected. However, the lesion was inconspicuous on transvaginal sonography, abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan, and pelvic magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging. Consequently, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-CT was performed, which localized the lesion as a focal FDG uptake within the right adnexa. Total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and although visible gross mass lesions were not observed intraoperatively, pure Leydig cell tumor was pathologically confirmed within the right ovary. Plasma testosterone, 5a-dihydrotestosterone, and DHEA levels were normalized postoperatively. Clinical signs of virilization were also significantly resolved after 3-months of follow-up.ope
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