2 research outputs found
μ μ μ νΈμ§ κΈ°μ μ νμ©ν μΈν¬ λ΄ μμ£Ό μΈμμ μ κ΅ν κ΅μ λ° μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ΄μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :λμ
μλͺ
κ³Όνλν λμλͺ
곡νλΆ(λ°μ΄μ€λͺ¨λλ μ΄μ
μ 곡),2020. 2. νμ¬μ©μμ 묡.μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€(AIV)λ μ§λ μ μλ
κ° μ μΈκ³ κ°κΈ μ°μ
μμ λ§λν κ²½μ μ μμ€μ μ΄λνκ³ , μ΅κ·Όμλ μΈκ°μκ² κ°μΌμ μΌμΌμΌμ μ¬λ§μ μ΄λν μ μλ κ³ λ³μμ± μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ (HPAI) μΆνμ λν μ°λ €λ‘ μ¬νμ λ¬Έμ λ‘ λλλκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλμ λ°±μ λ§€κ° μλ°© λ° μΉλ£λ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ₯Ό μ μ΄νλ κ°μ₯ ν¨μ¨μ μΈ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ μΈμλμ΄ μμ§λ§, μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° λ°±μ μ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ μνκ³ μ§ννκ² λ¨μ λ°λΌ κ³μ λ³ λ°λ³μ λμνμ¬ λ°±μ μ μλ‘κ² κ°λ°ν΄μΌ νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, κ°κΈλ₯μμ λ°±μ λ§€κ° μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμμ μλ°© λ° μΉλ£μ λν μ€μ§μ ν¨κ³Όκ° μ νμ μΈ μν©μ΄λ€. ννΈ, λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ μν μ£ΌκΈ° λμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ RNAμ 볡μ λ° μ μ¬ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ¨λ°±μ§ λ²μμ μν΄μ μμ£Ό μΈν¬ λ΄μ μλ κ΄λ ¨ μμ£Ό μΈμλ€μ λ°λμ μ΄μ©ν΄μΌ νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° νμλ‘ νλ μΈν¬ μμ£Ό μΈμμ νμ ν λ° μ μ΄λ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ 볡μ λ° μ¦μμ μ ν ν μ μλ νμ μ μ λ΅μΌλ‘ λ°±μ λ§€κ° μΉλ£λ²μ λν λμμΌλ‘ λλ λκ³ μλ€. μ΅κ·Ό CRISPR/Cas9 λ§€κ° μ μ μ νΈμ§ μμ€ν
μ κΈ°μ μ μ§λ³΄λ‘ μΈν΄ λͺ©ν μ μ μμ λν λ§€μ° ν¨μ¨μ μΈ μ μ μ knockout λΏλ§ μλλΌ μνλ μμ΄λ‘ μ νν λ³νμ΄ κ°λ₯νκ² λμλ€. μ μ μ νΈμ§ κΈ°μ μ ν΅ν΄ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° μ΄μ©νλ μμ£Ό μΈμμ μ νν κ΅μ μ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ νμ± λμ κ°λ°μ μν νμ μ μΈ ν΄κ²°μ±
μΌλ‘ μ£Όλͺ© λ°κ³ μλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμμ 첫 λ²μ§Έ μ£Όμ λ CRISPR/Cas9 μμ€ν
