54 research outputs found

    ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•์ƒ์ธ.๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์  ์„ ํ˜ธ(collective preference)์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ, ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์„ค๋ช…๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ง€์ถœ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋˜ ์กฐ์ง๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ 4๊ธ‰ ์ด์ƒ ๋น„์œจ, ์กฐ์ง ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํšŒ๊ณ„, ํŠน๋ณ„ํšŒ๊ณ„, ๋น„๊ธˆ์œต์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋น„๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด/์ „๋žต์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ •์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.According to the bureau-shaping model, the preferences of bureaucrats vary depending on their rank, but the effects of organizational structure, size, and ministerial orientation on the collective preferences of the entire institution have not been sufficiently analyzed. The study was a study on the Korean government budget from 2007 to 2020, adopting the bureau-shaping model and the incremental model as explanatory models, analyzing the government budget expenditure based on this, and focusing on the variables of โ€˜organization' and โ€™ministerโ€™. The scope of budget analysis was defined as general account, special account, non-financial fund, and the study classified detailed items by the bureau-shaping model. As a result, it was found that the organizational variable and the minister variable had a significant relationship with the overall budget size and the strategic budget size, so the study found the possibility that the administrative organization and the minister could empirically influence the budget.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  4 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 4 1. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  4 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 8 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ํƒ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜• 13 1. ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ํƒ์ด๋ก  ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 13 2. ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜• 14 3. ๊ด€์ฒญํ˜•์„ฑ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 17 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 35 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  45 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 45 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 51 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 53 Abstract 58Maste

    ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์œค์„ฑ๋กœ.ํ•™์Šต๋œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์Œ์˜ ์–‘์ชฝ์— ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์‹œ๋๋˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์‹œ๋๋˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ fine-tuning ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Recent works have shown that synthetic parallel data automatically generated by translation models can be effective for various neural machine translation (NMT) issues. In this study, we build NMT systems using only synthetic parallel data. We also present a novel synthetic parallel corpus as an efficient alternative to real parallel data. The proposed pseudo parallel data are distinct from those of previous works in that ground truth and synthetic examples are mixed on both sides of sentence pairs. Experiments on Czech-German and French-German translations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed pseudo parallel corpus in empirical NMT applications, which not only shows enhanced results for bidirectional translation tasks, but also substantial improvement with the aid of a ground truth parallel corpus.Table of Contents โ… . Introduction 1 โ…ก. Background: Neural Machine Translation 4 โ…ข. Related Work 9 โ…ฃ. Synthetic Parallel Data as an Alternative to Real Parallel Corpus 11 4.1. Motivation 11 4.2. Limits of the Previous Approaches 11 4.3. Proposed Mixing Approach 14 โ…ค. Experiments: Effects of Mixing Real and Synthetic Examples 17 5.1. Data Preparation 18 5.2. Data Preprocessing 19 5.3. Training and Evaluation 19 5.4. Results and Analysis 20 5.4.1. A Comparison between Pivot-based Approach and Back-translation 20 5.4.2. Effects of Mixing Source- and Target-originated Synthetic Parallel Data 21 5.4.3. A Comparison with Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation 23 โ…ฅ. Experiments: Large-scale Application 25 6.1. Application Scenarios 25 6.2. Data Preparation 26 6.3. Training and Evaluation 27 6.4. Results and Analysis 31 6.4.1. A Comparison with Real Parallel Data 31 6.4.2. Results from the Pseudo Only Scenario 31 6.4.3. Results from the Real Fine-tuning Scenario 33 โ…ฆ. Conclusion 35 Bibliography 36 Abstract 43Maste

    (A)Case study on dance-arts education implemented dance course

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2004.Docto

    ๋ฒผ ๋“ฑ์ˆ™๊ธฐ ์—ฝ ๋…ธํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํ’ˆ์ข…๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†ํ•™๊ณผ,2003.Maste

    ํŒจํ„ด๋œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ง‰์—์„œ์˜ ์•ก์ •์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ œ์–ด ์ „๊ธฐ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Docto

    (A)Study of creating new Hanguel punctuation marks through the Gakpil Gugyeol matrix

