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    ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ์  ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์—ด์น˜๋ฃŒ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์˜ค์œ ๊ฒฝ.ํ‘œ์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ๋งํ•œ ์ „๋žต ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7)์— ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ DNA aptamer์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„œ์—ด์ธ polyaptamer nanothread๊ฐ€ rolling circle amplification (RCA) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™˜์› ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‹œํŠธ (rGO)์— polyaptamer nanothread๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ PTK7 ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ํ•ญ์•”์ œ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ polyaptamer nanothread๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹๋œ rGO (PNT/rGO)๋Š” PTK7 ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์•”์ข…์ด ์ด์‹๋œ ์ฅ์— ์ •๋งฅ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์ธ doxorubicin์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RCA ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)์— ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ธ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” DNA nanoball์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Dz13๊ณผ OGX-427์ด DNA nanoball์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , Mu peptide์™€ ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ(HA)์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹๋˜์–ด CD44๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Dz13๊ณผ OGX-427์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ DNA nanoball์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ mRNA์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์•”์ด์‹ ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ•ญ์•”ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์—ด์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์นจ์Šต์ ์ธ ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ„๋‹Œ์‚ฐ (TA)๊ณผ ์ฒ ์˜ ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐœ์งˆ๋œ boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด‘์—ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TA-Fe/BNNS๋Š” ๊ทผ์ ์™ธ์„  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฐ์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , TA-Fe/BNNS์˜ ๊ด‘์—ดํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•”์ด ์ด์‹๋œ ์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ตญ์†Œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•”์กฐ์ง์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์ž…๋œ DNA nanoball (AuDNB)์„ RCA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , AuDNB๋Š” ๊ทผ์ ์™ธ์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ AuDNB๋ฅผ ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทผ์ ์™ธ์„ ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ AuDNB์˜ ๊ด‘์—ด ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Targeted drug delivery has been considered as a promising strategy to improve therapeutic effects of anticancer agents including chemicals and biomolecules. First, DNA polyaptamer nanothreads against protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) receptor anchored onto redcued graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets (PNTrGO) were prepared for targeted delivery. The polyaptamer was produced by rolling circle amplicifation (RCA) and introduced onto rGO nanosheets via high affinity between oligo-T sequence and rGO nanosheets. PNTrGO improved cellular uptake to PTK7 overexpressed cancer and enhanced tumor accumulation in tumor xenografted mice. Moreover, doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded PNTrGO enhanced the inhibition effect of tumor growth in PTK7-positive tumor bearing mice. Secondly, DNA nanoballs which are able to carry antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and target to CD44 overexpressed cancer were developed. Two types of ASOs, Dz13 and OGX-427, were loaded to RCA product in complementary manner via hybridization. Furthermore, Mu peptide derived from adenovirus was condensed the ASO-loaded RCA product. Hyaluronic acid (HA) coating enhanced the cellular uptake of both Dz13 and OGX-427 to CD44-positive cancer cells, and reduced their target mRNA and proteins effectively. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been investigated as potent and less invasive cancer treatment method. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) coated with tannic acid (TA) and iron film (TA-Fe/BNNSs) were prepared as novel and safe PTT agent. TA-Fe/BNNSs showed photothermal activity followed by NIR laser irradiation, and the photothermal effect of TA-Fe/BNNS was enough to eradicate tumor tissues after local administration to tumor-bearing mice. Lastly, gold nanocluster (AuNC)-loaded DNA nanoballs (AuDNBs) were designed as biocompatible PTT agent. AuNCs were synthesized with long single stranded DNA (ssDNA) produced by RCA and incorporated into the RCA product. The assembly of AuNCs located in DNA nanoballs generated heat after NIR laser irradiation, and the anticancer effect was achieved by AuDNB treatment followed by NIR laser irradiation in cancer cells.Chapter I. Overview 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Targeted drug delivery systems for cancer treatment 4 3. Photothermal therapy for cancer treatment 7 4. Scope of the studies 10 5. References 12 Chapter II. Polyaptamer DNA nanothread-anchored, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for targeted delivery 25 1. Introduction 26 2. Materials and methods 29 3. Results 41 4. Discussion 58 5. References 63 Chapter III. Biomimetic DNA nanoballs for targeted oligonucleotide delivery 68 1. Introduction 69 2. Materials and methods 71 3. Results 80 4. Discussion 97 5. References 103 Chapter IV. Photoresponsive boron nitride nanosheets modified with polyphenol and iron complexes 108 1. Introduction 109 2. Materials and methods 111 3. Results 120 4. Discussion 143 5. References 149 Chapter V. Gold nanoclusters loaded DNA nanoballs for photothermal anticancer therapy 156 1. Introduction 157 2. Materials and methods 159 3. Results 164 4. Discussion 174 5. References 177 Conclusion 183 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 185Docto

    ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™” ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ์ด์œ ๋ฏธ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์ธ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ธ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ† ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 99% ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋‹น์‹œ 32๊ฐœ์˜€๋˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ง€์ •๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „์ฒด 32๊ฐœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ ์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€์™€ ์ฒœ๋ณ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ๊ณต๊ณต์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ยท๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 1970๋…„ ์„œ๊ฐ•์ง€๊ตฌ ์™€์šฐ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ „๋ฉด ํ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง์ด์–ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋’ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1997๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋‹น์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์›Œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ด์šฉ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1997๋…„์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ณ„ํš ์ด์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 15๊ฐœ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์šฉ๋„ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์ธ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ํ† ์ง€ํŠน์„ฑ, ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ฃผํƒ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Š” ํ‘œ๊ณ  40๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ณต์šฉ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๋ถ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹ ์„ค๋œ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ถ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด ์•ˆ์ „์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋‘” ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•„์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€์ง€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผํƒ์ง€ ๋‚ด์— ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€, ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋…น์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํ›„์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ด๋ ค ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋…ธํ›„๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋Œ€์ง€์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ ‘์ง€๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์นจ ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€์–‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ํ›ผ์† ์š”์ธ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋‚ด ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋†’์ด ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€์˜ ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์ €ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์ด ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต์› ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผํƒ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ์ค‘ ๊ณต์›์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์–ด, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ์„  ์ •๋น„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ตœ์™ธ๊ณฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ํ‰ํƒ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ‘๊ทผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต์› ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋„๋ณด๊ถŒ ์ดํ•˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์›์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด์šฉ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™” ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ง€๋งฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์€ ๋„์‹œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ยทํœด์‹ยท์šด๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆฒ์˜ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์— ์œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ํ•„์ง€ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ ์ง€์ •์—†์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—ญ๋งŒ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นˆ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋‹จ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™”๋Š” ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ† ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์œ ๋ณด์ง€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ณต์› ๋ถ€์ง€์—๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ํ† ์ง€ํŠน์„ฑ ์™ธ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ† ์ง€ ์œ„์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ, ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด์„œ ์ „์ฃผ, ์ถ˜์ฒœ ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฃผํƒ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค ํ›„ 40๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋…ธํ›„ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„ ๋ถ€์ง€ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ์šธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์กฐ์ฐจ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธํ›„๊ณต๊ณต์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ํšจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€์ง€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹คํƒœ ํŒŒ์•…๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 1. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ์ œ2์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ 1. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์š”์ธ 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ 3. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ 1. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ 2. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€ ์ด์šฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ์ œ3์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™” ์š”์ธ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ํ† ์ง€ํŠน์„ฑ 1. ์ง€ํ˜•์  ํŠน์„ฑ 2. ๋ฒ•์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 3. ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฒ•์ œ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™” : 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜-2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ 1. ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… 2. ์ฃผํƒ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ3์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€ ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ‰์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ณต์› ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋„์‹ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋…น์ง€์˜ ์ด์šฉ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ์ œ4์ ˆ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์šฉ์ง€ ํ™•๋ณด ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ถ€๋กMaste

    ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ•€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘์ˆ˜.Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the major causes of death worldwide. However, the clinical therapies to treat MI is very limited, and the number of patients increases every year. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic methods for cardiac repair after MI. Recently, stem cell and tissue engineering emerged as a potential strategy for MI treatment. In addition, graphene has also drawn much attention for their application in the field of biomedical engineering due to its unique electrical, chemical, optical, and physical properties. Therefore, in this dissertation presents the integration of stem cells and graphene for the treatment of MI. The major goals of this study is summarized as follows. 1) Development of a graphene platform to promote stem cell differentiation towards cardiac lineage, and the investigation of its mechanisms. 2) Improvement of stem cell therapy efficacy for MI treatment by utilizing reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to promote paracrine factor secretion and gap junction protein expression by stem cells. 3) Utilizing graphene oxide (GO) flakes to prevent stem cell anoikis when implanted to ischemia and reperfusion injury after MI. First, we showed that graphene can promote cardiomyogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have drawn much attention as a source of MI therapy because MSCs are easy to isolate and expand, and are capable of differentiating into various cell types. However, the conventional methods to differentiate stem cells to cardiomyocytes require expensive growth factors or toxic chemical inducers. In this study, we demonstrated that the cardiomyogenic differentiation process of MSCs could be promoted simply by culturing MSCs on graphene without using additional inducers for the differentiation. This may be attributed to the enhanced expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins related to cardiomyogenic differentiation. In addition, the signaling molecules required for cardiomyogenic differentiation are upregulated in MSCs cultured on graphene. Collectively, graphene was able to promote cardiomyogenic gene expressions in MSCs. Second, we showed that the incorporation of RGO flakes into MSC spheroids enhanced the expression of angiogenic growth factors and gap junction proteins in MSCs, and resulted in the attenuation of cardiac remodeling after MI. The secretion of paracrine factors and the formation of gap junctions by the implanted cells promote cardiac repair. The formation of spheroids by MSC clustering is known to promote growth factor secretion by promoting cell-cell interactions. However, cell-ECM interactions, which can further promote growth factor secretion, is very limited in MSC spheroids. Therefore, in this study, we incorporated RGO, which can adsorb ECM proteins, in MSC spheroids to promote cell-ECM interactions. As a result, the secretion of paracrine factors was further enhanced in MSC-RGO hybrid spheroids. The enhanced secretion of paracrine factors by the incorporation of RGO upregulated the gap junction protein expression in MSCs. The implantation of MSC-RGO spheroids promoted cardiac repair compared to the implantation of MSC spheroids. Finally, the adhesion of GO flakes to MSCs prior to implantation enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in MI. The restoration of blood flow after MI results in a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS hinders the adhesion of the implanted MSCs to the injured myocardium, resulting in cell anoikis (i.e. cell death due to the loss of adhesion). Therefore, we have protected MSCs from undergoing anoikis by adhering GO flakes to MSCs prior to their implantation to the injured myocardium. GO is capable of effectively adsorbing ECM proteins. ECM protein-adsorbed GO flakes protected MSCs from undergoing anoikis when MSCs-GO were exposed to ROS condition in vitro. In vivo, MSCs-GO showed enhanced engraftment in the reperfused myocardium after MI compared to MSCs alone. The enhanced engraftment of MSCs-GO resulted in enhanced paracrine factor secretion. Therefore, the adhesion of GO flakes to MSCs promoted cardiac tissue repair and cardiac function restoration.Abstract I Table of contents IV List of figures VIII List of tables XI Abbreviations XII Chapter 1. Research backgrounds and objectives 1 1.1. Myocardial infarction (MI) 2 1.2. MSCs for MI treatment 4 1.2.1. Differentiation of MSCs into cardiac lineage 7 1.2.2. Paracrine factor secretion of MSCs for cardiac repair 9 1.3. Nanobiomaterial-incorporated stem cell therapy for cardiac repair 11 1.3.1. Therapeutic molecule delivery system 13 1.3.2. Cell delivery vehicle 16 1.3.3. Nanotopographical cues of nanobiomaterials 19 1.3.4. Electrically conductive nanobiomaterials 22 1.3.5. Intrinsic chemistry of nanobiomaterials 25 1.4. Limitations of previous stem cell therapies for MI treatment 27 1.5. Graphene for tissue engineering applications 29 1.6. Research objectives of this dissertation 32 Chapter 2. Experimental procedures 33 2.1. Preparation of graphene and graphene derivatives 34 2.1.1. Graphene preparation 34 2.1.2. GO and RGO preparation 35 2.2. Characterization of graphene and graphene derivatives 36 2.3. Cell preparation 37 2.3.1. MSC culture on graphene-coated coverslips 37 2.3.2. MSC-RGO spheroid formation 38 2.3.3. GO adhesion to MSCs 39 2.4. In vitro assays 40 2.4.1. TEM analyses 40 2.4.2. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). 41 2.4.3. Analyses of cell viability. 43 2.4.4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 44 2.4.5. Western blot 45 2.4.6. Immunocytochemistry 46 2.4.7. Dye transfer 47 2.4.8. Analyses of GO adhesion on MSCs 48 2.4.9. Assays for cell adhesion and viability with or without GO under reactive oxygen species (ROS) condition 49 2.4.10. Detection of ROS 50 2.4.11. Adhesion of fibronectin (FN)- or vitronectin (VN)- adsorbed GO flakes to MSCs 51 2.4.12. Competition between free ECM proteins and ECM proteins adsorbed on GO for their interactions with MSCs 52 2.5. Experimental procedures in vivo 53 2.5.1. MI induction and MSC-RGO spheroid implantation 53 2.5.2. Induction of MI and MSC-GO implantation 54 2.5.3. Analyses of surviving MSCs 55 2.5.4. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. 56 2.5.5. Evaluation of cardiac function 58 2.6. Statistical analyses 59 Chapter 3. Graphene-regulated cardiomyogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells by enhancing the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and cell signialing molecules 60 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Results and discussion 63 3.2.1. Fabrication of graphene 63 3.2.2. Characterization of graphene 65 3.2.3. Biocompatibility of graphene 68 3.2.4. Cardiomyogenic lineage commitment of MSCs cultured on graphene 70 3.2.5. Enhanced ECM gene expression by graphene 73 3.2.6. Regulation of cell signaling pathway by graphene 76 Chapter 4. Graphene potentiates the myocardial repair efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells by stimulating the expression of angiogenic growth factors and gap junction protein 78 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Results and discussion 82 4.2.1. Characterization of RGO flakes 82 4.2.2. Formation of MSC-RGO hybrid spheroids 84 4.2.3. Enhanced cell-ECM interactions by RGO incorporation into MSC spheroids 89 4.2.4. Enhanced angiogenic growth factor expression in MSC-RGO spheroids 91 4.2.5. Enhanced Cx43 expression in MSC-RGO spheroids 95 4.2.6. Improved cardiac repair by MSC-RGO hybrid spheroid implantation 98 4.2.7. Improvement in cardiac function by MSC-RGO hybrid spheroid implantation 101 Chapter 5. Graphene oxide flakes as a cellular adhesive: prevention of reactive oxygen species-mediated death of implanted cells for cardiac repair 102 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Results and discussion 106 5.2.1. Characterization of GO flakes 106 5.2.2. GO adhesion on MSCs 108 5.2.3. Enhanced cell adhesion and survival under ROS condition in vitro 111 5.2.4. The mechanism of enhanced cell survival 114 5.2.5. Enhanced survival of MSCs implanted in a myocardial ischemia and reperfusion model 121 5.2.6. Improvement in myocardial repair by MSC-GO 124 Chapter 6. Conclusions 132 References 135 ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 173Docto

    ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ •ํ˜„์ฃผ.The desire for self-actualization due to an unstable employment environment and low job satisfaction is emerging as a social problem with various anxiety among the young generation. At the same time, having a โ€˜lifetime jobโ€™ rather than a โ€˜lifetime jobโ€™ is considered a new goal, and many people are inducing them to start a business. Despite many aspirations for entrepreneurship, the economic instability of young solo workers is deepening along with urban spatial limitations that cannot support them. Against this background, they voluntarily gather in a space where they can share work space and practice coworking. They pursue an independent future more than anyone else, but they are trying to settle down by forming weak ties. In this study, we try to focus on the social meaning of co-working and alternative workspaces that young solo workers are experiencing while working together despite the anxiety they are experiencing. Although the number of startups among young people has increased rapidly in line with the changes of the times, only the positive aspects have been mainly focused on through the media. The purpose of this study is to provide implications that can be used in various policies by capturing changes in the way young solo workers work together and the creation of alternative workspaces so that the startups of young solo workers can contribute to creating other jobs. Through this study, it was possible to know the various social meanings of the formation of coworking and loose solidarity among young solo workers. Young solo workers formed loose solidarity without boundaries and practiced co-working. The members were always changing their world itself according to the present. Because it does not have an identity, it can embrace any user, and since it does not assume the same purpose, it can be said to be a community that can truly communicate. In addition, the diverse cultures and networking experiences created by operators, beyond simple space sharing, strengthen the position of uneasy solo workers and greatly contribute to business prosperity. However, the economic instability of early young solo workers makes it difficult to even pay the moving-in fee, which makes it difficult to move to a lower work environment or to decide to re-employ. Therefore, government policies and support to support stable start-up activities are urgently needed. In addition, depending on the size of the company, cracks form in the horizontal community, and it has the character of a temporary work space that naturally becomes a place to leave. In a community that was formed horizontally, as solo workers were hired, cracks began to appear, and they felt the limitations of the current space and thought about moving the work space. Lastly, the co-working space market, which has been in the public domain for just over 5 years, is facing a crisis due to the non-face-to-face communication environment that has grown along with the corona era. It is expected that the digital work environment in which even the physical work space has become unnecessary will result in the disappearance of a new type of work community or community. Reflecting the above social meaning, an alternative work space for young solo workers should be located in an area with a high proportion of young people in order to ensure a stable work environment, and should be provided at a low cost. In addition, for young solo workers who will rapidly change the size and nature of the organization, the method of moving in and occupying the work space should be flexible. Next, it is necessary to provide a work space without hierarchies that breaks down the discrimination or distinction that space gives, and to plan an indoor space where small group groups are possible. Lastly, it is important to induce young solo workers to have social and mental support through culture and social programs within the alternative work space that fosters networking.๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—…๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์•ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— โ€˜ํ‰์ƒ์ง์žฅโ€™๋ณด๋‹ค โ€˜ํ‰์ƒ์ง์—…โ€™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์—…์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ด๋ง์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€(weak ties)๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์ฐฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถฐ ์ฒญ๋…„์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์—…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ์ฐฝ์—…์ด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—…๋ฌด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ ๋Š˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋„ ํฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์šด์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝ์— ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ž…์ฃผ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ๋งˆ์ € ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—…๋ฌด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™ ํ˜น์€ ์žฌ์ทจ์—…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ์—… ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ง€์›์ด ์ ˆ์‹คํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ท ์—ด์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”ํ•œ ์ง€ 5๋…„ ๋‚จ์ง“์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์†Œํ†ตํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„๋งˆ์ € ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•ด์ง„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์„ ๋‚ณ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์—…๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž…์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•œ ์œ„๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ•‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ค๋‚ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์†Œ์…œํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ยท์ •์‹ ์  ์ง€์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  01 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 01 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  02 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 04 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์žฅ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 04 1. ํ‰์ƒ์ง์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 04 2. 