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    ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•„๊ฒฉ์ž์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์‘๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋ฐ ํ›„ํ–ฅ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์œ ๋™์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๊ณ„์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์ตœํ•ด์ฒœ.A fully-connected neural network (NN) is used to develop a subgrid-scale model which maps the relation between the subgrid-scale stress and filtered flow variable in a turbulent channel (Part I) and backward-facing-step (Part II) flows. For turbulent channel flow, DNS (direct numerical simulation) database of Reฯ„ = 178 is used to develop an NN-based subgrid-scale (SGS) model, and a priori and a posteriori tests are performed to investigate its prediction performance. In a priori test, an NN-based SGS model with the input of filtered velocity gradient or strain rate tensor at multiple grid points provides high correlation coefficients between the true and predicted SGS stresses. However, this model provides an unstable solution in a posteriori test, as the model produces a non-negligible backscatter which is known to induce numerical instability in large eddy simulation (LES). To ensure a stable LES solution with this model, a special treatment like backscatter clipping is required. On the other hand, an NN-based SGS model with the input of filtered strain rate tensor at a single grid point shows an excellent prediction performance for the mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress in a posteriori test, although it gives low correlation coefficients between the true and predicted SGS stresses in a priori test. This NN-based SGS model trained at Reฯ„ = 178 is applied to a turbulent channel flow at Reฯ„ = 723 using the same grid resolution in wall units, providing fairly good agreements of the solutions with the filtered DNS data. When the grid resolution in wall units is different from that of trained data, this NN-based SGS model does not perform well. This is overcome by training an NN with the datasets having two filters whose sizes are larger and smaller than the grid size in large eddy simulation. For turbulent flow over a backward-facing step (BFS), an NN-based SGS model is developed with the filtered DNS data at Reh = 5100. Two input variables, the filtered strain rate and velocity gradient tensors at a single grid point, respectively, are adopted, where the NN-based SGS models with these inputs provide a stable LES solution in the turbulent channel flow without any special treatment. In the LES at Reh = 5100, those NN-based SGS models show similar performance, and provide good predictions for the reattachment length and root-mean-square velocity fluctuations. Then, we assess the performance of the NN-based SGS model with the input of filtered strain rate tensor for the LES at Reh = 24000, and this model provides fairly good results, compared to those from the LES with dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM). Finally, we apply this model for LES of controlled BFS flow with multiple taps installed at the step edge. LES with this NN-based SGS model predicts the amount of reduction in the reattachment length better than by LES with DSM, showing that the NN-based model trained with uncontrolled BFS flow maintains its prediction performance in LES of controlled BFS flow.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ๋™๊ณผ ํ›„ํ–ฅ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ฃผ์œ„ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์œ ๋™๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๊ฒฉ์ž์Šค์ผ€์ผ (subgrid scale, SGS) ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ SGS ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์ง์ ‘์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค(Reฯ„ = 178)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ SGS ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์†๋„๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ํ…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ค์ œ SGS ์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” SGS ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , LES ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์‚ฐ๋ž€(backscatter)์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„์˜์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ํ…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์€, ์‚ฌ์ „ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” SGS ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๊ณผ Reynolds ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋” ๋†’์€ Reynolds ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, Reฯ„ = 178์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ SGS ๋ชจ๋ธ(์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜: ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ํ…์„œ)์„, Reฯ„ = 723์˜ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์ง์ ‘์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์‚ฌ์˜ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ฒฝ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฉ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ํ•™์Šต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ํ•™์Šต์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ–ฅ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ์ฃผ์œ„ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์œ ๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Reh = 5100์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์ง์ ‘์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ SGS ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š”, ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์œ ๋™์˜ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€, ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ ์˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ ์†๋„๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. Reh = 5100์—์„œ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•™์Šต๋œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žฌ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์„ญ๋™๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์  Smagorinksy ๋ชจ๋ธ(DSM)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์†๋„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์„ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ Reh = 24000์˜ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DSM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ›„ํ–ฅ ๊ณ„๋‹จ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ์— ํƒญ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์œ ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ์—๋”” ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, SGS ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ํ‰๊ท ์†๋„์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์„ญ๋™๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ DSM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ LES์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ DSM๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์œ ๋™์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด DSM๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹คํ—˜๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Part I Modeling of the subgrid-scale stress with a neural network: application to turbulent channel flow 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Numerical details 9 2.1. Neural-network-based SGS model 9 2.2. Details of DNS and input and output variables 14 3 Results 23 3.1. A priori test 24 3.2. A posteriori test 30 3.3. LES with a grid resolution different from that of trained data 46 4 Conclusions 54 Part II Modeling of the subgrid-scale stress with a neural network: application to turbulent flow over a backward-facing step 56 1 Introduction 57 2 Computational details 62 2.1. Outline of the NN-based SGS model 62 2.2. Details of DNS for training data 64 2.2.1. Computational domain and grid spacing 64 2.2.2. Boundary conditions and numerical methods 65 2.2.3. Filtered DNS flow fields 66 2.3. Training details and hyperparameter optimization 72 3 LES of flow over a backward-facing step at Reh = 5100 79 3.1. Computational details 79 3.2. Results and discussions 81 3.2.1. LES51GR case 81 3.2.2. LES51GC case 90 4 LES of controlled backward-facing-step flow by multiple taps 96 4.1. Computational details 97 4.2. Results 103 5 Concluding remarks 118 References 122 Appendix 133 A Parametric study on the neural-network-based SGS model in turbulent channel flow 133 B Normalization method based on a resolved-scale dissipation toward a universal NN-based SGS model 158 C Computational details for DNS of a forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence 164 D SGS stress from NN model in laminar shear flow 166 Abstract (in Korean) 168๋ฐ•

    Ab-initio study

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ํ™ฉ๋†๋ฌธ.Using ab-intio calculations, the origin of charge enhanced kinetic phenomena in various systems are studied. To simulate the metals, as a model system, Au(111) slab model is used. When Au(111) is positively charged, the coulomb repulsion generated by surface excess charge. Then the slab thickness expanded to release the residual stress. Because of this expansion, the stacking fault nucleation barrier is decreased. This means the plastic deformation is enhanced by excess positive charging. The effects of vacuum thickness and layer thickness are also investigated. To simulate the ceramics, as a model system, ฮฑ-Al2O3 is used. When the carrier concentration is changed, both for positive and negative charging, the activation barrier, the stacking fault energy, and the required shear stress to create the stacking fault are decreased. Negative charging has bigger effect in the basal slip and positive charging has bigger effect in the pyramidal slip. The difference in GSF energy upon charging in two types of prismatic slips are small compared to that of basal and pyramidal slips. By using ab-initio total-energy and electronic-structure calculations based on the density functional theory, the adsorption and diffusion properties of positively charged Au+ and negatively charged Au- adatoms on defect-free MgO(100) surfaces were investigated, in comparison with the case of charge-neutral Au0 on MgO(100). The most stable adsorption site of Au+ on MgO(100) is the atop O site, in agreement with that of Au0, whereas the most stable adsorption site of Au- on MgO(100) is the atop Mg site. The surface diffusion barrier of Au+ on MgO(100) is 0.30 eV, larger than that (0.25 eV) of Au0. For Au-, the surface diffusion barrier is as low as 0.03 eV. Further detailed analyses of the charge rearrangement, the Bader charges, the electronic structures, and the characteristics of the atomic bonds were also performed. These results exhibit the significant roles of the charge states of Au adatoms in the adsorption and diffusion properties of Au on MgO(100). By using ab-initio calculations, the adsorption and diffusion properties of charged Au dimers (Au2+ and Au2-) on MgO(100) surfaces were investigated and compared with those of the charge-neutral dimer (Au20) on MgO(100). The most favored adsorption structure of Au2+ on MgO(100) is the upright dimer on a surface O atom in agreement with that of Au20. The surface diffusion of Au2+ on MgO(100) occurs by the leapfrog process with a barrier height of 0.42 eV lower than that of Au20 (0.69 eV). The most stable adsorption structure of Au2- is the flat-lying dimer on two surface Mg atoms. The surface diffusion of Au2- can proceed by the hopping and walking processes with the barrier height in the range of 0.10-0.15 eV, which is much lower than the diffusion barriers of Au2+ and Au20. Furthermore, detailed information on the electronic structures and charge distribution of Au20, Au2+, and Au2- are also presented. Vibrational spectra of charge-neutral and charged Au and Au2 on MgO(100) were investigated using ab-initio density functional perturbation theory. The calculated vibrational spectra showed vibrational features associated with the charge states of Au and Au2 on MgO(100). Further analyses of surface in-plane and normal phonon modes of Au and Au2 on MgO(100) were performed to extract vibrational features involving the Au modes. These features provide important information for experimentally explaining the charge states of Au and Au2 on MgO(100).