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋””์ž์ธ์ „๊ณต,2007.Maste

    A Study of Creating A Structural Font through ๋ฏ€-height in Hangul

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋””์ž์ธ ์ „๊ณต, 2013. 8. ๋ฐฑ๋ช…์ง„.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€์ค„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏ€ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์€ ์ฒซ๋‹ฟ์ž, ํ™€์ž, ๋ฐ›์นจ๋‹ฟ์ž์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ธ€์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ํ•œ๊ธ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŽธ์ง‘๋””์ž์ธ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์˜์  ๋…ผ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ธ€์˜ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. [์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1] ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? [์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2] ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์˜ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? [์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3] ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ธ€์˜ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? [์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4] ํ•œ๊ธ€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์˜ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์™„์„ฑํ˜• ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์˜์ œ, ๊น€์ธ์ฒ , ๊น€์ง„ํ‰, ์•ˆ์ƒ์ˆ˜, ํ•œ์žฌ์ค€, ์ด์šฉ์ œ, ํ™ฉ์ผ์„ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ถ˜๊ธธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ฑ๋ง์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ง€๊ฐ์ฒด์ œํ™” ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘ ๊ฒŒ์ŠˆํƒˆํŠธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ์†์— ๋‚ดํฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฐ˜์–ธ์…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ œ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ธ€์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์„ธ๋กœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ถ์ฒด๋กœ ์œตํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์„œ์ฒดํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์„ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋‹ฟ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ฒด, ์‚ฐ๋Œ60์ฒด, ๋ชจ๋นŒ์ฒด, ๊นŒ์น˜๋ฐœ์ฒด, ํ™€์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์œจ๋ ค์ฒด, ๋ณด์„ ์„ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šค์ฒด, ์ด์ƒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ๋œ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์˜ ํ˜„์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ค„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐํ•ด์˜จ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋†’์ด์ธ ๋ฏ€ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ ๋น„๋ก€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ข๊ณ  ์„ธ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ธด ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‚ฑ์ž์™€ ๋‚ฑ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ธ€์ž 100์ž์™€ ํŒŒ์ƒ๊ธ€์ž 100์ž๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ 10๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž, ์ˆซ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ •๋ ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ 2,350์ž์™€ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ, ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ธ€์˜ ํƒˆ๋„ค๋ชจ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์— ๋…น์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ์†์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ๋ฏ€ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ์ „์šฉ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ํฐํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์šฉ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.A Study of Creating A Structural Font through ๋ฏ€-height in Hangul Jaehong Park Faculty of Craft and Design, Graduate School of Seoul National University Academic Advisor : Prof. Myung-jin Baek This study suggests that ๋ฏ€-height (such as x-height in English) can be used as the baseline and the meanline in Korean typefaces. Korean typefaces have been presented under the meanline of the top-consonant, vowel, and bottom-consonant. Today in the environment of editorial design, the Korean Hangul faces are used in conjunction with other foreign type faces. Therefore the development of a structure of Korean Hangul characters for the horizontal typesetting which can be used with a variety of foreign characters and faces was necessary. For this reason, the structural theme of Korean Hangul characters only for the horizontal typesetting is the cutting-edge subject of this thesis. This study of creating a structural font through ๋ฏ€-height in Hangul provides the new baseline and meanline together never introduced from previous researches. The issues in this research are as follows[Research issues 1] Will the structure of Hangul characters have an appropriate structure for the horizontal typesetting? [Research issues 2] Where are the baseline and meanline of the presented Korean Hangul faces? [Research issues 3] Where should the baseline be in Latin alphabet and Hangul? [Research issue 4] Are Hangul characters are put on the same baseline and meanline with foreign characters or marks? In order to verify the above mentioned issues, literature research and the baseline and meanline of Hangul presented fonts have been analyzed. The analysis result was faithfully reflected in the final typeface design. The content of this study is as followsIn chapter 2, major proceeding researches by Professor Jo, Young-Jae, Professor. Kim, In-Chul, Professor. Kim, Jin-Pyeong, Professor. Ahn, Sang-Soo, Professor. Han, Jae-Joon, Professor. Lee, Young-Jae, and Mf. Hwang, Il-sun are analyzed from the point of baseline and meanline view. By analyzing the data of leading researches, the problems in the current issues of the Hangul typefaces horizontal typesetting come to surface toward the theoretical background to resolve it. Through the study of Professor. Lee, Chun-Gil, the fact that our eyes scan those words and sentences as an image was gathered. This means that the same principle of the good continuation in the Gestalt psychology held as Korean Hangul characters. How did changes from the uppercase to the lowercase in the history of the Latin alphabet occur? It was easy to find the similarities between the final letterforms of