μ 맀κ°λ‘ λμμ μ μ μ νΈμ§μ ν΅ν΄μ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ κ΄μ¬νλ ANP32 λ¨λ°±μ§ ꡬμ±μλ€μ λν κΈ°λ₯μ μ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό νλ κ²μ΄λ€. ANP32 λ¨λ°±μ§ ꡬμ±μ μ€ νλ μΈ ANP32Aλ μ΅κ·Ό μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ±μ λν μμ£Ό-νΉμ΄μ μ ν μΈμλ‘ λ°ν μ‘λ€. ANP32Aλ 보쑴 λ ANP32 κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ μνμ§λ§, λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ 볡μ λμ κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ μμ§κΉμ§ λΆλͺ
ννλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμ ANP32A λ° ANP32 λ¨λ°±μ§μ λ€λ₯Έ ꡬμ±μλ€μ κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ μ‘°μ¬νκΈ° μν΄ CRISPR/Cas9 λ§€κ° μ μ μ νΈμ§ μμ€ν
μ μ¬μ©νμ¬ νμ¬ λ ANP32Aλ₯Ό νμ ν (targeting) νμλ€. λ¨Όμ , cANP32A μ μ μκ° knockout λ DF-1 ν΄λ‘ κ³Ό HDR-mediated μ λ° μ μ μ κ΅μ μ ν΅ν΄ λ ANP32Aμ λ€μ― λ²μ§Έ exonμ΄ κ²°μ¬λ ν΄λ‘ μ ν립νμλ€. λ€μμΌλ‘, cANP32Aμ knockout λλ μ λ° κ΅μ μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ κ° νμ νκ² κ°μλμλ€λ κ²μ μ
μ¦νμλ€. λν, λ AN32 ꡬμ±μμ μ μ μ knockdown λ° κ³Όλ°ν μ€νμ ν΅ν΄μ cANP32B λ° cANP32Eκ° μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμμ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ κ΄μ¬νμ§ μλ κ²μ λ°νλ€. λμμλ ANP32B λ° ANP32Eκ° μλλΌ, ANP32Aλ§μ΄ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ±μ μ§μ§νλ λ° μ€μν μν μνλ€λ κ²μ λ³΄μ¬ μ£Όμλ€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘κ²λ, ANP32Aκ° κ²°νλ λ μΈν¬μμ μΈκ° ANP32 κ°μ‘± λͺ¨λ ꡬμ±μμ 곡λ λ°νμ μ‘°λ₯ νΉμ΄μ PB2-672Eμ λν΄ κ°μ λ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ±μ μ΄λ νμλ€. μ΄λ μΈκ° ANP32C, ANP32D λ° ANP32Eκ° μΈκ° ANP32A λ° ANP32Bμ λμ‘°μ μΌλ‘ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ±μ λν μ΅μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°κΈ° λλ¬ΈμΈ κ²μΌλ‘ λ°νμ‘λ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ’
ν©ν΄ λ³Ό λ, λκ³Ό μΈκ°μ κ°κΈ° λ€λ₯Έ ANP32 κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμΌλ‘ μΈν΄ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ λν΄ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ€λ κ²μ λ°νλ€. μ΄λ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμμ μ’
μ λ°λ₯Έ μ°¨λ³μ μΈ νμ± μμμ΄ ANP32 κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ μ°¨λ³μ μΈ κΈ°λ₯ λ° μ λ°μ μΈ λ₯λ ₯μ μν΄μ μ’μ° λ μ μμμ μμ¬ νλ€.