์ œ์ผ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•˜์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ Au(111) ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Au(111)๊ฐ€ ์–‘์˜ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฉด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ „ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฟจ๋กฑ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ ์ธต ๊ฒฐํ•จ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•˜์ „์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ฮฑ-Al2O3๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์–‘ ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์Œ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์žฅ๋ฒฝ, ์ ์ธต ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธต ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ „๋‹จ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” Basal ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์—์„œ, ์–‘์ „ํ•˜๋Š” Pyramidal ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ Prismatic ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ „๋  ๋•Œ์˜ GSF ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์Šฌ๋ฆฝ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ž‘๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ Ab-initio ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, MgO(100)์œ„์˜ Au0, Au+ ๋ฐ Au- ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ adatom์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MgO(100)์—์„œ Au+์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” Au0์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” O ์›์ž ์œ„์ด๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด Au- ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” Mg ์›์ž ์œ„์ด๋‹ค. MgO(100)์—์„œ Au+์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ™•์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ 0.30 eV๋กœ, Au0(0.25 eV) ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋‹ค. Au-์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ™•์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ 0.03 eV ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด, Bader charge, ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์›์ž ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Au on MgO(100)์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์†์„ฑ์—์„œ Au adatom์˜ ํ•˜์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ab-initio ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, MgO(100) ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํ•˜์ „๋œ Au dimer(Au2+ ๋ฐ Au2-)์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , Au20์˜ ํก์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MgO(100)์—์„œ Au2+์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ํก์ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Au20๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด O ์›์ž์˜ ์ง๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. MgO(100)์—์„œ Au2+์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ Au20(0.69eV)๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 0.42eV ๋‚ฎ์€ leapfrog ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. Au2-์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํก์ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด Mg ์›์ž ์œ„์— ํ‰ํ˜•๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. Au2-์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ Au2+์™€ Au20์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ 0.10~0.15 eV ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๋†’์ด๋กœ Hopping ๋ฐ Walking ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, Au20, Au2+, Au2-์˜ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. MgO(100)์—์„œ ํ•˜์ „ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•˜์ „ ๋œ Au์™€ Au2์˜ ์ง„๋™ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ab-initio ๋ฐ€๋„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์„ญ๋™ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ง„๋™ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€ MgO(100)์—์„œ Au ๋ฐ Au2์˜ ํ•˜์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง„๋™ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. MgO(100)์˜ Au์™€ Au2์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด์— ์ˆ˜์ง ๋ฐ ํ‰ํ–‰ ๋ชจ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ Au ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋™ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋“ค์€ MgO(100)์—์„œ Au์™€ Au2์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Charging effects on mechanical property of Au 4 Chapter 3. Charging effects on mechanical property of Al2O3 16 Chapter 4. Charging effects on diffusion property of Au monomer on MgO(100) 32 Chapter 5. Charging effects on diffusion of Au dimer on MgO(100) 49 Chapter 6. Charging effects on the vibrational properties of Au and Au2 on MgO(100) 68 Bibliography 97 Abstract in Korean 101๋ฐ•

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