this study and the letterforms of half-uncial as a mid-step cursive. At the end of this chapter, there is an analysis that present how elegant changes were made from the geometric letterform to the curved royal typeface. Chapter 3 analyses the current typefaces released by Korean type foundries from the view point of the baseline and meanline. There are three kind of imaginary lines on the current Korean typefacesthe meanline of the top-consonant such as Smile, Sandoll 60, Mobil, Bracket, the crossbar-line of the vowel such as Yool Ryoe, and the baseline of the bottom-consonant such as Matrix. In chapter 4, there is a structural font which based on the basic structure of the letterform for the horizontal typesetting, and there are a number of experiments to apply the principals. First of all, there is an analysis of the baseline in the Latin alphabet for the horizontal typesetting, and a suggestion of ๋ฏ€-height as the basic height of the Korean letterfrom. To makes it easy to read words, the golden ratio is applied to the basic structure of characters in Korean. This is based on the default consonant and vowel design, 100 representative type designs, and 100 derivative type designs. In addition, the 10-step weight variation, lowercase letters, figures, and the structure of Korean letters are designed for the same baseline. In chapter 5, as a result of the study, there are 2,350 characters which applied by the baseline and meanline for horizontal typesetting, the Latin alphabet design, and old style figure design in Hangul. In the structure of Tal-Nemo, this study is focused on the imaginary line to give the right alignment in writing or give you a baseline to create the final typeface structure of Hangul characters. Through this study, the type structures which applied on the ๋ฏ€-height were presented in the new direction of a horizontal typesetting in Hangul. As such, through this study can be one of the major academic fundaments, the structural font only for the horizontal typesetting is designed. Furthermore, in the rich diversity of the Hangul type design, practical development of the Korean font can be expected. Keywords : Hangul, Typography, Typeface, Baseline and Meanline, Horizontal Typesetting, ๋ฏ€-height, Structureโ… . ์„œ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™์ธ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 1.4 ์šฉ์–ด์ •์˜ 1.5 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ค„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.1 ์กฐ์˜์ œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.2 ๊น€์ธ์ฒ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.3 ๊น€์ง„ํ‰์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.4 ์•ˆ์ƒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.5 ํ•œ์žฌ์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.6 ์ด์šฉ์ œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.7 ํ™ฉ์ผ์„ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.2 ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1.1 ์ด์ถ˜๊ธธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.1.2 ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ 2.1.3 ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž, ๋ฐ˜์–ธ์…œ, ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž 2.1.4 ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์˜ ์ดˆ์„œ์ฒด, ๊ถ์ฒด โ…ข. ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ๋ถ„์„ 3.1 ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ฒด, ์œค๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ 3.2 ์œจ๋ ค์ฒด, ์œค๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ 3.3 ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ช…์กฐ์ฒด, ์œค๋””์ž์ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ 3.4 ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์ฒด, ์‚ฐ๋Œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ 3.5 ๋ชจ๋นŒ์ฒด, ์‚ฐ๋Œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ 3.6 ๊นŒ์น˜๋ฐœ์ฒด, ์‚ฐ๋Œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ โ…ฃ. ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4.1 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 4.1.1 ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  4.1.2 ํ•œ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ๋น„๊ต 4.1.3 ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ๋น„๊ต 4.1.4 ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ œ์•ˆ - ๋ฏ€ ๋†’์ด 4.1.5 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 4.1.6 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ ๋น„๋ก€ 4.1.7 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ 4.1.8 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 4.2 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์ฒด ๋””์ž์ธ 4.2.1 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ชฉ์  4.2.2 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์ฒด์˜ ํ‘œ์ • 4.2.3 ๊ธ€์ค„ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ 4.2.4 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‚ฑ์ž ๋””์ž์ธ 4.2.5 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‚ฑ๊ธ€์ž ๋””์ž์ธ 4.2.6 ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ 100์ž 4.2.7 ํŒŒ์ƒ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ 100์ž 4.2.8 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” 4.2.9 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ์ˆซ์ž 4.2.10 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ 4.2.11 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ 4.3 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ ์‹คํ—˜ 4.3.1 ์ตœ์†Œ์˜ ๋‚ฑ๋ง ์‹คํ—˜ 4.3.2 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋…์„ฑ 4.3.3 ๊ธ€์ค„ ์‹คํ—˜ 4.3.4 ๊ธ€์ค„ ์‚ฌ์ด์™€ ๊ธ€์ค„๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ 4.3.5 ๊ธ€์ค„์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 4.3.6 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ 4.3.7 ๊ธ€์žํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ 4.3.8 ๊ธ€์ž๊ผด ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€ โ…ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5.1 ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ 2,350์ž 5.2 ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ธ€์ค„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ผํ‹ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ๊ณผ ์ˆซ์ž ๊ธ€์žํ‹€ โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  6.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 6.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  / ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ 6.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ™˜๊ฒฝ AbstractDocto