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์ง์—…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ 07 3. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ 11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ 12 1. ์กฐ์ง์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 12 2. ์—…๋ฌดํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜์‹  16 1) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„๋ž˜ 16 2) ๊ธฑ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋…ธ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋Š” ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค 17 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 18 1. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์  18 2. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ 19 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  21 1. ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  21 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 22 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 24 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 ์ œ4์žฅ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ „๋žต 30 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œํ‚น์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ 30 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 34 1. ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด 36 2. ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์Šค์กฑ 39 3. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”ผ์Šคํ…” 40 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ๊ท€์† ์‹ค์ฒœ 41 1. ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€(weak ties)๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ง 41 2. ์žฌ๊ท€์†์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 43 1) ์ •๋ถ€์ฃผ๋„ 1์ธ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ธฐ์—…๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์„ผํ„ฐ 44 2) ์œ„์›Œํฌ(wework) 46 3) ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ(tryground) 47 ์ œ5์žฅ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 49 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ 49 1. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž…์ง€ 49 2. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ฃผ์ž ํ™•๋ณด์˜ ์›์น™ 51 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€ 53 1. ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ ˆ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ 53 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€(weak ties) 56 3. ์ง์ฃผ๊ทผ์ ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์†”๋กœ์›Œํ‚น์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์  59 4. ์•”๋ฌต์ง€์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ 62 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 65 1. ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•  ์ž„์‹œ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ 65 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—…๋ฌด๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ํƒ€ํ˜‘ 67 3. ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ„ ์นœํ™”๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์‡„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ 69 4. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์šด์˜์˜ ๋‚œ๊ด€ 71 ์ œ6์žฅ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์†”๋กœ์›Œ์ปค์˜ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 75 ๊ฐ€. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง์ฃผ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์‹คํ˜„ 75 ๋‚˜. ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œ  ๋ฐฉ์‹ 75 ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๋Š” ์—†๋˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ•‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌํš 76 ๋ผ. ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 77 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 8

    ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํฌ๋„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท : ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(์ˆ˜์˜๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 2. ๊น€์žฌํ™.Community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococci (CA-MRS) are considered an important problem in many countries. CA-MRS can disseminate not only within human communities, but also between companion animals and their owners as they share environments and living conditions. In this study, 592 staphylococci were isolated from February to April 2012 by taking swab samples from companion animals, owners, the general public who did not have contact with companion animals, and the veterinary hospital staff in Seoul, Korea. Prevalence of the isolates, their antimicrobial resistance patterns, and genetic relationships were subsequently investigated. The most prevalent species isolated from companion animals was Staphylococcus intermedius (55.5%). In addition, all 3 human groupsโ€”animal owners, the general public, and veterinary hospital staffโ€”carried the common predominant species Staphylococcus epidermidis (51.7%, 43.3%, and 56.1%, respectively). All 4 groups showed the highest resistance rate against the antimicrobial agent ampicillin, and all were susceptible to amikacin. Isolates from companion animal showed higher resistance rates against chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole than that shown by the human isolates (P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance patterns among the general public group were similar to that of the owner group. These results suggest that antimicrobial resistance patterns in humans may not be influenced by physical contact of humans with companion animals. In addition, the resistance patterns shown by the general public group were different from those shown by the veterinary hospital group. Among 15 antimicrobial agents, 8 (ampicillin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, oxacillin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) were more resistible in the veterinary hospital staff groupindividuals in this group are more likely to be exposed to bacteria and antimicrobial agents (P < 0.05). Moreover, several isolates with a genetic similarity of 99%, as measured using Random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) were detected from companion animals and their owner in the same household, suggesting the possibility of contact transmission of bacteria between the 2 groups. However, results of comparisons of ccr gene sequences associated with methicillin resistance in staphylococci suggested that horizontal transfer of ccr genes between companion animals and owners did not occur. In conclusion, transmission of staphylococci may occur in households between companion animals and ownershowever, the possibility of horizontal transfer of methicillin resistance-associated genes between 2 groups can be ruled out in the present study.ABSTRACT i CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 1. Bacterial isolates 4 2. Antimicrobial resistance test 5 3. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA- polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis 6 4. PCR for mecA and ccr gene 7 5. Statistical analysis 7 RESULTS 8 1. Bacterial isolates 8 2. Antimicrobial resistance patterns 9 3. RAPD-PCR analysis 10 4. Detection of mecA gene and ccr gene complex sequence typing 11 DISCUSSION 14 REFERENCES 25 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 29Maste

