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    ์ค‘๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ นํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2012. 8. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ผ.์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ํก์—ฐ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ดํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํก์—ฐ์˜ ํ•ด์•…์ด ํฐ ๋งŒํผ, ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์œ ์ต๋„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜์—ฌ, 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ ํก์—ฐ์ž๋„ ๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑ ํ์งˆํ™˜, ์•” ๋ฐ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ดํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ์ง„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ํก์—ฐํ–‰ํƒœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ํก์—ฐํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์€ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํก์—ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ์ฃผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ณ ๋ น ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํก์—ฐ ์ง€์†์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด์€ ํก์—ฐ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” 10๋Œ€์—์„œ 90๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น๊ธฐ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2008๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด์†Œ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„๋Š” Fagerstrรถm Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๊ณผ FTND ์ธก์ •์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์˜์กด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด FTND ์ด์  ์ค‘ ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์˜์กด๋„(FTND ์ด์ )์™€ ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 50์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด FTND ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํญ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ญU์žํ˜• ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ผญ์ง€์ ์€ ์•ฝ 50์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” FTND ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๊ฐ„ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์˜์กด์€ ํก์—ฐ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์˜์กด๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ๋” ์šฉ์ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ น ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ น ํก์—ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒจ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ (Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing, ์ดํ•˜ KLoSA)์˜ 2๊ฐœ๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐ์ธก์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํก์—ฐ์ž 1,472๋ช…์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋…„๊ฐ„ 2๋ฐฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ์Œ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์ž (effect-modifier)๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์žฅ์•  ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„์˜ ์•ฝํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์•„ํ”„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ(ill-effect)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ด์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ •๋ณด ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์š”์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ์˜์กด๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ ์š”์ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐํญ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ โˆ™์ž„์ƒ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘โˆ™๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋”์šฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Smoking continuously and cumulatively increases risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore smoking cessation is the best way to prevent the smoking-related illness and death. Even in elderly smokers, smoking cessation can reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke and various cancers as well as improve recovery from acute and chronic illness, in consequence, their smoking cessation improved quality of life and prolonged the life. Aging changes the biological mechanism and social environments which are known as influential factors to determine the smoking behavior, thus characteristics of smoking cessation in older people may be different from that in younger people. However empirical evidence has been not sufficient to catch the unique determinants of smoking cessation in older adults, because most previous analyses regarding age aspects of smoking cessation mainly focused on adolescent and young adults. Nicotine dependence is the one of core factors to maintain the smoking behavior. Nicotinic receptors and nicotine-associated metabolism, two significant aspects of nicotine dependence, are influenced by age. Thus, first study described the age-associated changes of nicotine dependence according to age span from 10s to 90s to capture the relative degree in older people compared with younger people. For this analysis, data were obtained from baseline measures of current smokers in the National Smoking Cessation Program 2008. Nicotine dependence was measured by the Fagerstrรถm Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Cigarettes per day (CPD) are the major component of nicotine dependence as proxy measure of nicotine intake, thus we considered CPD as index of physical dependence in this study. Partial FTND score which was summation score of 5 items of FTND excluding CPD item was used as dependent variable implying psychological dependence. And then we analyzed the association between age and 3 dependent variables-total FTND, CPD, partial FTND. In consequence, both nicotine dependence and CPD displayed an inverse U-shaped relationship to age, with a significant peak at 50 years old. CPD measuring physical dependency showed salient pattern with age, whereas partial FTND implying psychological dependency showed relatively flat pattern with age. These results suggest that although older smokers continuously smoke due to constant psychological dependence, those who decide the smoking cessation might be easier to quit than younger smokers due to decreased physical dependence. Health problems which were reported as predominant motivators of smoking cessation rapidly increase after middle age. Furthermore, increasing health problems in older smokers might mediate the effects of common related factors between the health problems and the smoking cessation, because the health problems were influenced by well-known predictors of the smoking cessation before quitting smoking. Therefore, next analysis was conducted to assess differences in the characteristics of smoking cessation by groups with and without chronic disease, and define the effect of health problems on smoking cessation among middle and older smokers. For this analysis, we used 1,472 smokers who were repeatedly surveyed in the 2 waves of Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). In consequence, chronic disease patients exhibited 2 times higher smoking cessation rate within 2 years than healthy people. Education showed an opposite relationship to the smoking cessation by groups with and without chronic disease: positive (increasing) relation for healthy people while negative (decreasing) relation in chronic disease group. Newly diagnosed chronic disease enhanced the smoking cessation, whereas ADL (Activity of Daily Living) difficulty due to chronic disease that presented severity of chronic disease was not related to the smoking cessation. The strong effect of recent diagnosis of chronic disease and the relatively weak effect of severity of chronic disease on the smoking cessation suggested another mechanism of relationship between chronic disease and smoking cessation above ill-effect. Decreased nicotine dependence and increased chronic disease might improve the likelihood of smoking cessation among older smokers. However it doesnt mean that older smokers naturally quit their smoking without any efforts. Older smokers had consistent psychological dependency in spite of decreased physical dependency of nicotine and the foundation of strong effect of chronic disease on smoking cessation changed the perception and environment rather than ill-health condition. Common fact derived from above two results is a need for triggers to directly connect between changing age-associated factors and smoking cessation. The triggers might be represented by cessation treatment, health education and so on. Therefore our study suggests that smoking policies and cessation treatment are needed for smoking cessation in middle aged and older smokers.Table of Contents ABSTRCT : iv CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: Overview 6 2.1 Age-associated changes in nicotine dependence 6 2.1.1. Age characteristics of nicotine dependence 6 2.1.2 Biological aging related to nicotine dependence 11 2.2 Age-associated factors of smoking cessation 12 2.2.1 Factors related to smoking cessation in general population 12 2.2.2 Factors related to smoking cessation in older population 16 CHAPTER 3: Study aims and hypothesis 18 CHAPTER 4: Age-associated changes in nicotine dependence 21 CHAPTER 5: Age-associated factors of smoking cessation 43 CHAPTER 6: General discussion 63 REFERENCES 66 Abstract (in Korean) : 80Docto

    Validity of expired carbon monoxide and urine cotinine using Dipstick Method to assess smoking status

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต),2007.Maste
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