    Impact of network load on remote memory paging system

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    Maste

    ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ดํ™ฉํ™” ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ฐ๋„˜์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„๋ฉดํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์ผ์›๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ํ™ฉ์ฒ ์„ฑ.์ดํ™ฉํ™”๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด(MoS2)์€ ์›์ž ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ์‹œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ๋ฅด ๋ฐœ์Šค ํž˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ์ธต๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ํŠน์ง•์ธ 2์ฐจ์› ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์€ ์†Œ์ž ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์†Œ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‹œ์— 2์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์†Œ์ž์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ์— ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‹œ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ฉด๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ extrinsic ๊ณ„๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ์ ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ ‘ ์ธต๊ฐ„์˜ intrinsic ๊ณ„๋ฉด์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ธต๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์€ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” MoS2์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฒ”ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ผ์›๋ฆฌ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด MoS2์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 2์ฐจ์› ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธต MoS2๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ „๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์›์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์ผ์›๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋™์—ญํ•™๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ MoS2์™€ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ MoS2์˜ ์ „์ž ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ž์ˆ˜์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์—ดํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ž์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ MoS2 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ MoS2 ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ multi-valley ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ์ „์ž์˜ valley ์ž์œ ๋„(valley degree of freedom)๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” valleytronics ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ธต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์น˜์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” layer ์ž์œ ๋„(layer degree of freedom)๋ฅผ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด valleytronics ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ layer ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” valley ์ž์œ ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์  ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฒ”ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด layer ์ž์œ ๋„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน์„ฑ ๋Œ€์นญ(polar symmetry)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 3R ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ layer ์ž์œ ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” layer ์ž์œ ๋„์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ „ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ(inversion asymmetric) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” valley ์ž์œ ๋„์˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ ์‚ฌ์  (analogy)์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 3R ๊ตฌ์กฐ MoS2์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ MoS2์˜ ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๋Œ€์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 3R ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ธต๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ทน(spontaneous polarization)์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ€๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ์™ธ์„  ํ™œ์„ฑ ํฌ๋…ผ(infrared active phonon)๊ณผ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ์ „๋‹จ ํฌ๋…ผ (interlayer shear phonon)๊ฐ„์˜ nonlinear phononics์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ ์™ธ์„  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•์œ ์ „ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด MoS2์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์ž ์‘์šฉ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ €์ฐจ์› ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ž ์‹คํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is two-dimensional (2D) crystalline material showing layered structure where three-atoms-thick crystalline sheets are stacked by van der Waals force. The 2D geometry of the structure, a defining feature of this material, has fascinated societies of academia and industry by invoking both ground-breaking solutions for device scaling and blueprints for an entirely new type of device. The 2D geometry, however, poses significant challenges in the materializations of the concepts at the