μ΄μ΄μ, λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ λν ANP32 κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ μ°¨λ³μ μΈ μν μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘, λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± μ§μμ λν 27κ° μλ―Έλ
Έμ° μκΈ° (ANP32 λ¨λ°±μ§μ 149-175 λ²μ§Έ μμ΄)μ κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ μ‘°μ¬νλ€. μ΅κ·Όμ λ°νλ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όμ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, λ ANP32Aλ 149-175 μκΈ°μμ 볡μ λ μ‘°λ₯ νΉμ΄μ 33κ°μ μλ―Έλ
Έμ° μκΈ°(176-208 λ²μ§Έ μμ΄)λ₯Ό μΆκ°λ‘ κ°μ§κ³ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, ν¬μ λλ¬Όκ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ λμ ν¬ν¨ν λ€μμ μ‘°λ₯ μ’
μ PB2-627 μκΈ° νΉμ΄μ μ μ¬ νμ± μ νμ 극볡ν μ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ λ°ν μ‘λ€. λ€μ λ§ν΄, ANP32A μ μ μμ μΆκ°μ μΈ 33κ° μκΈ°κ° μλ λκ³Ό κ°μ μ‘°λ₯ μ’
μμλ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° μ¦μμ μν μ μμ§λ§ κ·Έλ μ§ μμ ν¬μ λ₯ μ’
μμλ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€κ° ν¬μ λ₯ νΉμ΄μ μΈ μ μμ λμ°λ³μ΄κ° μΌμ΄λκΈ° μ κΉμ§ μ¦μμ μ νμ§ λͺ»νλ€. μ΄μ²λΌ ANP32A λ¨λ°±μ§μμ μΆκ°μ μΈ 33κ° μκΈ°μ μν μ΄ μ€μνλ€λ κ²μ΄ μλ €μ‘μ§λ§, μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ μμ΄, λκ³Ό μΈκ°μμ 곡ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μ‘΄μ¬νλ ANP32A λ° λ€λ₯Έ ANP32 ꡬμ±μλ€μ 27κ° μκΈ°μ λΆμ μ΄ν΄ λ° κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ μμ§ μμ ν λ°νμ§μ§ μμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμ, hANP32Aμμ 27κ° μκΈ°μ κ²°μ€ λλ hANP32Cμμ hANP32Aλ‘μ 27κ° μκΈ°μ κ΅νμ vPol νμ±μμ§μ§νλ λ₯λ ₯μ μμ€νλ λ°λ©΄, ANP32Aμμ ANP32Cλ‘ 27κ° μκΈ°μ κ΅νμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ±μ μ§μ§ λ₯λ ₯μ λΆμ¬νλ€λ κ²μ λ°κ²¬ νμλ€. ANP32Aμ ANP32C μ¬μ΄μ λ¨λ°±μ§ μμ΄ λΉκ΅λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ, 149D λ° 152D μκΈ°κ° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ¬ νμ± μ§μ§μ κ²°μ μ μΌλ‘ κ΄μ¬ ν¨μ νμΈ νμκ³ , 149D λ° 152D μκΈ°κ° vPol νλμ μ§μνκΈ° μν΄ κ°κ° μμ κ²°ν© λ° μ μ κΈ° μνΈ μμ©μΌλ‘ κ΄μ¬νλ κ²μ λ°νλλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, μ μ μ νΈμ§ κΈ°μ λ§€κ° μ λ° κ΅μ μ ν΅ν΄ λ ANP32Aμ D149Y λ° D152λ‘μ μ κ΅ν μΉν λμ°λ³μ΄κ° λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ 볡μ μ μ μλ―Έν κ°μλ₯Ό μ΄λνλ€λ κ²μ μ
μ¦ νμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ ANP32A λ° ANP32 ꡬμ±μλ€μ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ μ μ¬ νμ± λ° λ³΅μ μ λν λΆμμ μν μ λν μ¬λ μλ μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘, μ μ μ νΈμ§ κΈ°μ μ νμ©νμ¬ λ ANP32Aλ₯Ό μ λ°νκ² κ΅μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ μ νμ± λμ κ°λ°νλ λ° νμ© λ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ νλ¨ λλ€.
λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, λ μΈν¬μμ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ± λ¨λ°±μ§μ μμ‘μ μ΄λ€ importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ΄ κ΄μ¬ νλμ§λ₯Ό μ‘°μ¬ νμλ€. μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ μμ£Ό κ°μΌ μ, ν΅μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ μ 체μ μ΄κΈ° μ μ¬ λ° λ³΅μ λ₯Ό μν΄ νμ°μ μΌλ‘ μμ£Ό μΈν¬μ μΈν¬ μμ‘ μ²΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νλ€. Importin Ξ± ꡬμ±μμ ν¬μ λλ¬Όμμ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ ν΅μΌλ‘ μ΄λμ κ΄μ¬νλ κ²μΌλ‘ μλ €μ Έ μλλ°, μ‘°λ₯μ ν¬μ λ₯ μ¬μ΄μ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μ’
κ° μ νμ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ μ°¨λ³μ μ΄μ©μ μν΄ μΌκΈ° λ μ μλ€κ³ λ³΄κ³ λμλ€. μΈκ°μμ, μ‘°λ₯-νΉμ΄μ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ PB2 λ° NPμ ν΅μΌλ‘μ μ΄λμ μν΄ importin Ξ±3 λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νλ λ°λ©΄μ, ν¬μ λ₯-νΉμ΄μ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ importin Ξ±3 λμ importin Ξ±7μ μ°μ μ μΌλ‘ μ΄μ©νλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μΈκ° μμ£Όμλ λ¬λ¦¬, λ μΈν¬μμ importin Ξ± νΉμ΄μ μΉνμ±μ μ¬μ ν λ°νμ§μ§ μμλ€. λ°λΌμ, CRISPR/Cas9λ§€κ° μ μ μ νΈμ§ μμ€ν
μ μ¬μ©νμ¬ λ importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ νμ νν¨μΌλ‘μ¨, λ μμ£Ό μΈν¬μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μμ‘μμ importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ ꡬλͺ
νμλ€. κ²°κ³Όμ μΌλ‘, importin Ξ±1 λ° importin Ξ±4 κ° NP λ¨λ°±μ§μ μμ‘μλ κ΄μ¬νμ§ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μ΄λ PB2 λ¨λ°±μ§μ μΈν¬ μμ‘μλ μ΄λ μ λ κ΄μ¬νλ€λ κ²μ λ°κ²¬ νμλ€. λ°λΌμ, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ λμμ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ μΈν¬ μμ‘μ importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μμ κΈ°λ₯μ μν μ λν κΉμ μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄, ν λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ μ½λ¬Ό κ°λ° λ° μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ μ νμ± λͺ¨λΈ λλ¬Ό κ°λ°μ νμ© λ μ μμμ μμ¬νλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ λ°νμΌλ‘, CRISPR/Cas9 μμ€ν
μ ν΅ν΄ ANP32A λ° importin Ξ± κ°μ‘± ꡬμ±μκ³Ό κ°μ μμ£Ό μΈμμ μ μ μ νΈμ§ λλ μ λ° κ΅μ μ μ±κ³΅νμμΌλ©°, μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ λ μμ£Ό μΈν¬μμ μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ 볡μ λ° μ±μ₯μ΄ μ ν λ μ μμμ κ²μ¦νμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ μ‘°λ₯ μ’
μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ κ°μΌ λ° λ°λ³ λ©μ»€λμ¦μ λν κΉμ μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό ν₯μ μν¬ λΏλ§ μλλΌ, ν립λ μ μ μ νΈμ§ μμ€ν
μ νμ©νμ¬ μ°μ
κ³ λ° νκ³μμ νμ© κ°λ₯ν μ‘°λ₯ μΈν루μμ μ νμ± μ‘°λ₯ λͺ¨λΈμ κ°λ°νλλ° κΈ°μ¬ ν μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ νλ¨ λλ€.Avian influenza virus (AIV) outbreaks have not only caused enormous economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide, but they also have a high potential to cause infection and lethality in humans, which has aroused concerns about the emergence and pandemic spread of high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI). Currently, vaccine-mediated prevention and therapy is the most efficient way to control the influenza virus. However, vaccination strategies against AIV have limited practical effectiveness, as vaccines must be reformulated in response to each seasonal outbreak due to the high plasticity and rapid evolution of AIV. Since viruses must utilize the host cellular machinery during their lifecycle to produce progeny, targeting of the cellular host factors required by the virus might serve as an alternative strategy to vaccination for controlling AIV replication and growth. Recent technological advances in genome editing afforded by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system have enabled highly efficient and precise modification and targeted disruption of genes of interest. The precise modification of host factors used by AIV via genome editing technology is considered an innovative solution for the development of AIV-resistant chickens.
