수중폭발에 의한 구조물의 충격응답 실험과 시뮬레이션 및 상사법칙 적용에 관한 연구

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 해양시스템공학전공, 2012.8, [ ix, 112 p. ]The objective of this study is a comparison of test and simulation results. The simulation is conducted using the LS-DYNA code, and the actual explosion test is conducted at a reservoir. To study the impact of an underwater explosion on a structure, a 1 m 2 m ship (catamaran)-like structure is constructed using aluminum. Velocity, acceleration, and blast pressure sensors are used to measure the dynamic response of the structure caused by the shock wave and bubble pulse pressure. To investigate the dynamic response of the ship-like structure and underwater explosion phenomena, a numerical study is conducted by employing the ALE (arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) method. A finite element model is created by using TrueGrid for the fluid model and VPG for the structure. The model analysis is performed with the FSI (fluid structure interaction) technique by using LS-DYNA. In this study, small-scale underwater explosion experiments are carried out. Therefore, the experiment procedures of this study can be applied to scaled-down ship shock tests. Hence, the feasibility of using the scaled-down method is investigated by a simulation technique.한국과학기술원 : 해양시스템공학전공

semiconductor device and method of fabricating the same

본 발명은 무선주파수 손실을 감소시키면서 바디 바이어스를 인가할 수 있는 무선주파수 소자 및 그 제조방법을 제공하고자 한다.본 발명의 일측면에 의하면, 일면의 하부로 매립된 인버젼 방지층을 포함하는 반도체 기판을 제공하는 단계, 상기 인버젼 방지층의 일부를 리세스 시킨 후 상기 리세스된 공간에 제 1 절연층을 형성하는 단계, 상기 반도체 기판 내부의 상기 제 1 절연층 사이 영역에 제 2 절연층을 형성하는 단계 및 상기 제 1 또는 제 2 절연층 상부에 능동소자를 형성하는 단계를 포함하는 무선주파수 소자 제조방법이 제공된다

Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhance Tumor Hypoxia and Aerobic Glycolysis

Tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis are well-known resistance factors for anticancer therapies. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) enhance tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis in mice subcutaneous tumors and in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found a strong correlation between CD68 TAM immunostaining and PET 18fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in 98 matched tumors of patients with NSCLC. We also observed a significant correlation between CD68 and glycolytic gene signatures in 513 patients with NSCLC from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. TAM secreted TNF alpha to promote tumor cell glycolysis, whereas increased AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in TAM facilitated tumor hypoxia. Depletion of TAM by clodronate was sufficient to abrogate aerobic glycolysis and tumor hypoxia, thereby improving tumor response to anticancer therapies. TAM depletion led to a significant increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in aerobic cancer cells as well as T-cell infiltration in tumors, resulting in antitumor efficacy by PD-L1 antibodies, which were otherwise completely ineffective. These data suggest that TAM can significantly alter tumor metabolism, further complicating tumor response to anticancer therapies, including immunotherapy. Significance: These findings show that tumor-associated macrophages can significantly modulate tumor metabolism, hindering the efficacy of anticancer therapies, including anti PD-L1 immunotherapy.11sciescopu