same time. A particularly important issue is the interface which significantly affects the electronic properties. The interface can be either extrinsic in the device structures such as metal-oxide-semiconductor or intrinsic in the multilayer structure. In addition, crystalline symmetry of the multilayer structure varies with the way of stacking. The symmetry plays a fundamental role in determining various symmetry-related properties such as topological current and ferroelectricity. In this dissertation, the role of interface and symmetry on the electronic properties of MoS2 is investigated using first principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The theoretical study explorers the structureproperty correlations for the MoS2 based logic device with enhanced and new functionalities. We begin with the study on the atomistic structure at the interface between single layer MoS2 and gate oxides in field-effect transistor. This shows that the electronic band structure of MoS2 can be significantly perturbed by the chemical interaction at the interface with the oxide. The results reveal the atomistic origin of mobility degradation mechanism depending on the types of oxide and calls for the importance of careful interface treatment to improve the performance of MoS2 transistor. Next, we investigate the emerging electronic properties of multilayer MoS2 showing particular symmetry. Recent theoretical and experimental studies established the basis of valleytronics which harnesses the valley degrees of freedom of electrons in the multi-valley band structures as an information carrier. On the other hand, the layer degree of freedom naturally arises in the multilayer structures and can be possibly integrated into the valleytronics as an additional information carrier. The concept of the layer degree of freedom, however, was immature compared to the valley counterpart. Here, we combine the DFT and group theory calculations to thoroughly investigate the role of the symmetry of layered structure on the properties of layer degree of freedom. We show that the certain stacking structure, called 3R structure, with polar symmetry enables efficient processing of the layer degree of freedom in analogy with the valley degree of freedom in the inversion asymmetric systems. Finally, we explore the ferroelectric functionality with the 3R structure. The possibility of ferroelectricity of MoS2 had been overlooked due to the mirror symmetry of isolated monolayer. We show that the spontaneous electric polarization can manifest itself from the interlayer interaction in the polar 3R structure. Hence the polarization is switched by the interlayer sliding. We investigate the ferroelectric switching mechanism based on the nonlinear phononics of the interlayer shear phonon with the infrared active phonon. The results indicate that the possibility of ultrafast ferroelectric switching using an intense light pulse. This dissertation demonstrates substantial effects of the interface and the symmetry on the electronic properties of MoS2 in various perspectives of applications. The constructed structure-property correlations and the strategies to utilize the emerging properties shall provide the insights to realize and advance the 2D materials device.ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide 1 1.2 Electronics upon two-dimensions 2 1.2.1 2D channel in MOSFET 3 1.2.2 Valleytronics device 4 1.2.3 2D ferroelectrics 6 1.3 Role of interface and symmetry 7 1.4 Thesis outline 8 1.5 References 10 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 15 2.1 First principles calculation 15 2.1.1 Hartree-Fock theory 16 2.1.2 Density functional theory 17 2.2 Group theory 21 2.2.1 Group 21 2.2.2 Representation of group 22 2.2.3 Applications 23 2.3 References 23 CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF INTERFACE ON ELECTRON TRAN-SPORT IN SINGLE LAYER 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Simulation method 27 3.3 Results and Discussion 29 3.3.1 Short-range order of oxides 29 3.3.2 Effect of interface on band dispersion 36 3.4 Conclusion 40 3.5 Appendix 41 3.5.1 MoS2/a-Al2O3 interface 41 3.6 References 43 CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF SYMMETRY ON VALLEYTRONICS OF MULTILAYER STRUCTURE 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Method; DFT calculation 48 4.3 Results and Discussion 50 4.3.1 Spontaneous polarization of 3R MoS2 50 4.3.2 Localization mechanism of K valley states 55 4.3.3 Optical selection rule for interlayer dynamics 68 4.4 Conclusion 74 4.5 Appendix 75 4.5.1 Berry phase Calculation 75 4.5.2 Calculation of crystal angular momentum 80 4.5.3 Calculation of double group representation 85 4.6 References 97 CHAPTER 5 FERROELECTRICITY OF LAYERED STRUCT-URE WITH POLAR SYMMETRY 102 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Methods 105 5.3 Results and Discussion 106 5.3.1 Electric polarization and switching in bilayer 3R MoS2 106 5.3.2 Dynamics of coupled normal-modes under light pulse 115 5.4 Conclusion 126 5.5 References 126 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 131 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 135 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 140 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜๊ธ€ 144Docto

    An Effective Policing Scheme

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