The first study was performed to investigate the functional roles of species-specific host restriction factor acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member proteins (ANP32) in viral polymerase activity and replication of AIVs through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing system in chicken. The ANP32A, one of ANP32 protein members, has been identified as the host restriction factor for the viral polymerase (vPol) activity of AIVs. Although ANP32A belongs to the conserved ANP32 family, the functional roles of which during viral replication remain unclear. In this study, targeted knockout of chicken ANP32A was performed using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to examine the functional roles of ANP32A and other members of the ANP32 family. First, the cANP32A-knockout DF-1 clones and the fifth exon of cANP32A modified DF-1 clones via homology-directed repair (HDR) were established. Next, it was revealed that knockout or precise modification of cANP32A resulted in a significant reduction in AIV replication. Furthermore, via knockdown and enforced expression experiments, cANP32B and cANP32E are not involved in AIV replication. Intriguingly, co-expression of all of the human ANP32 family members in cANP32A-lacking DF-1 cells resulted in reduced vPol activity that depended especially on the PB2-Glu627 (PB2-E627) rather than on the PB2-Lys627 (PB2-K627). It was notable that chicken ANP32A only, not ANP32B and ANP32E, plays a pivotal role in supporting vPol activity of AIVs. Furthermore, the human ANP32C, ANP32D, and ANP32E have suppressive eο¬ects on vPol activity in contrast to human ANP32A and ANP32B. These findings suggest that each chicken and human ANP32 family member had different effects on vPol activity, implying that species-specific vPol activity of AIVs could be caused by the differential functions and overall competency of ANP32 family members.
Based on the differential role of ANP32 family members in supporting of vPol activity, the functional role of the 27 residues (149-175 residues of ANP32 proteins) in supporting of vPol activity was further investigated. It was reported that ANP32A plays a pivotal role in host range restriction of the vPol AIVs between birds and mammals since chicken ANP32A additionally contains the 27 residues (182-208 residues) duplicated from 149-175 residues. However, the molecular understanding and functional role of these 27 residues in supporting of viral polymerase activity of AIVs have not been fully elucidated yet. It was found that the deletion of 27 residues from hANP32A or swapping of the 27 residues from hANP32C to hANP32A lost the competency to support the vPol activity, whereas swapping of the 27 residues from ANP32A to ANP32C confer the supporting competency in vPol activity. From the pairwise comparison between ANP32A and ANP32C, it was demonstrated that the both of Asp149 (D149) and Asp152 (D152) residues are critically involved in supporting of vPol activity independent of PB2 627 residues. Furthermore, it was found that the D149 and D152 residues are involved in hydrogen bond and electrostatic interaction with viral proteins for supporting of vPol activity, respectively. In addition, via co-immunoprecipitation assay, it was revealed that mutation of these residues resulted in a significant reduction of the protein interaction between ANP32A and vPol. Finally, it was demonstrated that HDR-mediated precise substitution of D149Y and D152H of chicken ANP32A resulted in a significant reduction of viral replication. This study can contribute to understand the molecular insight of ANP32A function and develop the AIV-resistant chicken via precise modification of ANP32A with current genome editing technology.
Next study was conducted to examine which of importin Ξ± family members are involved in the transportation of viral proteins of avian influenza virus in chicken DF-1 fibroblast cells. Influenza viruses inevitably utilize the cellular transporters for initial transcription and replication of their viral genome at nuclei of host cells upon host infection. The importin Ξ± family members have been known to be involved in nuclear import of influenza viruses in mammalian host. Furthermore, it was reported that interspecies restriction of influenza viruses between birds and mammals could be caused by differential utilization of the importin Ξ± family in different influenza virus strains, especially avian or mammalian-adapted viruses. In human hosts, avian viruses utilize importin Ξ±3 for nuclear import of PB2 and NP, whereas mammalian viruses preferentially exploit the importin Ξ±7 instead of importin Ξ±3. In contrast to human hosts, however, importin Ξ± specificities have not been yet identified in chicken cells. Therefore, chicken importin Ξ± family members was targeted by using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing system to demonstrate the functional role of importin Ξ± family members in viral transportation and replication of AIVs in chicken host cells. It was found that importin Ξ±1 and importin Ξ±4 are mainly involved in cellular transportation of viral PB2, but not of NP proteins. These results provide a novel understanding of the functional roles of importin Ξ± family members in cellular transportation of influenza virus in chicken, and the implications for the development of antiviral drugs and strategy for generation of AIV-resistant animals.