    Development of educational material for parents of children with CHD

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    ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž(์•„๋™)๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜์•„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜์•„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด๋‹ด๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ "์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „์— ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ง‘์ค‘์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๋ณ‘์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ํ‡ด์› ํ›„ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•"์˜ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋งŒ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์•„์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜์•„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฐ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜์•„์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this methodological study is to develop educational materials for the parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD). The areas in need of teaching were identified by review of literature, interviews with 5 mothers of children with CHD, and surveys with 5 nurses with over 3 years of experiences working at the children''s cardiac care unit. The 6 areas were identified: the structure and function of the heart; the basic information on CHD; pre-operative care; post-operative care at the intensive care unit; general care on the unit; and home care after discharge. The draft of the teaching material was reviewed by 1 pediatric cardiac surgen, 2 faculty members at the college of nursing, 1 nurse at the intensive care unit, and 2 nurses at the general pediatric cardiac unit for reliability. Also, a mother of child with CHD who has a high school diploma read the teaching material for the sentence and content difficulty. The revised final teaching material in this thesis can be used in many hospitals treating the children with CHD. However, some procedures and equipments maybe different from the ones described in this material, so, a minor revision maybe necessary. It is also suggested that the nurses working with the parents and children with CHD need to develop teaching programs utilizing various teaching methods.ope

    Echinomycin ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋„ ์‹œ Bcl-2์™€ NF-ฮบB ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    Dept. of Biomedical Laboratory Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” DNA bis-intercalator์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ echinomycin์„ HT-29 ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ Bcl-2 ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ํ•ต๋‚ด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฆํญํ•˜๋Š” NF-ฮบB ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— NF-ฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ ํ‘œ์  ์ผ€๋ชจ์นด์ธ์ธ IL-8 ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ Bax ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด์ž… ์‹œ echinomycin์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„ ๋˜๋Š” HT-29๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ Bcl-2 ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์œ ๋„ ์‹œcaspase-3 ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ธ caspase-3๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” Bcl-2์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ HT-29 ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ „์ž„์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ NF-ฮบB ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ์™€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ gel shift ๋ถ„์„์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ NF-ฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ NF-ฮบB์˜ ์ด์งˆ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์ธ p50๊ณผ p65๊ฐ€ ํ•ต๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•จ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ NF-ฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ๋‚ด์˜ IฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ IฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Echinomycin์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ NF-ฮบBํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” IL-8์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐcaspase-3 ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ NF-ฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, caspase-3 ๋ฐ NF-ฮบB ํ™œ์„ฑ ์–ต์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ ์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉดechinomycin ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ HT-29์— ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ Bcl-2 ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ต๋‚ด ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์‚ฌ์ธ NF-ฮบB ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ€๋ชจ์นด์ธ์ธ IL-8์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ DNA bis-intercalator์˜ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ „ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The present study was aimed to identify specific signal pathway via Bcl2 and NF-ฮบB in echinomycin-mediated apoptosis of HT-29 colon cancer cells. In first experiment to verify Bcl-2 pathway, inactive form Bax-DNA failed to prevent echinomycin-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells. In contrast, combined analyses of DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analysis clearly verified that echinomycin-induced apoptosis was drastically attenuated by Bcl-2 overexpression, whereas a control vector rarely affected echinomycin-induced apoptosis. Given these, these first part of data verify that Bcl-2 regulates echinomycin-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Next, in this study was investigated whether echinomycin-induced apoptosis would be NF-ฮบB-dependent and if so, echinomycin would