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    ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์™€ ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ Tacrolimus ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ด๊ด‘์›….Background: The effects of multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1), ABCC2, and P450 oxidoreductase (POR)*28 gene polymorphisms on tacrolimus metabolism following a switch to once-daily dosing have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of recipient and donor CYP3A5, MDR1, ABCC2, and POR*28 polymorphisms on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following a switch to once-daily tacrolimus dosing. Methods: Eighty-seven liver transplant recipients who were switched from twice- to once-daily tacrolimus dosing following living-donor liver transplantation and 81 matched donors were genotyped for CYP3A5, MDR1 (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T), ABCC2 (-24C>T, 1249G>A, and 3972C>T), and POR*28. Tacrolimus dose-adjusted trough levels (C0/dose) before and after the switch were determined and calculated based on past medical records. Recipients were divided into two groups, one group constituted of 38 patients with a C0/dose decrease of less than 30% following conversion (group 1) and the other constituted of 49 patients with a C0/dose decrease of โ‰ฅ30% (group 2). Results: CYP3A5 *1/*3 and *3/*3 were more frequent in recipients in group 1 (60.5% vs. 36.8%), while CYP3A5 *1/*1 was more frequent in group 2 (59.2% vs. 32.7%) (p = 0.016). The proportions of donor ABCC2 1249G>A genotypes AA and AG were higher in group 2 than in group 1 (20.4% vs. 5.3%; p = 0.042). Conclusion: Recipient CYP3A5 polymorphism and donor ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism affected tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following the switch to once-daily dosing. Dose adjustment to maintain therapeutic tacrolimus levels following the switch to once-daily dosing should be considered based on polymorphisms in both the recipient and donor.์„œ๋ก : MDR1, ABCC2, POR*28 ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 2ํšŒ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ tacrolimus ์ œ์ œ์—์„œ 1ํšŒ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ•ญ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ CYP3A5, MDR1, ABCC2, POR*28 ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ด tacrolimus ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„์— tacrolimus ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ tacrolimus ์ œ์ œ์—์„œ ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ 87๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 81๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋“ค์˜ CYP3A5, MDR1(1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, 3435C>T), ABCC2(-24C>T, 1249G>A, 3972C>T), POR*28์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ „ํ›„์˜ tacrolimus ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„ (C0/dose)๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ํ›„์— ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ „ํ™˜ ํ›„ C0/dose์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ 30% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ 38๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  (๊ทธ๋ฃน 1), ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ C0/dose์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ 30% ์ด์ƒ์ธ 49๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (๊ทธ๋ฃน 2). ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ CYP3A5 *1/*3 ๋ฐ *3/*3์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 1์—์„œ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— (60.5% vs. 36.8%), ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ CYP3A5 *1/*1์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. (59.2% vs. 32.7%) (p = 0.016). ๊ณต์—ฌ์ž์˜ ABCC2 1249G>A ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• AA์™€ AG์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 1๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค (20.4% vs. 5.3%; p = 0.042). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ CYP3A5 ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ABCC2 1249G>A ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„์ด์‹ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ tacrolimus๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ tacrolimus์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์˜ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Methods 4 Chapter 3. Results 9 Chapter 4. Discussion 11 References 17 Tables 23 Figure 29 Abstract in Korean 30๋ฐ•

    A multivariate process control scheme using multiple hypothesis testing

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    MasterWith the development of high-capacity computer storage and the rapidly growing ability to process large amounts of data, multivariate control charts have received increasing attention as a means for performing quality control analysis. Existing univariate and multivariate control charts are a sequential hypothesis testing approach to monitoring the process mean or variance using a single statistic plot. These charts can therefore be interpreted in terms of p-value. By adopting a p-value approach, a control chart can be used with a multiple comparison procedure. This thesis proposes a multiple hypothesis approach to developing new multivariate control schemes based on a novel error rate, the False Discovery Rate which is defined as the expected portion of true null hypothesis among the total number of rejected hypotheses, is used as a controlled error rate. To control the False Discovery Rate, the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure is used. This thesis proposes two different approaches based on existence of the plotted statistics distribution because this procedure requires p-values. For the multivariate Shewhart control chart, which is used for a known distribution, plotted Hotelling T^2 statistics are used to compute the corresponding p-values. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure is then used to control the false discovery rate, which is applied to the proposed control scheme. Some numerical simulations are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed control scheme in terms of the average run length. The proposed method outperforms the ordinary multivariate Shewhart control chart in terms of average run length for all mean shifts.For the multivariate exponentially weighted moving average control chart, which is used for an unknown distribution, the nonparametric density estimation is used to estimate an in-control state distribution before computing p-values. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure is then applied to develop a new procedure for controlling the False Discovery Rate. Some numerical simulations are performed to determine the performance of the proposed method in terms of the average run length. The performance of proposed method is better than that of the ordinary multivariate exponentially weighted moving average control chart in terms of average run length for all shift sizes.This thesis proposes new multivariate statistical process control schemes for controlling the False Discovery Rate. Both proposed methods are better than ordinary methods in terms of average run length for all shift sizes. Also, ordinary multivariate statistical process control methods assume the normality of the dataset. This assumption is not realistic. In other words, in most cases, the distribution of plotted statistics cannot be derived. Therefore, the proposed methods may be more powerful for practical use