Based on the researches, this studies demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or precise modification of host factors such as ANP32A and importin Ξ± family members could restrict the replication and growth of AIVs in the chicken host cell. These findings suggest that our genome editing system could be utilized for the development of AIV-resistant chicken system, and could contribute to facilitate a profound understanding of virus infection and pathogenesis in avian species, providing the chances to establish a novel avian model for academic fields as well as an industrial area.
Based on the researches, it was demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or precise modification of host factors such as ANP32A and importin Ξ± family members could restrict the replication and growth of AIVs in the chicken host cell. These studies suggest that the genome editing system could be utilized for the development of AIV-resistant chicken system, and could contribute to facilitate a profound understanding of virus infection and pathogenesis in avian species, providing the chances to establish a novel avian model for academic fields as well as an industrial area.CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................... 6
1. Influenza Virusβ¦β¦β¦β¦β¦................................................................ 7
1.1. Classification and Structure of Influenza Virus.................................. 7
1.2. Life cycle of Influenza Virus.............................................................. 8
1.3. Cellular Host Supporting Factor of Influenza Virus........................... 10
1.4. Cellular Host Restriction Factor of Influenza Virus............................ 12
1.5. Multiple Role of ANP32 Family Members........................................ 15
1.6. Functional Role of ANP32A in Influenza Virusβ¦β¦β¦........................ 18
1.7. Transportation of Influenza Virus via Importin Ξ± Family Members ..... 20
2. Transgenic and Genome Editing System for Genetic Modification ... 22
2.1. Transgenic System ........................................................................ 22
2.2. Site-specific Homologous Recombination Systemβ¦........................ 24
2.3. Genome Editing System ............................................................... 26
3. PGC-mediated Germline Modification Strategyβ¦........................... 27
3.1. Production of Germline Chimeras via PGC...................................... 27
3.2. Transgenesis in Avian Species......................................................... 29
3.3. Genome Editing in Avian Species................................................... 31
3.4. Application of Genome Editing System in Birdsβ¦........................... 32
CHAPTER 3. HOST-SPECIFIC RESTRICTION OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS CAUSED BY DIFFERENTIAL DYNAMICS OF ANP32 FAMILY MEMBERS ..β¦............................................................. 36
1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 37
2. Materials and methods ..................................................................... 40
3. Results ............................................................................................. 47
4. Discussion ........................................................................................ 63
CHAPTER 4. ASP149 AND ASP152 IN CHICKEN AND HUMAN ANP32A PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN INTERACTION WITH INFLUENZA VIRAL POLYMERASE .............................. 67
1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 68
2. Materials and methods ..................................................................... 71
3. Results ............................................................................................. 77
4. Discussion ........................................................................................ 93
CHAPTER 5. INHIBITION OF CELLULAR TRANSPORTATION OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS THROUGH CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED TARGETED DISRUPTION OF IMPORTIN Ξ±1 AND IMPORTIN Ξ±3 IN CHICKEN ................................................................................................................ 96
1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 97
2. Materials and methods ................................................................... 100
3. Results ........................................................................................... 106
4. Discussion ...................................................................................... 120
CHAPTER 6. GENERAL DISCUSSION ....................................................... 125
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 129
SUMMARY IN KOREAN .......................................................................... 164Docto