activate or inhibit NF-ฮบB as well as resultant chemokine, IL-8 expression. As sequential findings of NF-ฮบB-dependency in echinomycin-induced apoptosis, EMSA employing NF-ฮบB specific probe and transfection with luciferase reporter plasmids containing, NF-ฮบB binding elements showed that echinomycin-induced DNA-protein complex formation was inhibited and echinomycin induced the binding activity of NF-ฮบB promoter. In line, EMSA in the presence of antibodies specific for p50 and p65 subunits indicated that echinomycin induces the translocation of p50-p65 heterodimeric subunits of NF-ฮบB. Using Western blots, levels of IฮบB were detected at initial echinomycin treatment, and thereafter decreased, faintly seen after a 6 h treatment. In contrast, p-IฮบB levels were clearly detected throughout 6 to 24 h of echinomycin treatment, albeit initially fainted. Finally, in experiment to clarify the role of NF-ฮบB on IL-8 expression in echinomycin-mediated apoptosis of HT-29 cells. ELISA plus RT-PCR clearly showed that IL-8 production is inducible and manipulative by echinomycin treatment. Using a specific inhibitor approach, it was clear that IL-8 production at echinomycin treatment in HT-29 cells occurs via both caspase-3 and NF-ฮบB dependent signal pathway. To confirm whether two different pathways (NF-ฮบB and caspase) would be coupled, only both NF-ฮบB inhibitor (PDTC) and caspase-3 specific inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK) significantly attenuated echinomycin-initiated apoptosis of HT-29 cells, whereas pretreatment of HT-29 cells with NF-ฮบB inhibitor (PDTC) rarely affected echinomycin-induced procaspase-3 activation. Collectively, second part of data indicate that echinomycin-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells occurs via NF-ฮบB activation independent of caspase-3 activation, finally modulating the resultant-linked key chemokine IL-8 expression. Synthesizing both data, these coupled data indicate that echinomycin-mediated apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells occurs via Bcl-2 and NF-ฮบB dependent pathway. Accordingly, the present study laid a ground for understanding the intracellular signal transduction mechanism by echinomycin in combination with apoptosis mechanism in HT-29 colon cancer cells and applying the mechanism.ope

    ๋ถ‰์€๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ RNA๊ฐ„์„ญ ์œ ์ „์ž FgDICER-2 ๋ฐ FgAGO-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” Fusarium graminearum virus 1์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋™์ •

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊น€๊ตญํ˜•.Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1)์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ, ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ ๊ท ์‚ฌ ์ƒ์žฅ ์†๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํฌ์žํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋“ฑ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ RNA ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ FgV1์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ ๋’ค ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ธ FgV2์™€ FgV3๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ๊ณผ, hairpin RNA ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ RNA ๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— FgV1์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด FgV1์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ RNA๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” suppressor๋ฅผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” FgV1 ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ RNA๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , FgV1์„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ open reading frames(ORFs) ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ORF๊ฐ€ suppressor๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. FgV1์ด ๊ธฐ์ฃผ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž FgAGO-1- or FgDICER-2-promoter/GFP-reporter expression assay๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ FgV1์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ FgAGO-1 ๋˜๋Š” FgDICER-2 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ GFP ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ GFP์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ FgV2๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ GFP์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด FgV1์˜ suppressor๋Š” FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ promoter์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ FgV1์˜ suppressor๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FgV1์„ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” 4๊ฐœ ORF๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ hairpin RNA๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋’ค qRT-PCR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด hairpin RNA ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด FgV1์˜ ORF2๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•์งˆ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์—์„œ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด FgV1์„ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ORF2๊ฐ€ suppressor๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ORF2๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์˜ RNA๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ FgDICER-2์™€ FgAGO-1 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ RNA๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Suppressor์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‹๋ฌผ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 2~3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ suppressor๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ธ FgV1์˜ suppressor๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค.Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1) is associated with hypovirulence traits such as reduced mycelial growth, increase pigmentation, and reduced pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. The transcript level of FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 which are RNAi components in F. graminearum accumulate lower following FgV1 infection than following infection by FgV2 or FgV3. Moreover, those RNA levels induced by GFP-hairpin RNA construct in virus-free was significantly suppressed by FgV1 but not by FgV2 or FgV3 infections. These results suggest that FgV1 encodes viral suppressor(s) of RNA silencing (VSR) against antiviral defense response of the host. To identify how FgV1 suppresses expressions of FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 genes, FgAGO-1- or FgDICER-2-promoter/GFP-reporter expression assay was conducted. As a result, transcript level of GFP driven by FgAGO-1 or FgDICER-2 promoter was down-regulated by FgV1-infected mutant strain while showing up-regulated expressions by FgV2-infected mutant strain. This result suggests that FgV1-encoded suppressor(s) can directly block the induction of FgAGO-1 or FgDICER-2. To determine suppressor(s) encoded by FgV1, we generated the fungal mutants expressing each ORFs of FgV1 with or without a hairpin RNA construct. Induction of FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 transcript levels caused by a hairpin RNA construct was suppressed in ORF2 expressing mutant compare to those of the other mutants. FgV1 ORF-specific suppressor activity, however, was not observed in plant system by an agro-infiltration assay in Nicotiana benthamiana. Taken together, this research results indicate that the ORF2 of FgV1 has RNA silencing suppression ability by interfering induction of FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 with promoter-dependent manner to counteract RNAi defense response in F. graminearum.