    Policy Issues in Advancement of Regional Financial System in Korea

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ๊ทน๋ณต ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋”๋”˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…, ์ž์˜์—…์ž, ์ค‘์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋“ฑ ๊ธˆ์œต์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ด ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธˆ์œต์˜ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์œ ์ถœ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œตํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ณต์‹œ์ œ๋„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ˜• ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ์—…๋ฌด์˜์—ญ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต ์ง€์›์ œ๋„์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์žฌํˆฌ์ž๋ฒ•(Community Reinvestment Act)๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์€ํ–‰์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐœ์ „ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์‹ ์šฉํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ๊ณต์ตํ™œ๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋” ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ CRA ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹œ ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. This study proposes some policy measures through exploring the regional financial status and current policy for boosting regional financial system. Financial supports for small businesses located on region, self-employed businesses and low and medium-income people has been very constrained due to expand of growth gaps among region during industrial restructuring and financial crisis. In particular, most of funds are concentrated on Seoul and the surrounding areas. That is one reason why financial infra-structures and services in Seoul are superior to those in other areas. Also, outflow of capital in all regions except Seoul and the metropolitan areas has been increasing. In order to boost regional financial system, we need some policy measures such as constructing financial disclosure for regional financial services, building infra-structure and expanding business area for regional financial institutions, improving the effectiveness of existing regional financial boosting system. Meanwhile, It is difficult to legislate Community Reinvestment Act(CRA) which is one of the aggressive regional financial policy in the U.S. into Korea in that there are the differences between the U.S. and Korea's financial system such as banking system, the regional development history, infra-structure for the credit rating system and the evaluation of public service activities. However, some parts of the CRA such as indicators and evaluation system, can be applied to activate of financial disclosure and subsequently introduce of incentive system for boosting regional finance.2

    Analysis of the dynamic behavior of isolated and non-isolated rectangular liquid storage structures

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅœŸๆœจๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘,1997.Docto

    ๆ†ฒๆณ• ๏ฅงๅˆ่‡ด ๆฑบๅฎš์˜ ๏งทๆณ•ๅบœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ็พˆๆŸๅŠ›๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๅฏฆๆ•ˆๆ€ง์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    Study of Polarized Electron Source at PAL