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 1. Fungal strains and culture conditions 5 2. Clones and agroinfiltration silencing suppression assay 5 3. Promoter/reporter expression assay 7 4. Construction of FgV1-encoded ORFs expressing clones 7 5. Generation of fungal mutants 8 6. DNA extraction and Southern blot hybridization 9 7. Total RNA preparation and cDNA synthesis for RT-PCR 9 8. Real-time RT-PCR analysis 10 9. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis 10 III. RESULTS 15 1. Differential levels of GFP expression of RNAi induced mutants 15 2. FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 expression in response to FgV1 is promoter-dependent 17 3. Absence of FgV1 ORF-specific suppressor activity in planta 20 4. RNA silencing suppression ability of ORF2 at the transcription level 23 5. Induction of FgDICER-2 and FgAGO-1 genes following FgV2 infection is suppressed by FgV1 ORF2 30 IV. DISCUSSION 32 V. LITERATURE CITED 36 VI. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 40Maste

    British Euroscepticism Manifested in Cameron's Bungling Referendum

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ์ด์˜ฅ์—ฐ .After the result of Brexit vote in 2016, there has been an increase of literature trying to explain the factors that led to it. Out of many variables, British Euroscepticism has gained scholarly attention as the main cause that attributed to Britains troubling relationship with the European Union since its membership. Out of varying facets of Euroscepticism such as economic, political, and cultural that contributed to Britains opposition to supranational entity, it has most usefully been conceived as a systemic feature of British Politics. This indicates that political Euroscepticism has persisted in the parliamentary arena where the ministers had persistently displayed their discontent towards the EU in voting. As a result, the increasing political Euroscepticism threatened the intra-party cohesion from 2010 to 2015 as the Members of Parliament (MPs) rebelled more frequently against the government to have invited David Cameron to utilize party management tactics more aggressively. Thus, this thesis attempts to answer what led David Cameron to promise and hold the national referendum on EU and more specifically, what led him to move from the six tools of intra-party management to the final one of holding a referendum. In other words, Brexit referendum promise was a political gamble of then Prime Minister, David Cameron. Nonetheless, political Euroscepticism was not a new phenomenon that emerged only from Camerons term, but rather it was boiling inside the British political realm for decades. The Conservative Party under David Camerons leadership is observed from 2005 to 2010 because while a call for a national referendum occurred repeatedly throughout Britains marriage with the EU, it was ultimately a self-inflicted result of Cameron. He had misjudged and erred in deciding to go ahead with referendum in 2016 instead of 2017 because he was confident that he had successfully renegotiated the terms. Therefore, to understand the nature of high level political Euroscepticism found in the British parliament displayed through dissent during Camerons premiership, a further scrutiny of British Euroscepticism before Cameron is outlined. The structure of the thesis is organized into five chapters. After a brief introductory chapter, theoretical framework and research design on Euroscepticism, leadership behavior, and intra-party model are delineated. By looking at the economic, cultural, and political Euroscepticism, possible explanations of how each facet may have intensified into causing Brexit can be identified. Yet, Chapter 3 demonstrates that it was decisively the British Political Euroscepticism of the Conservative Party that had ultimately impacted Brexit Furthermore, the UK nature of political system and other leaders strategies on EU such as those of Thatcher and Major are compared to Camerons leadership tactics. Then, Chapter 4 introduces ways to measure dissent and the significance they have on affecting the intra-party nature and tactics Cameron utilized. Finally, it explains how Camerons tactics varied with increasing Euroscepticism that made the need for putting the EU issue on a national referendum more urgent. This studys finding is that intra-party cohesion influences leadership behavior even if it means taking radical measures such as moving the decision to the electorate level, which elites usually attempt to avoid. This is likely to be the outcome of political Euroscepticism within the Conservative Party that threatened the viability of the party. As David Cameron sought to solve the intra-party dissension by promising a national referendum, it soon proved not to be enough. To make matters worse, Cameron was juggling his EU partners, allies, and citizens in addition to his Eurosceptics. As he attempted to appease all sides, he further antagonized them all leaving him with no credibility as the leader. Consequently, his renegotiated EU membership terms did not appear convincing enough to make the UK exit the union.I. Introduction.. 1 II. Theoretical Framework and Research Design... 3 1. Roots of Euroscepticism 3 2. Intensification of Euroscepticism through Brexit.. 11 3. Leadership Behavior in Intra-Party Model.. 15 4. Research Implementation, 24 III. British Euroscepticism Before Cameron.. 28 1. The Political Nature of the UK System.. 30 2. Why the Conservative Party. 33 3. Evolution of Eurosceptics.. 38 4. Leaders Differing Strategies on EU 42 IV. Camerons Poisoned Chalice 49 1. Measures of Dissent. 49 2. Cameron as the Leader of the Opposition.. 51 3. Cameron as the Leader of the Coalition 57 4. Promising Referendum... 67 5. Road to One Fateful Day 74 V. Conclusion 84 Bibliography 87 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 96Maste

    ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋ฆฌ Yersinia enterocolitica์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต(์ˆ˜์˜์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘ํ•™),2000.Maste
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