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    Maste

    - ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ -

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    One of the important issues related to maritime safety in the coastal waters of the Republic of Korea (ROK) is the phenomenon of scaling up of ships and the increase in the number of ships carrying hazardous cargoes. Continuous enlargement of container ships, represented by the advent of 24,000 TEU container ships, is ongoing. And Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel is emerging as part of international measures to reduce the greenhouse effect with expecting the volume of ships carrying hazardous cargoes to increase. As such, the increase in the volume of large vessels and hazardous cargo carriers will inevitably increase the probability of major marine accidents. In addition, even a single occurrence of a major marine accident causes great personal injury and property damage and the economic loss resulting from this is enormous. In order to eliminate the risk of large vessel and hazardous cargo carrier, the Maritime Safety Act stipulates that "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" should be established. The purpose of the "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" stipulated in the Act is to artificially establish a maritime traffic order where the traffic volume of large vessels, hazardous cargo carriers, and high-speed passenger vessels is congested. In other words, it is a unique system established to secure safety in some waters where the traffic volume of ships with a high risk of large marine accidents such as large vessels and hazardous cargo carriers is concentrated and reflects the characteristics of the traffic volume in coastal waters of ROK. However, currently, the legal basis for "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" from the setting of the water area to the method of operation is not clearly defined. Therefore, this study examines the legal problems of "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" and provides possible suggestions to solve them. First, it can be seen that the scope of the designation of "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" violates the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), which is the constitution of the sea. Among the designation areas, Partial areas of Busan and Pohang are set beyond the territorial sea limit, and this area is a contiguous zone where the principle of freedom of high sea is guaranteed in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), so coastal states cannot exercise their jurisdiction except only four reasons (customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the scope in accordance with international legal principles. Second, there are areas that do not meet the legislative purpose, and this can be divided into areas that are not set up and areas that are excessively set according to the legislative purpose. The areas that need to be set up according to the legislative purpose are near Busan New Port and Pyeongtaek, Dangjin, and Daesan. In addition, it can be seen that some areas of Pohang and Ulsan are set up even though there is no high-risk ship such as large vessels, hazardous cargo carriers, and high-speed passenger vessels traffic on the coast. Therefore, it is necessary to set the scope and modify. Third, a total of five problems are pointed out from the perspective of legal form. Firstly, from a comparative legal point of view, penalties for violations of regulations related to "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" seems heavy. Next, administrative punishment is stipulated, but there are matters that violate the principle of nulla poena(nullum crimen) sine lege and the principle of the prohibition of comprehensive delegation legislation because clarity on the constituent requirements is not secured. Next, in relation to the operation of the fairway designation scheme, Peopleโ€™s confusion arises due to inconsistencies with the international rules of the Traffic Separation Scheme and diversity of forms. And then, there is a point that it is not practically utilized due to the lack of specificity for the standards of Measures to Secure Safety in Navigation in Article 11. As possible solution, it was proposed to specify delegated legislation for Article 11(6), establish a legal definition of routes, unify the international rules and forms used in the Traffic Separation Scheme, and define standards of Measures to Secure Safety in Navigation in Article 11 as Public Notice. In summary, the "Specific Sea Areas for Traffic Safety" is a system necessary for securing safety in the maritime environment in the Maritime Safety Act, but legal grounds and clarity need to be secured as it has the nature of regulations.|์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„  ํ†ตํ•ญ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์ˆ˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 24,000TEU ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์„ ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ ์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ธ LNG๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„  ํ†ตํ•ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ธ์ ยท๋ฌผ์  ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์†์‹ค์€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•์ƒ โ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ น์— ๊ทœ์ •๋œโ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ ยท์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ยท๊ณ ์†์—ฌ๊ฐ์„ ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํญ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•จ์„ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์„ ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฐ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์— ์•ˆ์ „ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์ˆ˜์—ญ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ โ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์€ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ์„ค์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, โ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์˜ ์„ค์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์›์น™์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋ฐ ํฌํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•ดํ•œ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์ ‘์†์ˆ˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ณตํ•ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ์›์น™์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋จ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์ด ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์  ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์—๋„ ์„ค์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์ด ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ์ธ๊ทผ๊ณผ ํ‰ํƒยท๋‹น์ง„ยท๋Œ€์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํฌํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์— ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ์ด ์—†์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์ด ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฒ• ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ทœ์ • ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์น™์ด ๊ณผ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ–‰์ •๋ฒŒ์ด ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ฃ„ํ˜•๋ฒ•์ •์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํฌ๊ด„์œ„์ž„๊ธˆ์ง€์›์น™์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•ญ๋กœ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„ ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ญ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์™€ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ”์ž์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ œ11์กฐ ํ•ญํ–‰์•ˆ์ „ํ™•๋ณด์กฐ์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฏธ๋น„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ–‰์ •์งˆ์„œ๋ฒŒ๋กœ์˜ ์™„ํ™”, ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ ์›์น™์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ11์กฐ ์ œ6ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„์ž„์ž…๋ฒ• ๋ช…์‹œ์™€ ํ•ญ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •์˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ, ํ•ญ๋กœ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ญ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ์น˜์™€ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ผ์›ํ™”, ์ œ11์กฐ ํ•ญํ–‰์•ˆ์ „ํ™•๋ณด์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ณ ์‹œ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉดโ€˜๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญโ€™์€ ํ•ด์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์ „ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ๊ฐœ์š” 8 I. ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ์ž…๋ฒ• ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 II. ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ • 10 III. ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 22 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋ฒ•๋ น ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 29 I. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น 29 II. ๊ตญ์™ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น 44 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ์„ค์ •์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ 50 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ•ด์—ญ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ €์ด‰ 50 I. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•ด์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 50 II. ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ ๊ณตํ•ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ์›์น™ 67 III. ๊ณตํ•ด์ž์œ ์˜ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ํฌํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  72 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ด์—ญ 82 I. ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 82 II. ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์  ์ƒ ์„ค์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ 85 III. ์„ค์ • ์ค‘์ธ ํ•ด์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์„ค์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ 87 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฒ•ํ˜•์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ 89 I. ๋ฒ•๊ทœ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–‰์ •์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ๊ณผ์ค‘ํ•จ 89 II. ํ–‰์ •๋ฒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ 93 III. ์ œ10์กฐ ํ•ญ๋กœ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜ํ†ตํ•ญ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„โ€™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์™€ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 98 IV. ์ œ11์กฐ ํ•ญํ–‰์•ˆ์ „ํ™•๋ณด์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฏธํก 102 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ ์„ค์ •์˜ ๋ฒ•์ œ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 104 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  104 I. ์˜ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ณ„์„  ๋ฐ– ์„ค์ • ์ค‘์ธ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ • 104 II. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ถ•์†Œ 105 III. ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—ญ ์‹ ์„ค 105 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฒ•ํ˜•์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  107 I. ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „ํŠน์ •ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์น™ ์™„ํ™” 107 II. ์ œ11์กฐ ์ œ6ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œํ–‰๊ทœ์น™ ์ƒ ๋ฒ•๋ น ๋งˆ๋ จ 107 III. โ€˜ํ•ญ๋กœโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •์˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ 109 IV. โ€˜ํ†ตํ•ญ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„โ€™์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ†ต์ผํ™” 110 V. ์ œ11์กฐ ํ•ญํ–‰์•ˆ์ „ํ™•๋ณด์กฐ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 112 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  121 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 124 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 137Maste
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